Effect Of Idle Time Research Articles

Is it bad because it is boring? Effects of idle time on employee outcomes

ABSTRACT Idle time is a period during which employees cannot complete their work tasks for reasons beyond their control. It has previously been shown to have negative consequences for employees’ performance and well-being. To shed light on the mechanisms underlying these effects, we argue based on affective events theory and action regulation theory that idle time is an event that leads to boredom. Since boredom is a negative affective experience that motivates employees to do something about their situation, it may reduce job satisfaction and increase extra-role behaviour (i.e., prosocial and counterproductive) and turnover intentions. We tested our hypotheses using a sample of 1,036 employees who participated in a five-wave longitudinal study across 12 months. Results showed that, at both the within-person and between-person levels, idle time was positively associated with boredom, which, in turn, was associated with lower job satisfaction, higher counterproductive work behaviour, and higher turnover intentions, but not with prosocial work behaviour. These associations were robust when additionally controlling for work environment features (e.g., working from home), dispositions (e.g., personality), and demographic characteristics. Thus, idle time seems to be a boring and mostly negative experience for employees. Employees and managers should organize work to avoid boredom whenever possible.

Effect of idle time after starting the engine of a gasoline passenger car on the temperature rise of the exhaust catalyst and exhaust emissions

Effect of idle time after starting the engine of a gasoline passenger car on the temperature rise of the exhaust catalyst and exhaust emissions

Optimal Time Allocation between Idle and Active Time

Idle time is an essential and valuable factor in the production of any service. While idle time is necessary and helpful for efficient and effective utilization of time, it also has a negative effect that managers try to minimize. This paper illustrates either analytically or numerically the different effects of idle time on total net revenue. It first presents the case in which idle time is determined arbitrarily, and then shows idle time that has no direct negative effect on total revenue but a positive effect on the efficient use of active time.

Effects of idle time on biological phosphorus removal by sequencing batch reactors

Three identical sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated to investigate the effects of various idle times on the biological phosphorus (P) removal. The idle times were set to 3 hr (R1), 10 hr (R2) and 17 hr (R3). The results showed that the idle time of a SBR had potential impact on biological phosphorus removal, especially when the influent phosphorus concentration increased. The phosphorus removal efficiencies of the R2 and R3 systems declined dramatically compared with the stable R1 system, and the P-release and P-uptake rates of the R3 system in particular decreased dramatically. The PCR-DGGE analysis showed that uncultured Pseudomonas sp. (GQ183242.1) and β-Proteobacteria (AY823971) were the dominant phosphorus removal bacteria for the R1 and R2 systems, while uncultured γ-Proteobacteria were the dominant phosphorus removal bacteria for the R3 system. Glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs), such as uncultured Sphingomonas sp. (AM889077), were found in the R2 and R3 systems. Overall, the R1 system was the most stable and exhibited the best phosphorus removal efficiency. It was found that although the idle time can be prolonged to allow the formation of intracellular polymers when the phosphorus concentration of the influent is low, systems with a long idle time can become unstable when the influent phosphorus concentration is increased.

The Effect of Idle Time on Reduction of Viruses in an Intermittently Operated, Householdscale Slow Sand Filter

The Effect of Idle Time on Reduction of Viruses in an Intermittently Operated, Householdscale Slow Sand Filter

Real Options in Leasing: The Effect of Idle Time

We study options on short-term leases for capital-intensive equipment performing specific functions and services, such as leases for semi-submersible drilling rigs, marine seismic services, corporate real estate leasing, retail space leasing, and apartment leasing. We quantify the effect of an important factor in pricing options on these services: idle time between consecutive lease contracts. We show that while the expected, discounted value for a contract with options is unique, option prices and option exercise prices must be given with respect to a payment structure for the whole contract. We prove that there exist payment schemes in which prices do not depend on exercise probabilities. We use a simple analytic model to derive closed-form solutions for option prices and illustrate our methodology by pricing options for leasing oil-drilling services in the North Sea.

The effect of idle time on static friction : J. R. Jones, Lubrication Eng., 23 (4) (1967) 154–164; 8 figs., 2 tables, 10 refs.

The effect of idle time on static friction : J. R. Jones, Lubrication Eng., 23 (4) (1967) 154–164; 8 figs., 2 tables, 10 refs.