Effect Of Inorganic Additives Research Articles

Evaluation of the titanium, aluminum and silicon oxides effect on the copolyamides synthesis and their properties

The effect of inorganic additives on the ε-caprolactam with ω-dodecalactam anionic (co)polymerization process and on the properties of synthesized samples is investigated. Aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide were used as inorganic additives. It is shown that the introduction of additives at a 1 mol.% concentration at the stage of copolycaproamide synthesis contributes to a decrease in the ε-caprolactam with ω-dodecalactam anionic (co)polymerization rate. The influence of the selected additives on the physico-mechanical, thermal and operational properties complex has also been studied. It was found that the use of inorganic additives at a 1 mol.% concentration at the synthesis stage contributes to an increase in destruction temperatures compared to unmodified samples. It was found that the introduction of aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide leads to an increase in physical and mechanical parameters and Shore hardness, a decrease in water absorption and oil and gasoline resistance.

Effects of Inorganic Additives on Slagging Characteristics of Peanut Shell Pellet Fuel

Effects of Inorganic Additives on Slagging Characteristics of Peanut Shell Pellet Fuel

Composite cathode for Li-sulfur system: Effect of inorganic additives on electrochemical performance

The influence of five different inorganic additives with different composition and morphology, viz. nanofibrous rutile/TiOxNy, Li4Ti5O12 (LTS) from Altair, TiO2-P90 from Evonik, TiOxNy-anatase and nano-TiO2 on the electrochemical performance of the activated carbon/sulfur composite cathode is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry at the scan rate of 0.1 mV s-1 and by galvanostatic chronopotentiometry at the 0.1 C rate. The composites are prepared by facile mechanical mixing of activated carbon with the inorganic additive and subsequent melting-diffusion with sulfur. The addition of nano-TiO2 from titanium isopropoxide, TiOxNy-anatase, rutile/TiOxNy, and LTS Altair to the carbon/sulfur composite cathode increased the charge capacity of the corresponding Li-sulfur cell. The negative effect of the P90 additive can be attributed to the blocking of its surface by Al2O3 and SiO2, hindering the adsorption of polysulfides. TiOxNy-anatase additive exhibits the highest capacity improvement due to its surface-enhanced redox chemistry of conductive and sulphiphilic surface resulting in a 7 % increase of the voltammetric charge capacity. In addition, this additive has a beneficial effect on the cycling stability of the sulfur composite cathode during galvanostatic cycling.

Effect of Inorganic Additives and Sintering Temperature on Adsorbents

Magnesium silicate is a porous material with a large specific surface area and is easily adsorbed. In particular, it is widely used commercially because it is very effective for adsorbing Na+, K+ ions and other catalysts. However, if the powder is used as an adsorbent as is, there are disadvantages, in that the adsorbed material is easily lost during the adsorption action and becomes difficult to recover. In this study, magnesium silicate was used as an adsorbent to remove pollutants (CO2) from the atmosphere. In addition, in order to overcome the disadvantages of using a powder adsorbent material, an inorganic binder (clay) and a reinforcing agent (glass fiber) were added to prepare a molded article which imparted strength to the adsorbent material. Changes in the properties of the adsorbent were confirmed. Changes in the physicochemical properties of the adsorbed material according to the calcination temperature, from 400 to 800°C, were confirmed. In addition, it was confirmed that a molded body with 15 wt% inorganic binder and 4 wt% reinforcing agent had a specific surface area of about 87 m²/g and a strength of 4.63 N. The prepared molded article could adsorb about 0.41 mmol/g of CO2 at atmospheric pressure, confirming its potential use as a CO2 adsorbent.

A Study of Composite Solid Electrolytes: The Effect of Inorganic Additives on the Polyethylene Oxide-Sodium Metal Interface

High electrolyte-electrode interface stability is essential for solid state batteries to avoid side reactions that form interphases and voids, leading to loss of contact and increased impedance. Such detrimental situations increase overvoltage, reduce cycling efficiency, and shorten battery cycle life. While composite solid electrolytes were studied extensively, the effect of inorganic additives in the polymer matrix on the electrolyte-anode interface remains unclear. Here, solid electrolyte was studied for batteries with sodium metal anode based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymeric matrix containing ceramic additive. Extensive electrochemical analyses under both AC and DC conditions were performed, and chemical reactions between sodium metal and the PEO matrix, which produce interphases at the electrode-electrolyte interface, were investigated. Addition of sodium beta aluminate in the matrix appears to mitigate these reactions, removing a major obstacle on the way to effective all-solid-state rechargeable sodium batteries.

Effect of inorganic additives and optimisation of the electro-assisted organosolv pretreatment of biomass

The electro-assisted organosolv pretreatment (EAOP) is a biomass pretreatment method which is viable at room temperature. Previously, it was shown that the electrochemically generated hydroxyl radical (OH*) during EAOP is key to the delignification efficiency when 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and gamma-valerolactone (10 wt% [Bmim]OAc/GVL) are used as the solvent. However, the effect of additives and biomass loading on this novel pretreatment process have not previously been investigated. In this study, inorganic salts of NaOH, NaCl, FeCl3, with and without added water, were used as additives into [Bmim]OAc/GVL, to determine their effect on OH* formation during EAOP. These inorganic salts were selected as they have been proven effective in the electrochemical conversion of either lignin or cellulose. It was found that [Bmim]OAc/GVL with NaCl/water showed the most rapid and largest amount of OH* formation, being 45% higher than [Bmim]OAc/GVL without additives. The 240-min EAOP with NaCl/water delignified 70.8 wt% of Eucalyptus sawdust and the residual biomass showed 204.4 mg/g total reducing sugar yield. In addition, EAOP with NaCl/water present can be done rapidly (in 30 min) and at high biomass loading (25%). The total reducing sugar (TRS) yield of sawdust from the high-loading rapid EAOP is up to 194.0 mg/g, which is around 10-fold higher than untreated sawdust. The spent solvent from EAOP could be regenerated, with only minor TRS yield decrease (10%) observed after recycling the solvent four times. SynopsisNaCl and water were added into the electro-assisted organosolv pretreatment as inorganic additives, which enabled EAOP to be completed in 30 min at 25% biomass loading. The residual biomass from EAOP can produce up to 204.4 mg/g reducing sugar (approximately 10-folds higher than untreated biomass) and the regenerated solvent showed only minor decreases (10%) in total reducing sugar yield after four cycles.

Effect of inorganic additives (rock phosphate, PR and boron waste, BW) on the passivation of Cu, Zn during pig manure composting

The bioavailability of heavy metals in compost is critical for their agronomic value. The effect of inorganic additives (rock phosphate, PR and boron waste, BW) on Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) bioavailability during co-compost of swine manure and rice straw was assessed using sequential extraction procedure (European Community Bureau of Reference). The result showed that both additives, applied at rates of 2.5%–7.5% (w/w) could promote the change of exchangeable Cu and reducible Cu into oxidizable Cu, thereby reducing their bioavailability factor (BF) by 15.5%–47.2%. While additives provided no significant reduction in BF of Zn, the shift from exchangeable Zn into reducible Zn can still reduce the mobility of Zn. Based on redundancy analysis (RDA), organic matter (OM) and electrical conductivity (EC) were identified as the most important controlling factors for redistribution of Cu and Zn fractions during composting. The inorganic additives strengthened the passivation of Cu and Zn bioavailability by stimulating OM degradation. The 7.5% (w/w) rock phosphate showed best passivating effect on the bioavailability of Cu.

THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF INORGANIC HYDROGEL COMPOSITES

The objective of this work was to examine the effect of inorganic additives on thermal behavior of homo- and hetero-polymeric hydrogel. Nano SiO 2 and TiO 2 doped acrylic acid (AA) based homo-polymeric and acrylic acid/vinyl pyrrolidone (AA/VP) based hetero-polymeric hydrogels were synthesized by using in-situ free radical polymerization technique. Additives were used in the ratio of 0.005, 0.5 and 1 (wt %) on AA based homo-polymeric hydrogels. Hetero-polymeric hydrogels were prepared in ratios of 1:3, 2:2 and 3:1 (AA/VP). Additives were used in only AA/VP (3:1) and they were added 0.5 and 1 (wt %). Thermal behaviour of hydrogels, were investigated by TGA-DTA analysis. The effect of doping on pore structure of hydrogels was demonstrated by SEM analysis. SEM/EDX measurements confirmed the presence of additives in the hydrogels. The dispersions of SiO 2 and TiO 2 on hydrogel were indicated by elemental mapping and their amounts were compared with EDX analysis.

Effects of inorganic additives on polymorphs of glycine in microdroplets

Sodium chloride plays an important role in the selectivity of glycine polymorphs and results in an increased nucleation percentage in microdroplets.

The Effects of Inorganic Additives on the Nucleation and Growth Kinetics of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate Crystals

The effects that 50–500 mM aqueous Li+, Na+, K+, and Mg2+ have on the crystallization kinetics of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum; CaSO4·2H2O) were determined by in situ and time-resolved UV–vis spectrophotometry. The mechanisms of surface or structural associations between these additives and the end-product gypsum crystals were evaluated through a combination of inductively coupled plasma mass and/or optical emission spectrometric analyses of digested end-products and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the surface of the solids. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were utilized for determining any changes in phase composition and growth morphologies of the formed crystals. Our results revealed that Mg2+, even at low concentrations, decreased the nucleation and growth kinetics 5–10 fold more than Li+, Na+, and K+. In all cases, the additives also changed the shapes and sizes of the formed crystals, with Mg2+ and Li+ resulting in longer and narrower crystals compared to the additive-free system. In addition, we show that, regardless of concentration, Mg2+, Li+, and K+ only adsorb to the newly forming surfaces of the growing gypsum crystals, while ∼25% of Na+ becomes incorporated into the synthesized crystals.

Effect of inorganic additives on the growth of silica–carbonate biomorphs

Silica–barium carbonate biomorphs are complex precipitate microstructures that form by purely inorganic processes. They display life-like morphologies with smoothly curved surfaces that are not restricted to crystallographic symmetries. We investigate the morphogenetic influence of inorganic dopants that compete with the barium carbonate precipitation. Trace deposition of alkaline earth or transition metal additives causes significant changes to the crystal morphologies. In the case of Pb2+ and Ag+ ions, biomorph growth is disrupted by the formation of competing precipitates. Similarly, the addition of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+ induces the rapid crystallization of witherite or amorphous silica–carbonate aggregates at enhanced growth rates. By comparison, the addition of strontium ions results in the assembly of classic biomorphs such as cardioid sheets and helices. The procedures reported here exemplify the use of co-depositing agents to influence the compositional and crystallographic properties in a manner similar to magnesium-doped biogenic calcites.

Reducing atmosphere ash fusion temperatures of a mixture of coal-associated minerals — The effect of inorganic additives and ashing temperature

The influence of the ashing temperature and inorganic additives on the reducing-atmosphere ash fusion temperatures of a mixture of coal-associated minerals was investigated. Different inorganic compounds were added to the mixture to represent trace minerals in coal or coal ash. The samples were ashed at either 500°C or 815°C in air as preparation for ash fusion temperature experiments. The ashing temperature influenced the ash fusion temperatures of the mineral mixture doped with 4% NaCl, PbCO3 and CrO3 at one or both of the ashing temperatures. The addition of GeS and SrCO3 resulted in a decreasing trend in the AFTs of the mineral mixture, and that of GeO2 resulted in an increasing trend. The lowering of the AFTs from the addition of PbCO3 was comparable to the effect from NaCl. The concept of ionic potential provides an insight into why different additives produce different effects. In general, additives containing elements of low ionic potential (<25nm–1) interact to reduce AFTs. Those with elements of high ionic potential (≥100nm–1) will raise AFTs. The effect of the inorganic compounds on the mineral mixture is dependent on speciation and decomposition temperature, ashing temperature, and chemistry of the compounds and/or their decomposition products.

Effect of Inorganic Additives on a Conventional Anionic–Nonionic Mixed Surfactants System in Aqueous Solution

AbstractThe interaction between an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and a nonionic surfactant [polyoxyethylene (9.5) octyl phenyl ether] in aqueous salt solution was investigated using the surface tension method. The critical micelle concentration values were determined for the individual surfactants and their corresponding mixtures. The interaction parameter between the surfactants in the mixed micelles, the activity and activity coefficients in the mixed micelles, and the thermodynamic parameters were calculated using various approaches, viz., Clint, Rubingh, and Maeda models. It was observed that the critical micelle concentration of the mixed surfactants system reveals little deviation from ideality.

Effect of inorganic additives on some properties of NBR vulcanizates

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the effect of incorporating some inorganic fillers, namely aluminium oxide and aluminium hydroxide on the rheological, mechanical and thermal behaviour of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) vulcanizates.Design/methodology/approachFor improving physico‐mechanical properties of NBR vulcanizates, various compositions were made by incorporating different concentrations of employed fillers with NBR. These properties included the torque, cure time, tensile strength, elongation at break, swelling, diffusivity, as well as thermal behaviour of the loaded and unloaded NBR with fillers were characterised.FindingsThe incorporation of the two investigated fillers improves the thermal behaviour of the vulcanizates, especially aluminium hydroxide. All samples showed more or less a first order decomposition kinetics, for which the activation energy ranged from 177 to 187 kg/mol.Research limitations/implicationsNBR is extensively used industrially for its single, most important property, which is an exceptional resistance to attack by oils and solvents. However, incorporation of fillers in (NBR) leads to the development of improved, competitive properties of the vulcanizate. A further study must be carried out on the flame retarding effect of the fillers, beside the effect of surface treatment of the fillers on the dispersibility and physico‐mechanical properties of the vulcanizates.Practical implicationsThe use of two investigated fillers provided a simple and practical solution to improving the resistance to swelling in motor and break oil as well as the thermal behaviour of the NBR.Originality/valueThe use of these fillers was novel and could be used in many rubber industries especially in gasket and oil seals.

Effects of inorganic additions on the performance of manganese-based conversion treatments

The electrochemical behaviour of permanganate-based no-rinse conversion coatings on AA3003-H14 aluminium alloy shows that they have promise as an alternative to toxic chromate-based coatings. A selection of inorganic additions has been made here to a simple 0.1 M KMnO 4 formulation investigated previously. The performance of the different coatings has been evaluated from potential–time and polarisation measurements in 0.5 wt % (0.085 M) NaCl solution for periods up to 3 days. The addition of fluoride ions produced no benefit, whereas Al(NO 3) 3 shows an improvement when added in small amounts. Tests with the individual ions reveal that it is Al 3+ cations, rather than NO 3 - anions, which produce the greatest benefit.

Effect of Inorganic Additives on the Properties of Nafion Membranes

not Available.

Influence of Activating Compounds on Oxidation Mechanisms of Aluminum Powders

AbstractThis study involves an investigation of the mechanism underlying activating effects of inorganic additives on the oxidation of aluminum. The oxidation of nano aluminum powders in air was characterized by variable temperature x-ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. For a 33-nm aluminum powder the aluminum oxide produced by air oxidation was poorly crystallized until the sample was heated to above 1050°C, where the alpha-alumina phase crystallized. For a mixture of the aluminum with cryolite, crystallization of oxide phases is enhanced, with Na-Al-O phases evident at 550°C and above. Fluorine is lost from the sample between 550 and 850°C, presumably due to reaction with moisture to produce HF. In a similar experiment with aluminum and silver molybdate, the only crystalline product was alpha-alumina, which was observed at 550°C and higher. The general result is that alpha-alumina, the ultimate product in most cases, crystallized at a lower temperature when activating agents were present.

Soil thin-layer chromatography of heavy metal cations with surfactant-modified mobile phases: Mutual separation of Zinc(II), Cadmium(II), and Mercury(II)

Thin-layer chromatography of ten metal ions has been performed on pure soil layers; the mobile phases were aqueous organic and inorganic fertilizer solutions, solutions of aqueous inorganic fertilizer mixed with potassium, sodium, or calcium halide, and aqueous anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions with added iodides or chlorides of K, Na, or Ca. A novel mobile phase, 1:9 ( v/v ) 0.001 m SDS-NaCl, was identified for rapid separation of mixtures of Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Hg 2+ .The metal cation mobility observed on pure soil layers with these mobile phases was compared with that obtained on organic-matter-free soil layers. A general trend toward increased metal ion mobility on organic matter-free soil layers was observed. Substitution of SDS by a cationic ( N,N,N -cetyl- N -trimethylammonium bromide) or a nonionic (Tx-100 or Brij 35) surfactant in the mobile phase hampered separation of Zn 2+ from Cd 2+ and Hg 2+ . The effect of inorganic additives (sodium molybdate, KSCN) and acids (oxalic, tartaric...

Properties of wood–plastic composites: effect of inorganic additives

Wood–plastic composites from Syrian tree species (white poplar, cypress tree, and white willow) were prepared using gamma-ray irradiation. Dry wood was impregnated with acrylamide or butylmethacrylate at various methanol compositions as the swelling solvent. Effect of inorganic additives and co-additives such as lithium nitrate (LiNO 3), copper sulfate (CuSO 4) and sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4), used at a very low concentration (1%), on the polymer loading (PL) and the compression strength (CS) was also investigated. It has been found that all the additives and co-additives, except Cu 2+, increase the PL values and only Li + has a positive effect on CS.

Effect of inorganic additives on solutions of nonionic surfactants — XVI. Limiting cloud points of highly polyoxyethylated surfactants

As their degree of polyoxyethylation is increased, the cloud points (CPs) of three homologous series of nonionic surfactants (NSs) rise steeply at first but then level off, converging asymptotically to the temperature range of 114–118°C, which corresponds to the CP of polyethylene oxide with a molecular weight of 10 4. Six of the 14 surfactants investigated were octoxynols, five were nonoxynols and three were polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers. Ten had an average number of oxyethylene units per molecule p>20 and a CP>100°C. Three of these CPs were measured directly on 2.00% surfactant solutions sealed into ampoules. To avoid additional measurements under pressure, the other surfactants had their CPs lowered below the normal boiling point of their 2.00% solutions by adding the salting-out, CP-lowering salt NaNO 3 at various concentrations, measuring the depressed CPs and extrapolating them to zero salt concentration. The CPs decrease linearlv with increasing molality m of NaNO 3 up to ca. 2.5 m and more steeply at higher concentration. For a given concentration of NaNO 3, larger p values result in more extensive salting out: The more highly polyoxyethylated a surfactant is, the greater the reduction in CP it undergoes. As p increases, the curves of CP in water versus p for the octoxynols and nonoxynols rise steeply and nearly linearly, reaching 100 and 103°C at p=16, and then begin to level off. The sharpest inflections are at p=22–25. The nonoxynol curve becomes horizontal at p≅40 and 115°C while the octoxynol curve rises gently from 3°C below the nonoxynol curve to merge with it at p=90 and 114°C. The CPs of the three polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers are slightly higher than those of the polyoxyethylated alkylphenols with comparable p values, peaking at 118°C. The most highly polyoxyethylated surfactant of each series contains 95% polyoxyethylene. Their CP range of 114–118°C equals that of polyethylene oxides with molecular weights between 8000 and 20 000. Published quantitative CP– p relations for polyoxyethylated NSs cover only CP values below 100°C and p values below 16. They fail to predict the levelling off of the CPs as the p values rise above 16.