Effect Of Lateral Displacement Research Articles

Wireless Monitoring of Displacement Using Spiral Resonators

A distance sensor based on a spiral resonator (SR) label printed on a dielectric substrate and remotely interrogated through a small loop antenna acting as reader is presented. The proposed system is working at a single frequency (856.5 MHz) and could be compliant with conventional RFID readers. The measurement of distance is carried out by observing the magnitude variation of the response at resonance, namely the real part of the input impedance of the probing loop. Indeed, the latter response changes as a function of the distance between the tag and the loop due to the variation of mutual coupling between the pair. The proposed sensor is capable of providing estimates of the distance with high resolution within the specified range of operation. The results also show that the sensitivity of the sensor, which is quantified by the change of input impedance over distance, decreases at large displacements, eventually reaching a saturation point which defines the maximum detectable distance. The sensing principle is verified using simulations and measurements. It is also demonstrated that the maximum readable distance is comparable to the size of the SR. Finally, the effect of lateral displacement was investigated experimentally to demonstrate how the sensor performs in conditions where perfect axial alignment cannot be guaranteed. Thanks to its scalability potential, the proposed sensor is suitable for various practical scenarios.

Analysis of the Correlation between the velocity speed of High-Speed Railways and the Suppressing Effect of lateral Displacement of retaining wall according to the Arrangement of Stabilizing Piles

Analysis of the Correlation between the velocity speed of High-Speed Railways and the Suppressing Effect of lateral Displacement of retaining wall according to the Arrangement of Stabilizing Piles

Levitation properties of pre-magnetized HTS tape stacks

This study presents new results on investigation of the levitation force between a permanent magnet and pre-magnetized HTS tape stacks containing from 20 to 100 tapes of 12 mm × 12 mm. Stacks were magnetized in superconducting magnet capable of creating a field of up to 8 T and placed in a levitation force measurement system. Experimental data on levitation force value and the effect of lateral displacement on it for stacks of tapes with different values of the captured flux and thickness have been obtained. Levitation force decay during the lateral displacements above a permanent magnet was observed for different stacks.

Conical nosed projectile perforation of polyethylene reinforced cross-ply laminates: Effect of fiber lateral displacement

Fiber lateral displacement refers to fibers being pushed aside transversely rather than being strained to tensile failure; a phenomenon that lowers the ballistic resistance of fabric composites. In this study, the effect of lateral displacement was examined for cross-ply laminates. Ballistic impact tests were performed on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) cross-ply laminates of different thicknesses with a 90° or 60° conical-nosed projectile. Two types of laminates, HB26 and HB50 that contain the same fibers but different matrices, were tested. The number of fibers undergoing lateral displacement in each ply of perforated laminates was quantitatively determined and found to generally decrease from the impact surface to the rear surface of laminates. Following perforation by a projectile with 90° nose angle, fewer fibers lying in the projectile path failed in the weaker matrix HB50 laminate than in the stronger matrix HB26 laminate. On the other hand, the HB50 laminate exhibited a larger ballistic limit velocity than the HB26 laminate. For a projectile with 60° nose angle, more fibers failed during perforation of HB26 laminates but the ballistic limit was smaller than that of the 90° projectile. These contrary results demonstrate that for fibrous cross-ply laminates, the kinetic energy dissipated during projectile penetration is not proportional to the number of failed fibers and the ballistic resistance cannot be evaluated solely by the magnitude of lateral displacement. Localized direct tension along with membrane stretching, makes important contributions to fiber failure. The longer nose of the 60° projectile resulted in more extensive fiber breakage through this localized mechanism and thereby resulted in a smaller ballistic resistance than the 90° projectile.

Evaluation of first metatarsal head declination through a modified distal osteotomy in hallux rigidus surgery. A cadaveric model.

First metatarsal osteotomies have been described for treatment of hallux rigidus. Most of these techniques result in declination of the first metatarsal head through shortening of the metatarsal and transfer metatarsalgia may result. Our objective was to evaluate the declination effect of a distal metatarsal osteotomy when different angulations and lateral translations are applied. A cadaveric study was conducted performing a modified distal oblique osteotomy, which produces head declination while limiting shortening. Several transverse inclination angles (0-10-20-30-40°) were used. Thereafter, plantar translation of the metatarsal head was registered at different lateral displacements (1, 3, 5mm). Twenty-two specimens were included. Three feet were operated on with a 0° of angulation in the transverse plane, 6 with 10°, 5 with 20°, 5 with 30°, and 3 with 40°. Head declination significantly increased with higher angulation and with greater lateral translations (p<0.001), but the interrelationship between these two variables did not achieve statistical significance (p=0.597). In regards to angulation, significant differences in head declination were found between 0° (0.1-0.7 mm), 10°-20° (0.5-1.2mm) and 30°-40° (1.3-2.4mm). The metatarsal sesamoid joint was compromised when the osteotomy was performed at a 40° inclination angle. Metatarsal head declination is determined by the inclination angle of the oblique limb of the osteotomy and lateral displacement of the metatarsal head. Our results suggest that the effect of lateral displacement is an independent factor from angulation. The latter may impact surgery planning and may improve clinical outcome by selecting a safer inclination angle when lateral displacement of the metatarsal head is being considered. Level II-A, systematic review with homogeneity of cohort studies.

Unbraced pallet rack design in accordance with European practice–Part 1: Selection of the method of analysis

Industrial steel storage pallet racks are quite similar to the framed steelworks traditionally used for civil and commercial buildings: great differences are due to both the presence of boltless beam-to-column connections and to the very extensive use of thin-walled cold-formed members. Serviceability response as well as ultimate limit conditions are quite complex to predict; high engineering competences are required to guarantee significant load carrying capacities with structural systems of extremely limited weight, and, as a consequence, of very modest costs to be competitive on the market. Design standards have been recently updated worldwide; with reference to the European practice, different alternatives are now offered to designers: from the selection of the method of analysis to the approaches for the serviceability, resistance and buckling checks of the whole racks as well as of its main components. The design paths admitted by the Codes correspond to different values of the structural performances guaranteed by racks, or equivalently, to significantly different costs.A two-parts paper has been written to summarize the first research outcomes of a study on the static design rules currently adopted in Europe for steel storage pallet racks. In particular, a parametric numerical analysis has been developed on medium-rise racks of different configurations, member geometries and rotational stiffness of both beam-to-column and base-plate connections. A wide range of cases of practical interest, comprising of mono- and bi-symmetric cross-sections used for uprights, has been analyzed by means of an open source finite element program for academic use, improved by authors with a suitable beam formulation accounting for main warping effects. The present part 1 deals with the selection of the method of analysis, i.e. 1st or 2nd order elastic analysis, depending on the rack deformability to horizontal loads. Internal forces and moments on members are significantly influenced by the effects of lateral displacements as well as by the type of the beam formulation adopted in the finite element analysis program. In the following, different design alternatives are discussed: the use of the overall buckling analysis, a classical approximate method and few theoretical approaches. The rules for the resistance and stability checks of beam-column members under static loading are discussed in part 2 (“Essential Verification Checks”) of this two-parts paper, together with a critical analysis of the influence of warping effects on the serviceability limit state for lateral deflection of the whole racks.

An advanced numerical model of elastomeric seismic isolation bearings

SUMMARYThe nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi in March 2011 has led the nuclear community to consider seismic isolation for new large light water and small modular reactors to withstand the effects of beyond design basis loadings, including extreme earthquakes. The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission is sponsoring a research project that will quantify the response of low damping rubber (LDR) and lead rubber (LR) bearings under loadings associated with extreme earthquakes. Under design basis loadings, the response of an elastomeric bearing is not expected to deviate from well‐established numerical models, and bearings are not expected to experience net tension. However, under extended or beyond design basis shaking, elastomer shear strains may exceed 300% in regions of high seismic hazard, bearings may experience net tension, the compression and tension stiffness will be affected by isolator lateral displacement, and the properties of the lead core in LR bearings will degrade in the short‐term because of substantial energy dissipation.New mathematical models of LDR and LR bearings are presented for the analysis of base isolated structures under design and beyond design basis shaking, explicitly considering both the effects of lateral displacement and cyclic vertical and horizontal loading. These mathematical models extend the available formulations in shear and compression. Phenomenological models are presented to describe the behavior of elastomeric isolation bearings in tension, including the cavitation and post‐cavitation behavior. The elastic mechanical properties make use of the two‐spring model. Strength degradation of LR bearing under cyclic shear loading due to heating of lead core is incorporated. The bilinear area reduction method is used to include variation of critical buckling load capacity with lateral displacement. The numerical models are coded in OpenSees, and the results of numerical analysis are compared with test data. The effect of different parameters on the response is investigated through a series of analyses. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Orientation of solar wind dynamic pressure phase fronts

Orientation of structures in the solar wind plays an important role when attempting to use upstream observations at L1 for prediction of subsequent conditions near the Earth. In this study, the relationship between solar wind dynamic pressure forcing and geosynchronous magnetic field response is used to determine a very large set of lagged correlations between the ACE and GOES satellites. Effects due to tilted solar wind structures are explored using the dispersion of arrival times relative to a simple phase plane model. Assuming that structure phase‐front normal vectors were located in the GSE‐xy plane, we found a characteristic azimuth of 15°. Similar analysis carried out with velocity scaling according to the Parker spiral model did not produce an improved fit. Binning by average interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation produced a clear pattern in characteristic azimuth, with phase‐front normals perpendicular to both the predominant Parker spiral orientation and the less common ortho‐spiral configuration. An empirical relationship was found to predict phase‐front normal azimuth over the entire range of observed IMF azimuths. The effects of lateral displacement from the Sun‐Earth line in the GSE‐z direction are comparable to those for GSE‐y, indicating that solar wind structures are often significantly inclined with respect to the ecliptic plane.

Effect of lateral displacement on the surface stress distribution for cone and sphere contact

The effect of lateral displacement on the normal surface stress distribution in conical and spherical contact problems is studied. After deriving the governing contact equations, including lateral displacement, the new normal surface stress distributions are evaluated for a variety of lateral displacements and compared with the classical solutions of Hertz and Sneddon. It is shown that Poisson's ratio is the main determinant of lateral displacement. In addition, the effect of sample and indenter and the contact radius on the resulting combined approach is evaluated as a function of the Poisson's ratio. It is also shown, that for spherical indenters due to a rather surprising compensating effect of two approximations introduced by Hertz, the classical Hertzian solution appears to be relatively immune to the effect of lateral displacement.

Flatness measurement system based on a nonlinear optical triangulation technique

This paper describes the development of a flatness measurement system, integrated in the control process of a hot strip mill in the steel industry. The objective of the system is to calculate flatness indexes for every rolled strip, comparing the length of its lateral profiles with the central length. The reconstruction of the profiles is based on a nonlinear triangulation technique. Images of laser spots over the steel strip, at high temperature and high speed, are sampled every two milliseconds at five different points and are processed online in order to calculate height displacement values of the strip, so that final flatness indexes for the steel strip can be calculated. The measurement method developed introduces an innovative geometry in the disposition of the optic elements which increases the measurement range of the system without reducing its accuracy. It also includes a tracking system to compensate for the effects of lateral displacements of the strip. The flatness measurement system has been implemented using a heterogeneous distributed computer system.

Unsteady flow near a moving cylinder

General representations are derived for both the velocity potential and the surface pressure fluctuations induced by an arbitrary distribution of vorticity near a manoeuvring cylinder. The cylinder is inextensible and in unsteady motion. Its axis may be slightly curved, with radius of curvature large in comparison with the cylinder radius.Two model problems are considered in detail to investigate the effect of lateral displacements of a cylinder with an established boundary layer. The boundary layer on the flexible cylinder is found to be shed once the lateral displacement of the cylinder axis exceeds the boundary-layer thickness. The unsteady pressures generated by this vortex shedding are investigated.

Lateral Displacement of Pictures and Best View: Is there an Artist-Specific Effect?

University Ss, 22 men and 28 women, moved pictures along the lateral axis to locate the optimum viewing position for each. The results did not support Schlesinger's claim that the effect of lateral displacement on picture unification is artist-specific.

Accurate Measurement of Displacement

The effects of lateral displacements on building structures is presently receiving considerable attention.A method is described whereby very accurate measurements of lateral displacement can be made economically.The tensioning device of the Potts Mark II Bore Hole Extensometer is graduated to 0.001 in. (0.0025 cm). Some relatively inexpensive hardware has permitted this instrument to be adapted to measuring horizontal displacements using steel tape (or invar tape where temperature changes occur). Reference points can be mounted on the columns of existing buildings or in bore holes (if movements of the ground surface are required).Reference points may be spaced anywhere from a few feet apart to over 100 ft (30 m).Measurements can be taken by one person and, over distances of 20 ft (6 m), displacements can be measured to an accuracy of ±0.0005 in. (0.001 cm) under ideal conditions.

Dimensional tolerances in cathode-ray-tube guns. Effects of misalignment and electrode deformation on performance

Some problems of electron gun design are briefly discussed. The gun is analysed into two separate parts, the triode generator and the final lens, which are considered separately. Preliminary experiments show that cathode tilt in the triode has negligible effect on beam centrality and symmetry. Effects of lateral displacement and tilt of the first anode for various anode/grid spacings are experimentally determined for several types of triode geometry. The effects of displacement, tilt and deformation of the final lens are investigated. Two Appendices are given, the first discussing the experimental technique and the second applying the work to a form of ion-trap electron gun which has found wide use and which has advantages over all other forms of trap.

Tilted-Plate Compensators

W. A. P. FISHER has recently described1 a tiltedplate compensator which employed a plate of CR 39 resin in place of the usual calcite or quartz. This substitution permitted the development of apparatus of large aperture, although the material is not quite uniform and needs to be rather thick, so that the possible effect of lateral displacement must be considered.