Effects Of Government Funding Research Articles

Technology network and development trends of government-funded patents

PurposeHow prospective or emerging technologies can be supported through government-funded research projects has gradually received global attention. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the effects of government funding on subsequent technological development, the overall economy or social welfare of a country or corporate research and development (R&D) activities. These studies have not examined the technology distribution and development trends of government-funded research from a comprehensive technology perspective. In addition, previous measurements of the influence of government-funded R&D projects faced the difficulty of transferring the research achievements of government-funded research to the commercial market.Design/methodology/approachPatents can provide a preliminary understanding of the collaboration, development focus and status of market technologies. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the development directions of patented technologies engendered from government-funded research projects. Analyzing the network of government-funded patented technologies helped identify the current status and location of specific technologies in a patent network as well as the hotspot technologies in government-funded research projects that correspond to the market.FindingsThe results of this study indicated that the technologies obtaining government-funded patents mainly consist of advanced materials and semiconductors and that the technological focus has shifted over the years. Nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology and sanitary technology have gradually become the technologies receiving most of government-funded patents. The trend of development of these technologies also corresponds to the emerging technologies advocated by countries worldwide in recent years.Originality/valueThis study provided a comprehensive verification of the government-funded patented technologies from a macro perspective by identifying key technologies using technology network analysis. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for the allocation of governmental R&D resources and the promotion of novel technologies in the private sector.

The Effects of Government Funding on Private University Finance under Government Regulations on Tuition

지난 10년 이상 지속된 등록금 동결 정책과 2012년 이후의 국가장학금 정책은 학령인구 감소라는 위기 요인과 더불어 사립대학 재정에 강력한 제약 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 이러한 재정제약 하에서 정부의 대학에 대한 재정지원은 증가해왔다. 이 연구는 등록금 동결 정책 이후 정부 재정지원이 대학의 재정수입과 지출에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 2008부터 2017년까지 대학별 시계열 자료를 활용하여 변화 추이를 관찰하고 패널 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 연구중심 대학에 대한 정부 재정지원이 증가하고, 소규모 교육중심대학에 대한 정부 재정지원이 감소하여 격차가 심화되었다. 분석대상 기간에 등록금 수입의 감소, 전기이월자금의 감소, 학생경비의 증가, 잉여자금의 급격한 감소가 관찰되었다. 둘째, 2008-2011년 기간에 정부 재정지원이 증가할수록 법인전입금이 감소하여 학교법인의 책임회피 현상이 나타났다. 이와 달리 2014-2017년 기간에는 법인전입금이 증가하였는데 이는 법적 규제와 관련 정책의 영향으로 추론할 수 있다. 셋째, 2008-2011년 기간에는 정부 재정지원이 증가할수록 사립대학 재정지출이 학생경비, 잉여자금, 인건비, 관리운영비, 연구비 순으로 증가하였다. 그러나 대학재정 여건이 한층 악화된 2014-2017년 기간에는 정부 재정지원이 사립대학 재정지출에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않았다. 다만, 이 기간에도 연구중심 대학은 정부 재정지원이 증가할수록 교직원 인건비를 늘렸다. 넷째, 정부 재정지원이 적립금 상위 대학의 재정지출에 미치는 영향력은 상대적으로 미미하였다. 마지막으로 연구결과를 바탕으로 정책적 시사점을 제언하였다.

Government Funding and Nonprofit Revenues in China: A Cross-Regional Comparison

This study examines the various effects of government funding on nonprofit revenues in China through a cross-regional comparison. We argue that central government funding increases nonprofit revenues by improving nonprofits’ legitimacy/reputation and competitive capacities. Based on a dataset of 2,058 questionnaires and 65 interviews with nonprofits receiving central government funding to participate in social service projects from 2013 to 2017, we find that having more central government funding enables nonprofits to raise more revenues through local government funding, private donations, and commercial revenues. A cross-regional comparison shows that central government funding has more effects on nonprofit revenues in the non-western region than in the western region. Our interviews suggest that resource accessibility and marketization institutions determine the various effects of central government funding on nonprofit revenues in western and non-western regions. The findings reveal nuances in the effects of government funding on nonprofit revenues through a cross-regional comparison under authoritarianism.

The Relative Influences of Government Funding and International Collaboration on Citation Impact.

A recent publication in Nature reports that public R&D funding is only weakly correlated with the citation impact of a nation's articles as measured by the field‐weighted citation index (FWCI; defined by Scopus). On the basis of the supplementary data, we up‐scaled the design using Web of Science data for the decade 2003–2013 and OECD funding data for the corresponding decade assuming a 2‐year delay (2001‐2011). Using negative binomial regression analysis, we found very small coefficients, but the effects of international collaboration are positive and statistically significant, whereas the effects of government funding are negative, an order of magnitude smaller, and statistically nonsignificant (in two of three analyses). In other words, international collaboration improves the impact of research articles, whereas more government funding tends to have a small adverse effect when comparing OECD countries.

Fear the Government? A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Government Funding on Nonprofit Advocacy Engagement

This article examines the impact of government funding on nonprofit participation in policy advocacy. Previous literature has proposed that government funding may either encourage or inhibit nonprofit involvement in policy advocacy. This study, using a meta-analysis of 38 existing studies with 218 effect sizes, finds a slight positive association between the level of government funding a nonprofit receives and the level of policy advocacy the nonprofit participates in. Government funding could be a weak catalyst, rather than an obstacle, for nonprofits to participate in the policy process. Furthermore, the study finds that this effect of government funding might be generalizable to non-U.S. countries. Government funding is also associated with nonprofits’ increasing use of insider advocacy strategy. Overall, government funding seems not a key predictor of the level of nonprofit advocacy engagement. Nonprofit leaders should not consider government funding a barrier for them to fulfill their critical advocacy obligations.

Effects of government funding on R&D performance leading to commercialisation

This paper draws on data obtained from a questionnaire survey conducted for the 242 private R&D projects supported by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation), Japan’s public management organisation promoting R&D, to explore how dependence on government support affects processes of private R&D projects and, in turn, the performance and commercialisation of developed technologies. Our analyses show that projects receiving more than a half of their entire R&D expenditures from NEDO tend to be isolated from in-house departments. Such isolation, derived mainly from the projects’ unique positions in ‘double dependence’ structures, negatively affects project performance, especially those related to commercialisation, in two ways. First, high dependence on government resources prevents project members from interacting with people outside the project within the company. This inhibits project members from effectively leveraging internal resources –both technological and human– to overcome technological problems. Secondly, such high dependence weakens internal controls over project activities. This causes delayed development of marketable technologies and makes it difficult for projects to achieve justification for further investment required for commercialisation. Our findings suggest that for successful R&D leading to commercialisation, both companies and public funding agencies should encourage projects to maintain close relationships with other internal departments.

Inclusive education for students with refugee experience: whole school reform in a South Australian primary school

In recent years, there has been an increase in students with refugee experience in the UK, the US, Europe and Australia. These students face many barriers to education, and appropriately educating this diverse student population presents many challenges to schools and education departments. We argue that a whole of school approach that includes school structures, culture and pedagogy is needed to provide equity for students with refugee experience. This approach to reform requires that the ‘structures and programs [that] are designed for a dominant group’ (DETE, South Australian Curriculum Standards and Accountability Framework, South Australia 2001), and which disadvantage minority groups, are challenged and changed. Implementing such change raises many practical difficulties, and there are few documented examples of good practice. This prompted the authors’ ethnographic study of a South Australian primary school, with a New Arrivals Program, which positions itself as taking a whole of school approach to educational reform for refugees. This paper reports on the structural changes the school has implemented in its class organisation, staff roles and curriculum. We consider the effects of government funding and neoliberal education policy on these reforms.

Does Government Funding Suppress Nonprofits' Political Activity?

Autonomy from the state has been considered a core feature of American civil society, and understanding the consequences of perceived threats to that autonomy has been a central theme in social and political theory. We engage this theme by examining a specific question: What is the effect of government funding on nonprofit organizations' political activity? Extant theory and research identify some mechanisms by which government funding might reduce nonprofit political activity and other mechanisms by which government funding might enhance such activity. We investigate this relationship with two data sets: a national sample of religious congregations and a longitudinal sample of nonprofit organizations in Minneapolis-St. Paul. Results across these data sets are consistent and compelling: The relationship between government funding and nonprofit political activity is either positive or null; government funding does not suppress nonprofit political activity.

Does Government Funding Alter Nonprofit Governance? Evidence from New York City Nonprofit Contractors

This paper explores the relationship between nonprofit board governance practices and government contracting. Monitoring by a board is one way a governmental agency can help to insure quality performance by its contractors. Agencies could thus use both their selection process and their post-contracting power to influence board practice. Using a new, rich data set on the nonprofit contractors of New York City, we test a series of hypotheses on the effects of government funding on board practices. We find that significant differences exist in board practices as a function of government funding levels, differences that mark a shift of focus or energy away from some activities, towards others. Trustees of nonprofits which receive high government funding are significantly less likely to engage in the traditional board functions, such as fund raising, while more likely to engage in financial monitoring and advocacy.

The Effect of Government Funding on Private Industrial Research and Development: A Re-Assessment

A number of previous studies have attempted to determine the effect of federal support of research and development (R& D) performed in industry on the rate of private investment in R&D, by estimating regressions of private R & D expenditure on federal industrial R & D expenditure, controlling for total demand (sales) and in some cases other variables. This paper presents arguments and econometric evidence in support of the hypothesis that, due to misspecification of the private R&D equation (i.e., failure to distinguish government sales from other sales), previous estimates of the effect of federal industrial R & D on private R & D funding are seriously upwardly biased.