Effects Of Interval Exercise Training Research Articles

Corrigendum notice: Protective Effect of Interval Exercise Training with Different Intensity and Alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplement on Nav1.3 Protein in Soleus Muscle of Diabetic Rats

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Protective effect of interval exercise training with different intensity and alpha-lipoic acid supplement on Nav1.3 protein in soleus muscle of diabetic rats

Introduction: Diabetes is a common metabolic disease, which leads to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral neuron damage result in Nav1.3 elevations. Exercise training has beneficial role in diabetes management and peripheral neuropathy. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a powerful biological antioxidant. However, the role of exercise training and ALA on Nav1.3 are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of training with different intensity and Alpha lipoic acid supplement on soleus muscle Nav1.3 protein in rats with type 2 diabetes. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: healthy control, diabetic, complementary diabetic, intensive exercise diabetic, moderate exercise diabetic, intensive exercise + supplemental diabetic, moderate exercise + complementary diabetic.
 Methods: In this experimental study, 35 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: healthy control, diabetic (D), complementary (alpha lipoic acid) diabetic (ALA), diabetic high intensity training (HIT), diabetic moderate intensity training (MIT), diabetes HIT+ALA (ALA + HIT), diabetic MIT + ALA (ALA + MIT). Rats were diabetic by intra-peritoneal injection of STZ. The HIT and MIT protocols were performed five days a week for six weeks. HIIT included 10 bouts of four minutes (running at 85–90% of maximum speed) and MIT 13 bouts of four minutes (running at 65–70% of maximum speed). ALA was administered orally 20 mg/kg once a day by gavage. Nav1.3 protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry method. Statistical operations were performed with SPSS version 16 software. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey were used to analyze the data.
 Results: The level of Nav1.3 increased significantly in diabetic group compared to the control (p≤0.0001). Moreover, HIT (p=0.0015), MIT p=0.0056), ALA+HIT (p≤0.0001) and ALA+MIT (p≤0.0001) decreased significantly Nav1.3 compared to the diabetic group.
 Conclusion: HIT and MIT can reduce the expression of NaV1.3 in soleus muscle in diabetic rats. ALA combined with exercise training can be more effective to reduce diabetic neuropathy.

Effects of Interval Exercise Training on Serum Biochemistry and Bone Mineral Density in Dogs.

Simple SummaryIn this study, six male beagle dogs underwent 12 weeks of interval exercise following the Frequency, Intensity, Time/duration, Type, Volume, and Progression (FITT-VP) training principle. The heart rate (HR) response was measured during the entire exercise period, and changes in bone mineral density (BMD), muscle volume (MV), and hematology and serum biomarkers were evaluated at the pre-exercise training period and post-exercise training period. We showed that exercise training increased BMD in the femur and serum total alkaline phosphatase (TALP), aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase levels. In addition, our data suggest a positive correlation between BMD and TALP, demonstrating that increased TALP might be an important contributing factor for enhancing BMD with physical training in dogs.Exercise has been suggested as a powerful intervention for health care and fitness management in humans; however, few studies have demonstrated the benefits of exercise training in dogs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise training on heart rate (HR), bone mineral density (BMD), muscle volume (MV), and hematological and serum biomarkers in dogs. Six healthy beagles completed the interval treadmill exercise, developed on the basis of the FITT principle, two times a week for 12 weeks. To evaluate the physiological parameters, the HR values were analyzed using the Polar H10 system during the entire exercise period. At pre-and post-exercise, quantitative computed tomography and hematological and serum biochemical parameters were analyzed. The interval exercise resulted in a normal HR response and no adverse behavioral or physiological effects on the dogs. We showed that exercise improved BMD in the femur (541.6 ± 16.7 vs. 610.2 ± 27.8 HA, p < 0.01) and increased serum total alkaline phosphatase (TALP; 68.6 ± 9.2 vs. 81.3 ± 17.2, p < 0.01), aspartate aminotransferase (23.5 ± 1.0 vs. 33.5 ± 1.6, p < 0.01), and creatine kinase (114.8 ± 5.3 vs. 214.0 ± 20.8, p < 0.01) levels. There was a positive relationship between BMD and TALP (femur: r = 0.760, p = 0.004; vertebrae: r = 0.637; p = 0.025). Our findings suggest that interval exercise training is beneficial to increase BMD in the femur, and an increased TALP level would be a concomitant mechanism for enhancing BMD with exercise in dogs.

Synergistic Effects of Exercise Training and Vitamin D Supplementation on Mitochondrial Function of Cardiac Tissue, Antioxidant Capacity, and Tumor Growth in Breast Cancer in Bearing-4T1 Mice.

Both regular exercise training and vitamin D consumption are beneficial for patients with cancer. The study investigated the effects of interval exercise training (IET) or/and vitamin D supplementation on the gene expression involved in mitochondrial function of heart tissue, tumor size, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in breast cancer (BC) model mice. We assigned random 40 female NMRI mice to five equal groups (n = 8); the healthy control group (H.C), cancer control group (Ca.C), cancer with the vitamin D group (Ca.VD), cancer exercise group (Ca.Ex), and cancer exercise along with the vitamin D group (Ca.Ex.VD). Forty-eight hours after treatment, we anesthetized the animals and performed the isolation of heart tissue and blood serum for further studies. The results showed that the lowest mean body weight at the end of the treatments was related to Ca.C (p = 0.001). Vitamin D treatment alone has increased tumor volume growth by approximately 23%; in contrast, co-treatment with exercise and vitamin D inhibited tumor growth in mice (P = 0.001), compared with the cancer control (12%). TAC levels were higher in the group that received both vitamin D and exercise training (Ca.Ex.VD) than in the other treatment groups (Ca.VD and Ca.Ex) (p = 0.001). In cardiac tissue, vitamin D treatment induces an elevation significantly of the mRNA expression of Pgc1−α, Mfn-1, and Drp-1 genes (p = 0.001). The study has shown the overexpression of vitamin D in female mice, and synergistic effects of IET with vitamin D on weight loss controlling, antitumorigenesis, improvement of antioxidant defense, and the modulation of gene expression. The synergistic responses were likely by increasing mitochondrial fusion and TAC to control oxidative stress. We recommended being conducted further studies on mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis focusing on risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with BC.

Interval exercise training increases LIF expression and prevents myocardial infarction-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rats

AimsMyocardial infarction (MI) is commonly associated with body weight loss and skeletal muscle atrophy. Studies have shown that exercise training could give beneficial effects on skeletal muscle growth. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a key regulator of muscle growth and regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of interval exercise training (IET) on the expression of LIF and the MI-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Main methodsMale Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish the MI model by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Infarcted Rats were divided into two groups: sedentary MI group (MI) and MI with interval exercise group (ME), and compared to sham-operated group (Sham). Exercise-trained animals were subjected to eight weeks of IET. Cardiac function, collagen volume fraction, expression of LIF and its receptor LIFR, myofiber size, apoptosis and proliferation in gastrocnemius muscle were analyzed. Key findingsIET increased heart functional performance and was accompanied with reversing cardiac pathological remodeling. Moreover, IET increased the expression of LIF and LIFR, activated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3), reduced apoptosis and promoted proliferation in gastrocnemius muscle compared with the MI group. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between skeletal muscle atrophy and LIF expression which was stimulated by IET in infarcted rats. SignificanceIET reverses MI-induced cardiac dysfunction and skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, IET up-regulates the expression of muscle LIF/LIFR and activates the STAT3.

Supplemental Oxygen Enhances the Effects of Interval Training On Exercise Capacity in Cystic Fibrosis

PURPOSE: to examine the effect of interval exercise training with supplemental O2 on VO2 kinetics and endurance time in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: Using a single blind design, adults with different severities of CF were randomly assigned to a room-air group (n=4, FEV1= 43(31-109) % of predicted) or supplemental O2 group (n=5, FEV1= 45(31-86) % of predicted). The training program consisted of interval training on a cycle ergometer, 2 days a week for 8 weeks at an intensity of 30% and 75% of the initial peak work rate (WR). All subjects performed a pulmonary function test, incremental symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer, and a submaximal constant WR exercise test at 30% and 70% of the initial peak WR. VO2 kinetics assessed by mean response time (MRT) and physiological responses during low and high constant exercise were assessed before and after the exercise program. Within each group, data were compared using the Wilcoxon sign rank test. RESULTS: Breathing supplemental O2 during the training program improved the total duration of high intensity interval training by 93% (p>0.05) in the supplemental O2 group between week 1 and week 8 (15±3 vs. 29±2 min, p<0.05), with no change in the room-air group (17±4 vs. 25±9 min). The improved in VO2 kinetics (MRT) was significantly greater in the supplemental O2 group than the room-air group following exercise training, 40(36-58) to 32(26-53) versus 42(28-67) to 36(26-58) min, respectively, p<0.05. Endurance time to exhaustion in high intensity constant load exercise improved following exercise training in the supplemental O2 group [11 (11- 14) vs. 27 (14-30) min, p<0.05)], and did not change in the room-air group [10 (7- 20) versus 18 (8-27) min]. CONCLUSIONS:The provision of supplemental O2 during exercise training yields higher training volume and improves VO2 kinetics and endurance capacity in CF patients. Supported by the Cystic Fibrosis Hopesource Foundation in Ireland

Effects of exercise training together with tamoxifen in reducing mammary tumor burden in mice: Possible underlying pathway of miR-21

Exercise training has an anti-tumor effect and can reduce tumor growth; however, the exact underlying mechanisms of its protective effects are still obscure. MicroRNA (miR)-21 is a predictor in cancer survival, and has a potential use as an indicator of therapeutic outcome in breast malignancies. Forty-eight female BALB/c mice were equally divided into six groups to investigate the effects of interval exercise training with tamoxifen on miR-21 expression and its possible assumed mechanisms in an estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer model. ELISA, immunohistochemistry, western blot, qRT-PCR assays were performed at the end of the study. Tumor size was significantly declined in exercise training and tamoxifen groups compared to tumor group (P<0.05). Expression of miR-21 was significantly down-regulated in trained and tamoxifen treated mice in comparison with tumor group (P<0.05). Exercise training was as effective as tamoxifen treatment in decreasing serum estradiol and ER-α expression (P<0.05). Exercise training and tamoxifen reduced tumor IL-6 levels, NF-kB and STAT3 expressions, and up-regulated TPM1 and PDCD4 expressions (P<0.05). Both exercise and tamoxifen had synergistic effects in reducing miR-21 and Bcl-2, and up-regulating PDCD4 expression. Results showed that interval exercise training may reduce mammary tumor burden in mice through possible underlying pathway of miR-21.

Anabolic effects of interval exercise training on skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure

Purpose: Heart failure (HF) is associated with exercise intolerance and significant skeletal muscle abnormalities. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a significant regulator of skeletal muscle mass that promotes muscle hypertrophy. IGF-1 expression is reduced in skeletal muscle of HF patients. Three different IGF-1 isoforms are expressed in humans, namely IGF-1Ea, IGF-1Eb and IGF-1Ec, showing a differential expression pattern in skeletal muscle. Aim of this study was to evaluate the anabolic effect of high intensity interval exercise training program on skeletal muscle and fiber-type distribution of HF patients. Methods: This randomized controlled 2-group study consisted of 9 stable heart failure patients (males, age: 56±13 yrs, BMI: 27±4 kg/m2) who participated in a high intensity interval training rehabilitation program [with (n=5) or without (n=4) the addition of strength training] of 36 sessions, 3 times per week. All patients performed a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test before and after the completion of the program. At the same time they underwent percutaneous needle biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle. Pathology measurements included the skeletal muscle fiber type distribution and cross sectional area (CSA) that were determined by adenosine triphosphatase staining. The mRNA expression of IGF-1Ea, IGF-1Eb, IGF-IEc and IGF-1R was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: After 3 months of exercise training all patients significantly improved their exercise capacity. A significant increase of the CSA of type I fibers from 4519±1071 to 4856±1076 μm2 (p=0.001) and of type II fibers from 4420±1057 to 4925±1049 μm2 (p=0.001) was found and there was a significant reshift to aerobic fibers from 45±9% to 53±7% (p=0.006). An increased expression of the IGF-1Ea, IGF-1Eb and IGF-1Ec transcripts was found following the exercise training compared with the pre-exercise expression levels [1.8±0.9 (p=0.02), 1.7±0.8 (p=0.03) and 2.1±1.4 (p=0.04) fold changes, respectively]. IGF-1R expression levels showed no changes. The percentage increase of CSA found to be correlated with the increase of IGF-1Eb (r=0.72, p=0.03). No significant changes between the two types of exercise were found. Conclusions: The results indicate that high intensity interval exercise training can improve aerobic capacity and may have an anabolic effect by increasing the cross sectional area of muscle fibers in HF patients, possibly via IGF-1 isoform-specific actions. There is also evidence that the pathologic shif to anaerobic fiber phenotype present in HF patients may be reversed by this intervention.

Interval exercise training improves tissue oxygenation in patients with chronic heart failure

Aim: Aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of interval exercise training (IT) programs, regarding whole body oxygen uptake and peripheral tissue oxygenation, in Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) patients during recovery. Methods: Twenty-six CHF patients (21 males/5 females), mean age of 49 ± 12 years, participated in the study. Fifteen patients were assigned to IT and 11 patients were assigned to IT followed by strength training. All patients were trained for 40 minutes per session, 3 times per week, for 12 weeks. They performed a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), before and after the completion of the program. Muscle tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) of quadriceps femoris was continuously measured by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) during CPET and during the recovery period after the end of exercise. Results: No differences were noted between the two patient groups regarding whole body and peripheral tissue oxygenation indices and, therefore, data from all patients were pooled. After training, an increase in peak oxygen uptake (17 ± 4.5 to 19 ± 5.5 ml/kg/min, p 2 at the first minute of recovery (0.45 ± 0.2 to 0.61 ±0.3 L/min2, p ) was noted. In addition, tissue re-oxygenation time constant was decreased (65 ± 25 to 52 ± 28 sec, p genation during recovery from exercise in CHF patients.

Effects of interval exercise training on respiratory drive in patients with chronic heart failure

Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) suffer from ventilatory abnormalities. This study examined the effects of interval exercise training on the respiratory drive in CHF patients. Forty-six clinically stable CHF patients (38 males/8 women, mean age = 53 +/- 11 years) participated in an exercise rehabilitation program (ERP) 3 times/week, for 12 weeks by interval training modality with or without the addition of resistance training. All patients underwent symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), and measurements of mouth occlusion pressure at 100 ms (P(0.1)) and maximum inspiratory muscle strength (P(Imax)) before and after ERP. Respiratory drive was estimated by mouth occlusion pressure P(0.1) and P(0.1)/P(Imax) ratio at rest, and the ventilatory pattern by resting mean inspiratory flow (V(T)/T(I)) and by V(T)/T(I) at identical CPET workloads, before and after ERP. We also studied a control non exercising group of 11 patients (8 men and 3 women). P(0.1) at rest decreased from 3.04 +/- 1.52 to 2.62 +/- 0.9 cmH(2)O (p = 0.015), P(0.1)/P(Imax) % at rest from 4.56 +/- 3.73 to 3.69 +/- 2.03 (p = 0.006), resting V(T)/T(I) from 0.44 +/- 0.10 to 0.41 +/- 0.10 l/s (p = 0.014), and V(T)/T(I) at identical work rate from 2.13 +/- 0.59 to 1.93 +/- 0.58 l/s (p = 0.001) after ERP. VO(2) at peak exercise increased from 16.3 +/- 4.8 to 18.5 +/- 5.3 ml/kg/min (p < 0.001) in the exercise group. No improvement was noted in the control group. ERP by interval training improves the respiratory drive and ventilatory pattern at rest and during exercise in CHF patients.

The effect of exercise training on heart rate during coitus in the post myocardial infarction patient.

The effect of interval exercise training on the peak coital heart rate in post myocardial infarction patients was studied. Sixteen men (ages 46-54) underwent a 16-week bicycle ergometer training program 12 to 15 weeks following their first myocardial infarction. Portable ECG tape recorders were used to record the ECG during coitus twice before and twice after the training program. The maximum minute oxygen consumption (VO2max) was measured in each subject during bicycle ergometer ECG examinations before and after the training program. A control group of six post myocardial infarction patients who were not trained was evaluated in the same manner. The exercise-trained group had an average increase in VO2max of 11.5%(2.7 to 3.0 L/min) and an average decrease in peak coital heart rate of 5.5%(127/min to 120/min). The control group demonstrated a 2% increase in VO2max and no significant change in peak coital heart rate. The increase in aerobic capacity (VO2max) and the consequent reduction in peak coital heart rate in our trained group suggests the potential value of exercise training in improving sexual function in the patient with angina during coitus.