Effects Of Insufficient Sleep Research Articles

Effects of Insufficient Sleep on Myopia in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Myopia is increasingly prevalent in children. Its association with insufficient sleep has been studied, yielding inconsistent findings. This review aims to assess the association of insufficient sleep with myopia and myopia-related refractive parameters in children. A total of 657 articles were identified, of which 40 were included in the systematic review and 33 were included in the meta-analysis. Results showed that insufficient sleep was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of myopia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31, 1.95; I 2 = 99%), and an increased prevalence of high myopia (OR = 3.36; 95% CI = 1.26, 9.00; I 2 = 96%). Shorter sleep duration was significantly linked to faster changes in axial length (AL) (β = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.02, 0.08; I 2 = 0%). However, correlation between insufficient sleep and the incidence of myopia, spherical equivalent refraction, corneal curvature radius (CR) and AL/CR were insignificant. Moreover, the effect of insufficient sleep on premyopia and astigmatism was not well-studied. The results of this study suggest that insufficient sleep may be an important risk factor for the development of myopia in school-aged children. Therefore, in addition to ensuring sufficient outdoor activities and reducing near work, it is necessary to inform children and parents about the importance of adequate sleep to mitigate the risk of myopia.

Adherence to sleep recommendations is associated with higher satisfaction with life among Norwegian adolescents

BackgroundSleep plays a crucial role in the health and well-being of adolescents; however, inadequate sleep is frequently reported in numerous countries. This current paper aimed to describe sleep duration, factors impacting sleep, consequences of insufficient sleep and satisfaction with life in Norwegian adolescents, stratified by sex and by adherence to the 8-hour sleep recommendation, and to examine potential associations between adherence to the 8-hours sleep recommendation and satisfaction with life.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study using data from the Norwegian Ungdata Survey, collected in 2021. Adolescents from five Norwegian counties were included, comprising a total of 32,161 upper secondary school students. Study variables were collected through an electronic questionnaire administered during school hours and all data are anonymous. Descriptive data of sleep patterns are presented, and linear regressions were conducted adjusting for SES, perceived stress, physical activity level, over-the-counter analgesics use, grade level and screen time.Results73% of adolescents did not adhere to the 8-hours of sleep recommendation per night, with similar results for girls and boys. 64% reported tiredness at school (minimum 1–2 days weekly) and 62% reported that screen time negatively affected their ability to sleep. 23% reported that gaming affected their sleep, with a higher prevalence in boys than girls. Satisfaction with life score was 7.0 ± 1.9 points (out of 10) for the total sample, with higher scores for boys (7.3 ± 1.8 points) than girls (6.9 ± 1.9 points). Regressions revealed a positive association with satisfaction with life (B = 0.31, 95% [0.15 to 0.48]) in adolescents adhering to sleep recommendation of 8h compared to the ones not adhering to the sleep recommendation.ConclusionsMost Norwegian adolescents fail to adhere to the 8-hours of sleep recommendation and the majority feel tired at school or during activities. More than half of adolescents reported that screen time negatively affected their ability to sleep. Adhering to the sleep recommendation was associated with higher life satisfaction. Our findings highlight the importance of sufficient sleep in adolescents, while future research is needed to examine other sleep related measures on adolescents´ satisfaction with life.

Individual sleep need is flexible and dynamically related to cognitive function.

Given that sleep deprivation studies consistently show that short sleep causes neurocognitive deficits, the effects of insufficient sleep on brain health and cognition are of great interest and concern. Here we argue that experimentally restricted sleep is not a good model for understanding the normal functions of sleep in naturalistic settings. Cross-disciplinary research suggests that human sleep is remarkably dependent on environmental conditions and social norms, thus escaping universally applicable rules. Sleep need varies over time and differs between individuals, showing a complex relationship with neurocognitive function. This aspect of sleep is rarely addressed in experimental work and is not reflected in expert recommendations about sleep duration. We recommend focusing on the role of individual and environmental factors to improve our understanding of the relationship between human sleep and cognition.

The effects of insufficient sleep and adequate sleep on cognitive function in healthy adults

Study objectivesAlthough sleep affects a range of waking behaviors, the majority of studies have focused on sleep loss with relatively little attention on sustained periods of adequate sleep. The goal of this study was to use an experimental design to examine the effect of both of these sleep patterns on cognitive performance in healthy adults. MethodsThis study used a randomized crossover design. Participants who regularly slept 7-9 hours/night completed two 6-week intervention conditions, adequate sleep (maintenance of habitual bed/wake times) and insufficient sleep (reduction in sleep of 1.5 hours relative to adequate sleep), separated by a 2-6weeks (median=43days) washout period. Cognitive functioning was evaluated at baseline and endpoint of each intervention using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery. General linear models contrasted scores following each condition to the baseline of the first condition; the baseline of the second condition was included to evaluate practice effects. ResultsSixty-five participants (age 35.9 ± 4.9years, 89% women, 52% non-White race/ethnicity) completed study procedures. There was improvement in performance on the List Sorting Working Memory task after the adequate sleep condition that exceeded practice effects. Cognitive performance after insufficient sleep did not reach the level expected with practice and did not differ from baseline. A similar pattern was found on the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention task. ConclusionsThese findings contribute to our understanding of the complex interplay between sleep and cognition and demonstrate that consistent, stable sleep of at least 7 hours/night improves working memory and response inhibition in healthy adults. Clinical Trial RegistrationThe manuscript reports on data from two clinical trials: Impact of Sleep Restriction on Performance in Adults (URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02960776, ID Number: NCT02960776) and Impact of Sleep Restriction in Women (URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02835261, ID Number: NCT02835261).

Re-examining the role of the dorsal fan-shaped body in promoting sleep in Drosophila

The needs fulfilled by sleep are unknown, though the effects of insufficient sleep are manifold. To better understand how the need to sleep is sensed and discharged, much effort has gone into identifying the neural circuits involved in regulating arousal, especially those that promote sleep. In prevailing models, the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) plays a central role in this process in the fly brain. In the present study we manipulated various properties of the dFB including its electrical activity, synaptic output, and endogenous gene expression. In each of these experimental contexts we were unable to identify any effect on sleep that could be unambiguously mapped to the dFB. Furthermore, we found evidence that sleep phenotypes previously attributed to the dFB were caused by genetic manipulations that inadvertently targeted the ventral nerve cord. We also examined expression of two genes whose purported effects have been attributed to functions within a specific subpopulation of dFB neurons. In both cases we found little to no expression in the expected cells. Collectively, our results cast doubt on the prevailing hypothesis that the dFB plays a central role in promoting sleep.

I’m Tired and Unhappy at Work: Consequences of Insufficient Sleep

I’m Tired and Unhappy at Work: Consequences of Insufficient Sleep

Pre-pandemic circadian phase predicts pandemic alcohol use among adolescents.

Later circadian timing during adolescence is linked to worse sleep, more severe depression and greater alcohol involvement, perhaps due to circadian misalignment imposed by early school schedules. School schedules shifted later during the COVID-19 pandemic, ostensibly reducing circadian misalignment and potentially mitigating problems with depression and alcohol. We used the pandemic as a natural experiment to test whether adolescent drinkers with later circadian timing showed improvements in sleep, depression and alcohol involvement. Participants were 42 adolescents reporting alcohol use. We assessed circadian phase via dim light melatonin onset prior to the pandemic, then conducted remote assessments of sleep, depressive symptoms and alcohol use during the pandemic. Mixed-effects models were used to test for pandemic effects, covarying for age, sex, time since baseline evaluation, and current school/work status. Adolescents with later circadian timing reported less sleep than other teens on school nights, both before and during the pandemic. Although school night sleep increased during the pandemic (F = 28.36, p < 0.001), those increases were not greater for individuals with later circadian timing. Individuals with later circadian timing reported larger increases in alcohol use than other teens during the pandemic (X2 = 36.03, p < 0.001). Depressive symptoms increased during the pandemic (X2 = 46.51, p < 0.001) but did not differ based on circadian timing. Consistent with prior reports, adolescents with later circadian timing obtained less sleep, and later school schedules facilitated increased sleep duration. Nonetheless, individuals with later circadian timing reported the sharpest increases in alcohol use, suggesting that circadian timing contributes to risk for alcohol use beyond the effects of insufficient sleep.

Sleep and Exercise among Young Doctors in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study.

Limited information is available on the sleep and propensity for daytime sleepiness in young medical doctors of India. The 2-week self-reported data surrounding sleep and exercise habits, and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) score obtained from volunteering doctors of a tertiary care hospital in India, were summarized as median (Q1-Q3). Comparisons with Mann-Whitney U test and correlations with Spearman's rank correlation were done. Forty-seven doctors (28 [26-33] years, 16 males) reported a total sleep duration (TSD) of 6.3 (6-6.7) hours, sleep latency of 9 (5.1-15.8) minutes, and ESS score of 8 (5-10). The number of days (out of 14) when the subjective feeling of 'refreshed', 'somewhat refreshed', and 'fatigued' was experienced was respectively 6 (2-9), 5 (3-8), and 1 (0-4). Junior-level doctors experienced more days of 'fatigue' than senior-level doctors (3 [0-4.3], 0 [0-0]; p = 0.002). Doctors who did not exercise reported greater days of fatigue than those who exercised (2 [0-4.8], 0 [0-2]; p = 0.047). The young doctors of our study slept less than the recommended amount of 7 hours by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Their short sleep latency and normal propensity for daytime sleepiness, though encouraging, may be an effect of insufficient sleep and mentally alerting daytime schedule respectively. Notably, we found a positive association between exercise habits and subjective restoration following sleep in our study population. The sleep requirements and sleep structure among Indians are yet to be established. Our findings add to the data on sleep in the Indian context.

0341 Digital Health Technology to Support Autonomous Sleep Monitoring and Management in Multi-Domain Operational (MDO) Environments

Abstract Introduction Sleep and fatigue management strategies can substantially impact the Armed Forces’ readiness and fitness. These strategies can be implemented with behavioral health personnel and Wi-Fi connectivity to support real-time assessment, monitoring, and intervention. However, these resources are not readily available in multi-domain operational (MDO) environments. An autonomous Wi-Fi-independent digital sleep and fatigue management tool (DSFMT) could offer a critical advantage in detecting, monitoring, and providing just-in-time sleep and fatigue recommendations for Soldiers and support unit performance. We describe how we adapted a validated sleep-focused clinical decision support platform into a DSFMT for use in MDO environments. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 Army Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) to assess perceived utility of a DSFMT and identify key requirements. We also conducted a literature review to identify evidence-based sleep optimization and fatigue mitigation strategies in real or simulated military environments, or occupations with high sleep disruption. Directives for sleep and fatigue management from all branches of the U.S. Armed Forces were reviewed. Results KOLs were enthusiastic about the proposed DSFMT and emphasized three requirements: (1) brief and actionable content; (2) tap into Soldiers’ competitive nature; (3) provide unit level metrics to the medic. Five sleep education topics (e.g., consequences of insufficient sleep) and eight evidence-based sleep self-optimization strategies (e.g., sleep banking) were identified and included in the digital content. The resulting DSFMT consists of a smartphone-based Soldier App that captures self-reported sleep and fatigue data and offers individualized feedback and self-management strategies, and a Medic App that displays aggregate unit-level sleep and fatigue status. The apps operate when connected to Wi-Fi and have capabilities for offline data collection and transfer via Bluetooth. Conclusion We created an initial prototype of an autonomous Wi-Fi-independent DSFMT that can be used in MDO environments and meets KOL requirements. 246 Soldiers have field tested this prototype. Findings from ongoing acceptability and feasibility analyses will inform the next iteration. Support (If Any) This project is partially funded by MTEC-19-02-TeleSleep-001-2019-406. The opinions and assertions contained herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Army or the U.S. Department of Defense.

0422 Insufficient sleep in undergraduate students: an intervention based on a systematic literature review

Abstract Introduction Sleep is essencial to health, and to the performance of daily activities, and mood, memory, attention, and cognitive processes. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature about the sleep in undergratuate students from 2019 to 2020, also we applied a semi-structured questionnaire in 300 undergrate students between 18-24 years of age. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria in databases: MEDLINE/PUBMED, SCIELO and LILACS on circadian cycle disorders and daytime sleepiness in undergraduate students. The descritptors were applied in order to delimit the articles in the objectives of this study: sleep, undergrade students, daytime sleepiness and circadian cycle disorders. We applyed on-probabilistic sampling technique using Health Educional Content Validation instrument that was composed by 15 items to analyse sleep habbits in undergratuate students. Results 7591 scientific articles were analyzed, and only 38 were submitted to the application of the PICOS strategy. We included 16 articles in this systematic literate review sample. The studies have shown that the quality of sleep in these students was straongly impaired by stress, depression, family income and behavioral variables. The answers from the Goggle forms analyses with 76.3% of excessive daytime sleepiness, in the area of the questionnaire used a scale from 1 to 5 (where 1 was very little in order to score peculiarities related to the students habits in relation to a routine that values Sleep Hygiene. Fixed times for waking up on weekdays (96, 6%), and only 24.4% of the sample had a fixed time to sleep on weekends. More than 150 students (53.2%) made no effort to stay away from the screen before sleeping. The distribution of responses showed that an average number of people try to avoid using the bed to work or watch television (73.9%) and try to avoid heavy foods before bed (83.1%). We found that the consequences of insufficient sleep, such as insomnia and daytime sleepiness were prevalente in females, and among students who didn’t practice sleep hygiene, were colays and falling asleep during class, twice the risk of depression and headache. Conclusion The prevalence of sleep disorders among undergraduated students needs to be evalute, preventing the harmful consequences in their cognitive decisions. Support (If Any)

Bone turnover marker responses to sleep restriction and weekend recovery sleep.

Prior data demonstrated three weeks of sleep restriction and concurrent circadian disruption uncoupled bone turnover markers (BTMs), indicating decreased bone formation and no change or increased bone resorption. The effect of insufficient sleep with or without ad libitum weekend recovery sleep on BTMs is unknown. BTMs were measured in stored serum from 20 healthy adults randomized to one of three study groups consisting of a control group (N=3 men; 9h/night) or one of two nocturnal sleep restriction groups in an inpatient laboratory environment. One Sleep Restriction group ("SR"; N=9; 4 women) had 5h sleep opportunity per night for nine nights. The other sleep restriction group had an opportunity for ad libitum Weekend Recovery sleep ("WR"; N=8; 4 women) after four nights of 5h sleep opportunity per night. Food intake was energy balanced at baseline and ad libitum thereafter. Fasted morning BTM levels and hourly 24h melatonin levels were obtained on study days 3 (baseline), 5 (after 1 night of sleep restriction for WR and SR), and 11 (after a sleep restricted workweek with weekend recovery sleep in WR or 7 nights of sleep restriction in SR). Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to examine the effect of study duration (e.g., change over time), study condition, age, and sex on BTMs. Pearson correlations were used to determine associations between changes in BTMs and changes in weight and morning circadian misalignment (i.e., duration of high melatonin levels after wake time). There was no significant difference between the three study groups in change over time (p ≥ 0.4 for interaction between assigned group and time for all BTMs), adjusted for age and sex. There was no significant change in N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (P1NP), osteocalcin, or C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) from baseline to day 11 (all p ≥ 0.3). In women <25years old, there was a non-significant decline in P1NP from day 3 to day 5 (= -15.74±7.80ng/mL; p=0.06). Change in weight and morning circadian misalignment from baseline to day 11 were correlated with statistically non-significant changes in BTMs (all p ≤ 0.05). In this small secondary analysis, we showed that nine nights of prescribed sleep restriction with or without weekend recovery sleep and ad libitum food intake did not alter BTMs. It is possible that age, sex, weight change and morning circadian misalignment modify the effects of sleep restriction on bone metabolism.

Sleep deprivation results in diverse patterns of synaptic scaling across the Drosophila mushroom bodies

Sleep is essential for a variety of plastic processes, including learning and memory. However, the consequences of insufficient sleep on circuit connectivity remain poorly understood. To better appreciate the effects of sleep loss on synaptic connectivity across a memory-encoding circuit, we examined changes in the distribution of synaptic markers in the Drosophila mushroom body (MB). Protein-trap tags for active zone components indicate that recent sleep time is inversely correlated with Bruchpilot (BRP) abundance in the MB lobes; sleep loss elevates BRP while sleep induction reduces BRP across the MB. Overnight sleep deprivation also elevated levels of dSyd-1 and Cacophony, but not other pre-synaptic proteins. Cell-type-specific genetic reporters show that MB-intrinsic Kenyon cells (KCs) exhibit increased pre-synaptic BRP throughout the axonal lobes after sleep deprivation; similar increases were not detected in projections from large interneurons or dopaminergic neurons that innervate the MB. These results indicate that pre-synaptic plasticity in KCs is responsible for elevated levels of BRP in the MB lobes of sleep-deprived flies. Because KCs provide synaptic inputs to several classes of post-synaptic partners, we next used a fluorescent reporter for synaptic contacts to test whether each class of KC output connections is scaled uniformly by sleep loss. The KC output synapses that we observed here can be divided into three classes: KCs to MB interneurons; KCs to dopaminergic neurons; and KCs to MB output neurons. No single class showed uniform scaling across each constituent member, indicating that different rules may govern plasticity during sleep loss across cell types.

Do Polish Nurses Have a Problem with Sleepiness during the Epidemiological Threat of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus?

Nurses may experience cumulative sleep deprivation in the current epidemiological situation, which is the COVID-19 disease. Lack of rest leads to decreased concentration. The research topic is important for improving patient safety in hospitals. Assessment and analysis of the level of sleepiness of nurses after 3 consecutive night shifts and its impact on functioning in social life. The study adopted the diagnostic survey method, which was conducted using a survey technique. The questionnaire consisted of 3 parts: personal particulars, the survey and the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) version A. After the research, 164 correctly completed questionnaires were obtained. The level of somnolence in individual measurements after a night shift significantly increased among the nurses examined (P < .0001). Respondents who felt a higher level of drowsiness after a night shift thought that their work definitely influenced contact with their friends or family and had difficulty in performing household duties. There is no statistically significant relationship between the level of sleepiness and sociodemographic factors. After each night shift, the level of drowsiness in nurses increases. This may result in reduced alertness and attention levels on subsequent working days. Shift work has negative consequences in the form of depleted personal life. Further research into the effects of insufficient sleep among nurses should be conducted. This may be necessary for patient safety in healthcare centers. The awareness on the subject of healthy sleep among shift nurses should be raised. It is advisable to conduct research in order to assess the effectiveness of various therapies in dealing with sleep disorders among shift nurses. The interventions taken should be adapted to the current epidemiological situation, which is the COVID-19 disease.

Sleep restriction alters physiological and emotional responses to emotion induction.

What is the central question of this study? The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of sleep restriction on self-report and autonomic responses to neutral and sad film clips. What is the main finding and its importance? Ratings of sadness and heart rate deceleration were greater while watching the sad clip, with no effect of sleep restriction, whereas heart rate variability and skin conductance were impacted by sleep restriction and, to a lesser extent, by film clips. The results suggest that autonomic function was adaptively altered by sleep restriction, in order to maintain a 'normal' response to emotional cues, despite mounting fatigue. Habitual insufficient sleep has long-term health consequences via its impact on autonomic nervous system (ANS) function and on regulation of emotion. To our knowledge, the effects of insufficient sleep on emotion-induced ANS function have not been tested. The present study aimed to address this lacuna. Using an emotion induction procedure, the effects of sleep restriction on physiological responses to validated neutral and sad film clips were assessed in a two-by-two, pseudo-randomized, cross-over design. Thirty-one participants, aged 20-33years, were assessed after sleeping for either 5h (sleep restricted, SR) or 8h (well rested, WR) per night, for three consecutive nights. Physiological measures included heart rate, heart rate variability, skin conductance response (SCR) and participants' ratings of affect and fatigue. There was no effect of sleep conditions on self-reported negative affect, but watching the sad clip reduced self-reported fatigue in the SR condition. There was greater heart rate deceleration while watching sad relative to neutral clips, independent of the sleep condition. Sleep restriction increased heart rate variability measures, with no effect of emotion induction. There was an interaction of emotion induction with sleep condition for SCR, with more SCRs to sad relative to neutral clips in the WR condition, and the opposite effect in the SR condition. Combined, the results suggest that the ANS response to an emotional cue was altered by sleep restriction. The results suggest an adaptive ANS response to mild, chronic sleep restriction, resulting in constant heart rate response and self-reported experience across WR and SR conditions, despite mounting fatigue.

Sleep-Wake Disorders in Childhood.

The presentation of sleep issues in childhood differs from the presentation in adulthood and may be more subtle. Sleep issues may affect children differently than adults, and distinct treatment approaches are often used in children. Sodium oxybate was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in October 2018 for an expanded indication of treatment of sleepiness or cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy type 1 or narcolepsy type 2 aged 7 years or older, with side effect and safety profiles similar to those seen in adults. Restless sleep disorder is a recently proposed entity in which restless sleep, daytime sleepiness, and often iron deficiency are observed, but children do not meet the criteria for restless legs syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder. Children's sleep is discussed in this article, including normal sleep patterns and effects of insufficient sleep. Sleep disorders of childhood are reviewed, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, parasomnias, narcolepsy, and Kleine-Levin syndrome. Children with neurologic issues or neurodevelopmental disorders frequently have sleep disorders arising from an interaction of heterogeneous factors. Further attention to sleep may often be warranted through a polysomnogram or referral to a pediatric sleep specialist. Sleep disorders may cause indelible effects on children's cognitive functioning, general health, and well-being, and awareness of sleep disorders is imperative for neurologists who treat children.

Sleep Deprived or Concussed? The Acute Impact of Self-Reported Insufficient Sleep in College Athletes.

Sleep deprivation is common among both college students and athletes and has been correlated with negative health outcomes, including worse cognition. As such, the current study sought to examine the relationship between sleep difficulties and self-reported symptoms and objective neuropsychological performance at baseline and post-concussion in collegiate athletes. Seven hundred seventy-two collegiate athletes completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery at baseline and/or post-concussion. Athletes were separated into two groups based on the amount of sleep the night prior to testing. The sleep duration cutoffs for these group were empirically determined by sample mean and standard deviation (M = 7.07, SD = 1.29). Compared with athletes getting sufficient sleep, those getting insufficient sleep the night prior to baseline reported significantly more overall symptoms and more symptoms from each of the five symptom clusters of the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. However, there were no significant differences on objective performance indices. Secondly, there were no significant differences on any of the outcome measures, except for sleep symptoms and headache, between athletes getting insufficient sleep at baseline and those getting sufficient sleep post-concussion. Overall, the effect of insufficient sleep at baseline can make an athlete appear similar to a concussed athlete with sufficient sleep. As such, athletes completing a baseline assessment following insufficient sleep could be underperforming cognitively and reporting elevated symptoms that would skew post-concussion comparisons. Therefore, there may need to be consideration of prior night's sleep when determining whether a baseline can be used as a valid comparison.

Abstract MP25: Longitudinal Assessment of Sleep Patterns During Early Childhood and Their Association With Obesity

Objective: To identify sleep patterns in early childhood and examine the influence of these patterns on health behaviors and obesity. Methods: Prospective cohort study of healthy 3-year old children (n=301) measured annually through age 6. Parent-reported total sleep duration (TSD) was calculated as night-time sleep plus daytime naps . Insufficient sleep was defined as TSD &lt;10 hours/day. A latent growth curve model was estimated to establish the trajectory of TSD over four years. At each time period, univariate regression models were estimated to: (a) identify modifiable and demographic (i.e., race/ethnicity, gender) predictors of insufficient sleep and (b) test the association of insufficient sleep with health behaviors (i.e., diet, screen time) and obesity status (adjusting for time-specific daily energy intake, screen time, and moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)). Results: The analytical cohort was 49% female, predominately white (82%) with 36% reporting household incomes below $50,000. At age 3, 21% were defined as overweight or obese and at age 6, 32% of the cohort were defined as overweight or obese. Children had a similar bed and wake time across the four-year study with an average bedtime at 9:27PM and waketime at 8:01AM. Growth curve modeling showed decreases of 39.6 minutes in TSD from age 3 to age 6; though statistically significant (p&lt;0.001), this may be due to the developmental expected decrease in daytime naps over this age range. The most consistent modifiable predictors of insufficient sleep from ages 4-6 years were bedtimes after 9PM (age 4 OR: 27.3 (95%CI: 3.7, 201); age 5 OR: 37.3 (95% CI: 5.1, 274); age 6 OR: 13.2 (95% CI: 3.1, 55)) and insufficient sleep the prior year (age 4 OR: 11.4 (95%CI: 3.8, 34); age 5 OR: 5.9 (95% CI: 3.0, 11.6); age 6 OR: 6.5 (95% CI: 3.4, 12.4)). Children reported as “non-white” were more likely to be classified with insufficient sleep at ages 4-6 years (age 4 OR: 2.6 (95%CI: 1.3, 5.2); age 5 OR: 2.39 (95% CI: 1.2, 4.7); age 6 OR: 2.2 (95% CI: 1.1, 4.3)). Children at ages 5-6 years with insufficient sleep reported 29 and 36 minutes more screen time per day compared to those with sufficient sleep (p &lt; 0.05). Insufficient sleep did not predict diet and MVPA behaviors. Insufficient sleep status was also significantly associated with obesity status as children with insufficient sleep at age 5 were 2.22 times (95% CI: 1.20,4.1) more likely to be overweight and obese compared than children with adequate sleep (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Sleep patterns appear to be established by age 3 years with little change throughout young childhood, and with implications for early obesity development. Early intervention to improve sleep may be necessary during this time, especially for children from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds, prior to the establishment of sleep patterns, to prevent negative consequences of insufficient sleep.

The Impact of Sleep Restriction on Daytime Functioning in School-Age Children With and Without ADHD: A Narrative Review of the Literature

The purpose of this narrative review was to synthesize the existing literature on the impact of sleep on daytime functioning in both typically developing (TD) children and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Correlational studies in children suggest that insufficient sleep and impaired daytime functioning are significantly associated; however, this does not address the causal relationships between sleep and daytime functioning. The review results indicated that there is limited experimental sleep manipulation research in children. In the eight studies that employed experimental methods to examine sleep restriction, the consequences of insufficient sleep were greatest for attention and inconsistent for other domains, such as cognition and emotion regulation. Despite the significant co-occurrence of ADHD and sleep problems, the experimental sleep research focused on the daytime impact of shorter sleep in children with ADHD is extremely limited and as such more research is needed.

0044 DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF PARADOXICAL SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON ADOLESCENT AND ADULT MICE

Sleep insufficiency has become a serious health issue. In the modern society, most of the people, including the adolescence, do not obtain enough sleep. Since adolescence is a critical period for brain development, the consequences of insufficient sleep during adolescence should be concerned. The current study emphasized the effects of 72-hour paradoxical sleep deprivation (SD) on behavioral and morphological aspects in adolescent mice and used adult mice for comparison. In this study, we examined the acute effects of 72-hour paradoxical SD. 5 weeks old and 10–12 weeks old male C57/BL6 mice were used. The two time points were chosen to represent the periods of adolescence and adulthood, respectively. SD for 72 hours were conducted using modified multiple platform method. For mice kept in the home cage and on big platforms, sleep time was not limited and used as controls. Mice of SD and control groups were examined in behavioral, neurochemical and histological aspects. Our results showed that the short-term spatial memory, examined by Y-maze spontaneous alternation test, was affected by 72-hour paradoxical SD in adolescent mice but not in adult mice. The complexity of granule cells in dentate gyrus (DG) was reduced after SD in adolescent but minimal changes were observed in adult animals. There was an increase of spine density in DG granule cell after 72-hour paradoxical SD in adolescent and not in adult SD animals. Hippocampal neurogenesis in the DG was reduced by SD in both adolescent and adult groups. Results from this study revealed that SD negatively impacted the cognitive function by impairing the spatial working memory in adolescent but not in adult mice. Moreover, the analyses of dendritic complexity and spine density of granule cells in the hippocampal DG also indicated age-related morphological alterations after 72-hour sleep deprivation. Our results indicated the adolescent mice are relatively more sensitive to SD than the adult mice. It is the first study, to our knowledge, that compared the differential effects of SD on adolescent and adult mice. None.

Book Review—Pediatric Sleep Problems: A Clinician's Guide to Behavioral InterventionsMeltzerLisa J.CrabtreeValerie McLaughlin American Psychological Association: Washington, DC. 282 p.ISBN: 978-1-4338-1983-4.

Book Review—Pediatric Sleep Problems: A Clinician's Guide to Behavioral InterventionsMeltzerLisa J.CrabtreeValerie McLaughlin American Psychological Association: Washington, DC. 282 p.ISBN: 978-1-4338-1983-4.