Effects Of Intravenous Diazepam Research Articles

Evalution of General Anesthesia Using Xylazine-Ketamine Combination with and without Diazipam for Ovariohysterectomy in Bitches

Clinical anesthetic trial was conducted on twelve apparently healthy bitches presented to Gondar University Veterinary Clinic for ovariohysterectomy procedures. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of intravenous diazepam on physiological, hematological, and anesthetic parameters and also to assess anesthetic complications and develop anesthetic protocol for dogs. The bitches were randomly assigned into Group I and Group II. Anesthetic protocol was achieved by administration of atropine (0.04 mg/kg BW, S.C) immediately followed with xylazineketamine (1 mg/kg BW+10 mg/kg BW, I.M) for both groups but diazepam (0.5 mg/kg BW, I.V) was also given to Group I bitches when the bitches were attaining lateral recumbency. Physio-hematological and anesthetic parameters were recorded and analyzed. Quality of induction and recovery was statistically significant (P<0.05) difference between the groups. The mean of induction time was significantly (P<0.05) shorter in Group I. The mean time for loss of pedal reflex was found significantly (P<0.05) decreased in group I. Response to surgical incision and muscle relaxation was statistically significant (P<0.05) difference between groups. Duration of anesthesia, time of sternal recumbency, time of unassisted standing and duration of recovery were significantly (P<0.05) longer in Group I as compared Group II. Post anesthetic salivation was significantly (P<0.05) exhibited by Group I. No bitches were died during anesthesia or after recovery. In conclusion, atropine-Xylazine-ketamine-diazepam anesthesia does not affect physio-hematological parameter and is a very satisfactory anesthetic protocol for excellent induction, adequate muscle relaxation, longer duration of anesthesia and smooth recovery compared to atropine-Xylazineketamine anesthesia.

Effects of intravenous diazepam on high-frequency oscillations in EEGs with CSWS

High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) associated with continuous spike-waves during slow-wave sleep (CSWS) are speculated to be linked to the disturbance of higher brain function. We intended to investigate the generative mechanisms of HFOs in CSWS by clarifying the effects of intravenous injection (IV) of diazepam (DZP), an agonist for the gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor in the GABAergic interneuron system, in patients who had previously been treated with IV DZP. The subjects were three patients with epilepsy with CSWS. For each patient, EEG data before and after IV DZP were separated into consecutive 5-min sections. Time–frequency power spectral analysis was performed on the spikes of each section, and peak-power and frequency of detected high-frequency spectral spots were compared before and after IV DZP. Spectral spots with peak-frequencies at 85.9–121.1Hz in the ripple band were revealed in all three patients. Although the amplitudes of the spikes largely returned to the baseline levels 20–25min after IV DZP, the recovery of the peak-power levels of HFOs lagged behind that of the spike amplitudes, and the power levels of HFOs were lower than the baseline data within 25min after the injection of DZP. No consistent changes were found regarding the spectral frequencies of HFOs. The dissociation of the effect of IV DZP in terms of recovery when comparing spike-amplitudes and the power of HFOs may correspond to an already suggested difference in the pathophysiological mechanisms that generate the spikes and HFOs.

Effects of Intravenous Diazepam or Microdose Medetomidine on Propofol-Induced Sedation in Dogs

This crossover study tested the hypothesis that both diazepam and microdose medetomidine would comparably reduce the amount of propofol required to induce sedation. Four different medications, namely high-dose diazepam (0.4 mg/kg intravenously [IV]), low-dose diazepam (0.2 mg/kg IV), medetomidine (1 mug/kg IV), and placebo (0.5 mL physiological saline IV) were followed by propofol (8 mg/kg IV) titrated to a point where intubation could be performed. The effects of medetomidine were comparable to the effects of high-dose diazepam and significantly better than the effects of low-dose diazepam or placebo. Dogs in all treatment groups had transient hypoxemia, and induction and recovery qualities were similar.

Effect of intravenous diazepam and thiopental on voluntary saccades and pursuit eye movements.

The effects of diazepam and thiopental on voluntary saccades and pursuit eye movements were tested in 9 volunteers, with an interval of at least 2 weeks between tests. One, 4 and 8 h after intravenous injection of diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) or thiopental (6.0 mg/kg), voluntary saccades and pursuit eye movements were tested and blood samples taken for analysis of drug concentration. As compared to results of tests without drugs, a significant reduction both of saccadic peak velocity and gain of pursuit eye movements was found 1 h after injection of either drug, but not after 4 and 8 h. The amplitude of saccades elicited with the 60 degrees stimulus was significantly reduced 1 h after injection of diazepam. Latency of saccades increased significantly up to 4 h after injection of either drug. No significant correlation was found between peak velocity of saccades and blood concentration of either thiopental or diazepam 1 h after administration. The present results confirm that in man saccades and pursuit eye movements are reduced by benzodiazepines and barbiturates, but provide no support for the previously described efficacy of saccades in monitoring the effect of benzodiazepines. It is hypothesized that diazepam and thiopental also induce reduction of voluntary saccades and pursuit eye movements via a general sedation of the central nervous system (CNS), besides having specific effects on CNS structures important to the performance of voluntary eye movements.

The effect of intravenous diazepam on esophageal motility in normal subjects

Controversy exists over whether diazepam can be used for sedation during esophageal manometry studies without affecting the results. To evaluate the effect of diazepam, 20 healthy asymptomatic volunteers were studied using a standard manometry protocol employing an Arndorfer capillary infusion system. Following a baseline manometry, each subject received 0.1 mg/kg diazepam intravenously over 1 min and underwent repeat manometry 5 min after completion of the injection. All manometry recordings were coded and read blindly. The amplitude of the lower esophageal sphincter was significantly reduced by diazepam from 26.2 +/- 10.9 and 30.0 +/- 10.9 mm Hg to 18.8 +/- 7.6 and 24.5 +/- 9.7 mm Hg by rapid and station pull-through methods, respectively (P less than 0.01 both methods). Esophageal contraction wave duration was significantly increased following diazepam at 3, 8, and 13 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (P less than 0.01 all levels). There was a trend toward increased contraction wave amplitude following diazepam administration in the lower three fourths of the esophagus. On the basis of these results, we conclude that diazepam sedation may produce misleading results when used during esophageal manometric testing. It is recommended that diazepam not be used in manometric studies of normal subjects or patients with reflux esophagitis and that manometric findings in patients with hypertensive or spastic disorders be interpreted with caution if diazepam is given as a premedication.

The Effects of Intravenous diazepam on Arterial Blood Gas and Mean Arterial Pressure in patient under Spinal Anesthesia

The Effects of Intravenous diazepam on Arterial Blood Gas and Mean Arterial Pressure in patient under Spinal Anesthesia

Effects of Intravenous Diazepam and Thiopental on the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex in Man

The effects of i.v. injection of diazepam 0.3 mg/kg and thiopental 6.0 mg/kg on vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) were studied in 9 healthy volunteers. One hour after injection of both diazepam and thiopental VOR gain was reduced and time constant shortened. Four hours after intravenous injection of diazepam the VOR gain was still significantly reduced and had not yet returned to control 8 h after injection. Although both drugs were detected in blood still 8 h after the injection, there were no longer significant effects on VOR. Moreover, individual values of VOR gain and time constant did not correlate with the blood concentrations of the drugs. Decrease of VOR gain and shortening of time constant after i.v. given diazepam and thiopental in man are interpreted as resulting from both specific effects on VOR and non-specific reduction of alertness.

Amnesic and anxiolytic effects of intravenous diazepam in dental anxiety.

The effects of intravenous administration of diazepam (average 20 mg) on learning, performance and mood were assessed in dental patients. These patients required sedation due to excessive anxiety in a dental situation, or because they were to undergo stressful surgery. On a verbal learning task, subjects recalled and recognized significantly fewer words from a list presented after drug administration than from a list presented prior to drug administration, when tested at the end of the treatment period. When tested after treatment, subjects recognised few of a series of picture postcards that had been presented to them during the course of treatment. Subjects showed no significant impairments after diazepam treatment on digit-symbol substitution, symbol copying or number cancellation tasks compared to pre-treatment scores; however, there was a small but significant reduction in the number of finger-taps made. Mood-rating scales showed significant increases in sedation and well-being after diazepam treatment compared to pre-treatment scores, and also a significant reduction in anxiety levels. This study shows that the amnesic effects of diazepam are present in a "real-life" stress situation.

The effects of intravenous diazepam and hyoscine upon recognition memory

Diazepam and hyoscine are known to have amnesic effects when administered intravenously. Nevertheless, they achieve these effects by entirely different neurochemical mechanisms, and so the question arises whether they can be differentiated in terms of their effects upon different categories of encoding operations. Sixteen normal volunteers received intravenous administrations of diazepam, hyoscine, and saline following a double-blind procedure. Both drugs completely eliminated the subjects' ability to discriminate between successive lists of words in a test of recognition memory. Moreover, both drugs also impaired the subjects' ability to reject homophones or synonyms of presented words. Thus, both diazepam and hyoscine appeared to impair the use of list tags, phonemic coding, and semantic coding in storing individual stimulus items in long-term memory.

Time-of-day Effect of Intravenous Diazepam on Pharmacologic Actions in Man

Our group previously reported the time-of-day effect of oral administration on diazepam kinetics and its sedative action in healthy men. In these studies, it has been suggested that the absorption rate of diazempam from the gastrointestinal tract is faster in morning dosing than in evening dosing. The present study was performed to elucidate the mechanism of time-of-day effect on diazepam kinetics and dynamics, administering 5 mg diazepam (Cercine® injectable solution) intravenously under the same experimental conditions as the oral dose study described above. Eight healthy volunteers participated in the study. The subjects received a 5-mg dose of diazepam intravenously at 9: 30 a. m. and after a 2-wk interval, at 9: 30 p.m., in a randomly assigned cross-over study. Meals were standardized in order to fit the subjects' usual meal amount. Plasma diazempam concentrations were determined by gas chromatography (ECD). Changes in subjective feelings such as “mentally slow”, “feeble”, “clumsy”, and “lethargic” were more marked in the morning trial at 0.5 hr after injection. More marked sedative effects were demonstrated in the morning trial by using the digit symbol substitutiontest and the continuous number addition test. Mean (±SD) total diazepam concentrations in plasma in the morning trial vs in the evening trial were: 218 (±15) vs 192 (±12) ng/ml at 0.5 hr after drug administration (0.05<P<0.1); 164 (±39) vs 132 (±16) ng/ml at 1 hr after injection (P<0.05). The results suggest that there exists time-of-day effect of intravenous injection with diazepam injectable solution onsedative actions and kinetics, which may be clinically important in some situations. Inaddition, the time-dependent kinetics of diazepam after oral dosing cannot be explainedonly by the absorption rate from the gastrointestinal tract, since intravenousadministration of diazepam did not eliminate the difference in total plasma diazepamconcentrations between morning and evening dosing at 0.5 hr and 1 hr after injection.

Benzodiazepines enhance the bicuculline-sensitive part of recurrent Renshaw inhibition in the cat spinal cord

The effects of intravenous diazepam and midazolam on recurrent Renshaw inhibition of lumbar motoneurones were studied in unanaesthetized spinal cats. Both benzodiazepines enhanced the bicuculline-sensitive, late part of recurrent inhibition without affecting its strychnine-sensitive, early component. The results support the view that some Renshaw cells are GABAergic and extend the potentiating effect of benzodiazepines to a spinal GABAergic synapse that mediates postsynaptic inhibition.

The effect of intravenous diazepam on rise of intraocular pressure following succinylcholine.

Because succinylcholine raised intraocular pressure, its use to facilitate tracheal intubation for ocular surgery, especially in emergency open-eye cases, has been a controversial topic among anaesthetists for more than two decades. In recent years, intravenous diazepam pretreatment before succinylcholine has been reported to reduce the untoward side effects of myalgia, and elevation of serum potassium and creatine phosphokinase. This study was designed to assess the effect of pretreatment with intravenous diazepam 0.1 mg kg-1 on control (base-line) intraocular pressure and to determine if such pretreatment diminished the rise in intraocular pressure following the standard anaesthesia induction sequence of thiopentone 3 - 5 mg kg-1., followed by tracheal intubation. Such diazepam pretreatment was shown to reduce the intraocular pressure from control levels and to diminish the rise of intraocular pressure following succinylcholine and tracheal intubation. Because succinylcholine produces rapid onset of neuromuscular block for tracheal intubation and since only minor intraocular pressure elevation occurs following thiopentone and succinylcholine in patients pretreated with diazepam, its use in ocular surgery, including emergency open-eye cases, can be rationally advocated. The addition of 0.6 mg kg-1 d-tubocurarine to the diazepam pretreatment did not produce a further reduction of the increase of intraocular pressure following succinylcholine.

Effects of Diazepam on Evoked Electrospinogram and Evoked Electromyogram in Man

The effects of intravenous diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) on the evoked electrospinogram recorded with an epidural electrode in the posterior epidural space of the lumbar enlargement and on the evoked electromyogram recorded with disc electrodes on the gastrocnemius muscle were studied following posterior tibial nerve stimulation in 14 subjects. Following administration of diazepam, the amplitude of P1, a reflection of afferent input through the dorsal root, was significantly depressed 3 minutes after administration of diazepam. The amplitude of P2 of electrospinogram, a reflection of primary afferent depolarization in the spinal cord was significantly increased 10 to 30 minutes after injection. The amplitude of the H-reflex of the evoked electromyogram decreased significantly 3 to 30 minutes after injection, whereas that of the M-wave remained unchanged. These results suggest that diazepam in the clinical doses may directly affect function of the human spinal cord.

Effects of Diazepam on Evoked Electrospinogram and Evoked Electromyogram in Man

The effects of intravenous diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) on the evoked electrospinogram recorded with an epidural electrode in the posterior epidural space of the lumbar enlargement and on the evoked electromyogram recorded with disc electrodes on the gastrocnemius muscle were studied following posterior tibial nerve stimulation in 14 subjects. Following administration of diazepam, the amplitude of P1, and reflection of afferent input through the dorsal root, was significantly depressed 3 minutes after administration of diazepam. The amplitude of P2 of electrospinogram, a reflection of primary afferent depolarization in the spinal cord was significantly increased 10 to 30 minutes after injection. The amplitude of the H-reflex of the evoked electromyogram decreased significantly 3 to 30 minutes after injection, whereas that of the M-wave remained unchanged. These results suggest that diazepam in the clinical doses may directly affect function of the human spinal cord.

Ventilatory Pattern following Diazepam and Lorazepam

The effect of intravenous diazepam (10 mg) or lorazepam (2 mg) on the ventilatory pattern has been studied in two groups of ten patients prior to elective surgery. Injection of lorazepam was followed by a periodic pattern of ventilation in nine patients.

Effects of intravenous diazepam on pantographic tracings

Effects of intravenous diazepam on pantographic tracings

Ventilatory pattern following diazepam and lorazepam.

The effect of intravenous diazepam (10 mg) or lorazepam (2 mg) on the ventilatory pattern has been studied in two groups of ten patients prior to elective surgery. Injection of lorazepam was followed by a periodic pattern of ventilation in nine patients.

Effect of intravenous diazepam on human lower oesophageal sphincter pressure under controlled double blind crossover conditions.

The effect of diazepam on the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure is controversial. Therefore, a double-blind crossover study was performed on 18 healthy volunteers to determine the sphincter response to intravenous diazepam--70, 140, 280 microgram/kg, which correspond to a total dose of 5, 10, and 20 mg. respectively. After the 5 and 10 mg dose no signficant effect on LOS pressure could be observed when compared with placebo. After the 20 mg dose a significant rise in pressures (deltaPLOS) was recorded for 40 minutes with a maximum deltaPLOS of + 16.2 +/- 6.6 (mean +/- SEM) mmHg after 50 minutes (P less than 0.01) (46 +/- 1.3% increase above the basal pressure). It is concluded that diazepam does not affect lower oesophageal sphincter competence and therefore does not increase the risk of regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration in premedicated patients.

Amnesic effects of intravenous diazepam and lorazepam.

The amnesic effects of 2 benzodiazepine drugs, diazepam (Valium) and lorazepam (Ativan), have been investigated. Some of the effects were similar to those of certain clinical amnesic syndromes. The effects were more extensive than previous work has indicated.

Effect of intravenous diazepam on cortical unit activity in rabbits

Changes in single unit activity were studied by a microelectrode technique in the sensomotor cortex of rabbits at different times after a single intravenous injection of diazepam (1–5 mg/kg). A few seconds after the injection of diazepam marked depression of spontaneous activity and of activity evoked by sciatic nerve stimulation was observed, together with an increase in the duration of the inhibitory pause in responses of the neurons to afferent stimulation and to direct stimulation of the cortical surface. These changes were considerably reduced 15–60 min after injection of diazepam. The results were compared with those of other workers who studied the clinical and pharmacokinetic effects of the benzodiazepines. It is concluded that the depressant effect of diazepam on cortical activity is connected with its sedative, amnesic, and anticonvulsant effect, and also that GABA plays an important role in the mechanism of these effects.