Effect Of Gender Role Orientation Research Articles

Are All Entrepreneurial Exit Routes the Same? Effects of Gender-Role Orientation and Misfits

Are All Entrepreneurial Exit Routes the Same? Effects of Gender-Role Orientation and Misfits

Gender Role Orientation and Marriage Adjustment as Factors Affecting Gender Role Conflict of Pastors’ Husbands

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of gender role orientation and marriage adjustment on the emergence of gender role conflict of pastors’ husbands. This research uses a non-experimental quantitative research method and is analyzed using SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Squares). This study uses three scales, namely The Gender-role Conflict Scale developed by O'Neil., et al (1986) to measure gender role conflict, Sex Role Orientation Inventory (SROI) developed by Tomeh (1978) to measure orientation of gender roles, and The Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) from Spanier (1976) used to measure marriage adjustment. The subjects in this research are husbands of GBKP pastors totaling 79 people. Based on the hypothesis testing, it is revealed that marital adjustment influences gender role conflict in pastors’ husbands, whereas gender role orientation does not affect the pastor husband's gender role conflict. Researchers who are interested in examining gender role conflicts in men are expected to be able to include other variables that have not been studied in this research, such as spirituality, religiosity, coping strategies, cultural influences, etc., in order to enrich and develop the science of psychology, especially social psychology.

The role of sex and femininity in preferences for unfamiliar infants among Chinese adults.

Guided by parental investment theory and social role theory, this study aimed to understand current contradictory results regarding sex differences in response to infant faces by considering the effect of gender role orientation. We recruited 300 adults in China and asked them to complete an Interest in Infants questionnaire and a Bem Sex Role Inventory and then administered a behavioral assessment that used unfamiliar infant faces with varying expressions (laughing, neutral, and crying) as stimuli to gauge three components of motivation towards infants (i.e., liking, representational responding, and evoked responding). The results demonstrated that sex differences emerged only in self-reported interest in infants, but no difference was found between the sexes in terms of their hedonic reactions to infant faces. Furthermore, femininity was found to correlate with preferences for infants in both verbal and visual tests, but significant interactive effects of feminine traits and sex were found only in the behavioral test. The findings indicated that men's responses to infants were influenced more by their feminine traits than were women's responses, potentially explaining the greater extent to which paternal (vs. maternal) investment is facultative.

On the Functional Relationships Among Sexual Orientation, Masculine and Feminine Gender Role Orientation, and Sociosexual Orientation in Young Heterosexual and Lesbian Women

ABSTRACT The present study investigated the mutual interplay of sexual orientation, masculine and feminine gender role orientation, and sociosexual orientation in young women. To ensure cross-sample validity, 323 heterosexual women and 323 lesbian women, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years, were matched for possible confounding variables. Lesbian women scored significantly higher (d = 0.27) on the Desire subscale of the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory, but not on the Behavior (d = 0.07) and Attitude subscales (d = 0.11). Concerning gender role orientation, heterosexual women were characterized by significantly higher scores on the Femininity scale (d = 0.20), whereas lesbian women showed more pronounced masculine gender role orientation (d = 0.16). Structural equation modeling revealed two functionally distinct relationships between sexual orientation and sociosexuality, on the one hand, and between gender role orientation and sociosexuality, on the other hand. Sociosexual desire was exclusively associated with a woman’s sexual orientation with no indication of any mediating effect of gender role orientation. Sociosexual behavior was positively related to a woman’s level of masculine gender role orientation, while sociosexual attitude was positively associated with masculine and negatively associated with feminine gender role orientation, irrespective of sexual orientation.

The effect of gender-role orientation on attitudes towards menstruation in a sample of female university students

Objective:To examine the effect of gender role orientation on attitudes towards menstruation in a sample of Iranian female students of medical sciences.Material and Methods:Three hundred female university students (94%; response rate: 282) were enrolled in the study via stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire (MAQ), and the short version of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Data were analyzed using SPSS v.18. Analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test.Results:The mean scores of the MAQ subscales ranged from 3.7±1.35 to 5.6±1.3, indicating that most of the respondents had natural to moderate attitudes toward menstruation. When participants were classified into one of four gender-role categories of BSRI, the results showed that the undifferentiated group with 33.7% was higher than other gender-role groups. The undifferentiated group was significantly less likely than the other groups to perceive “menstruation as a natural event”.Conclusion:The study shows an association between gender-role orientation and attitudes toward menstruation in female university students. However, further research is still necessary in this issue.

Effect of gender role orientation on attitudes toward menstruation in a sample of female University students

Effect of gender role orientation on attitudes toward menstruation in a sample of female University students

The effect of gender role orientation on student nurses’ caring behaviour and critical thinking

AimWe explored the impact of gender role orientation (masculinity and femininity) on student nurses’ caring behaviour and critical thinking. BackgroundCaring and critical thinking are at the core of professional nursing education. Previous studies revealed inconsistent findings regarding the impact of gender roles on caring behaviour and critical thinking. Design and MethodsWe employed a quantitative correlational study. Nursing students (N = 449; female = 310, male = 139) who had at least had one month of clinical practice experience were recruited from four universities in Taiwan. Students’ ages ranged from 19 to 29 years (Mean age = 21.24 years, SD = 1.28). Data were collected from August 2016 to July 2017, using three questionnaires: Taiwan Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CTDI), Caring Assessment Report Evaluation Q-sort Scale (CARE-Q), and Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Partial least squares structural equation modelling and generalized linear models were conducted to test the research model and hypotheses. ResultsFindings indicated that students who reported higher caring and masculinity presented greater critical thinking (ß = .37 and ß = 0.24, respectively; ps < .001). Students’ gender, age, femininity, or clinical practice experience, however, were not significantly associated with critical thinking (ß = -0.01, ß = 0.09, ß = .10, and ß = 0.01, respectively; ps > .05). In addition, students who reported higher masculinity and femininity presented greater caring behaviour (ß = .22 and ß = 0.38, respectively; ps < .001). Students’ gender, age or clinical practice experience were not significantly associated with caring behaviour (ß = .04, ß = .03, and ß = -0.05, respectively; ps > 0.05). The findings confirmed a direct influence of caring and masculinity on critical thinking. Masculinity indirectly affected critical thinking via caring behaviour. Caring and masculinity accounted for 34.4% of the variance in critical thinking, and masculinity and femininity accounted for 29.1% of the variance in caring behaviour. ConclusionOur study confirms the effect of age, gender role, and caring behaviour on critical thinking. We recommend that the cultivation of nursing care behaviour focus on students’ gender role orientation. In addition, clinical nurse educators, when working with male students on patient caring, should consider their gender role orientation and support male nursing students’ ways of presenting caring behaviours.

Cultural Values and Marital Satisfaction: Do Collectivism and Gender Role Orientation Affect Marital Satisfaction among Palestinian Couples?

This study investigated the effects of Gender Role Orientation (described as “masculinity” and “femininity) and collectivism on marital satisfaction in Palestine. Three hundred and seven married participants (187 men and 120 women) completed four self-report questionnaires examining cultural dimensions of marriage, gender role orientation, and marital satisfaction. Based on the results, Palestinian participants reported to be more satisfied with marriages that were collectivistic, based on feminine characteristics, and held more egalitarian gender role orientation. All differences between males and females in all observed variables were insignificant (p &gt; 0.05) except the differences in characteristics of “masculinity”, where males were significantly more masculine than females (p &lt; 0.001). The data supports the proposed model (with all paths coefficient significant) that collectivism, and “masculinity” on a cultural level, and gender role orientation at an individual level had significant effects on marital satisfaction. According to the results, counselors and social workers need to understand the roles of collectivism and masculinity in marital relationships when working with individuals from more traditional cultural backgrounds.

The effects of gender role orientation and career/family role salience on organizational identification and intention to leave

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine how gender role orientation (i.e. masculinity and femininity) and career/family role salience affect individuals’ organizational identification (OID) and intention to leave. Alternative models were developed to specify different relationships among the study variables.Design/methodology/approachData were collected via a questionnaire survey of 362 employees from three large companies in China. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate alternative models and test the hypotheses.FindingsThis paper found that masculinity was positively related to career role salience, whereas femininity was positively related to family role salience. Career role salience, but not family role salience, was positively related to OID, which in turn was negatively related to intention to leave. A positive relationship was also found between femininity and OID, as well as between family role salience and intention to leave.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross-sectional nature of the data of this study precludes any definitive inferences about causality and directionality. The use of self-report measures also invites the potential threat of common method variance. The generalizability of results has been restricted, given that the respondents were drawn from three large companies.Practical implicationsOrganizations may provide more resources and support for their employees so as to increase their career role salience, which in turn enhances their level of OID. For employees who are high in femininity, employers may offer family-friendly programs to help them address resource drain from family to work, and hence to retain them.Originality/valueThis study provided evidence for the linkage between gender role orientation with career/family role salience. It also revealed the impacts of career/family role salience on OID and intention to leave. Some gender differences in this regard were highlighted.

The Effects of Sex and Gender Role Orientation on Approach-Based Coping Strategies Across Cultures: A Moderated Mediation Model

This study explores the mediation effect of gender role orientation on the influence of sex on coping strategies and how the mediation effects differ across the two cultures of the United States and China. A total of 478 respondents (243 Americans and 235 resident Chinese) participated in this study. Employing Hayes’ (2013) PROCESS for testing moderated mediation models using conditional process analysis, we found that femininity mediated the influence of sex on both emotional and instrumental coping, and the mediation effects were significantly different between American participants and Chinese participants. We also found that national culture moderated the influence of sex on coping strategies when gender role orientation was being held constant. This study adopts an integrated model of sex, gender role orientation, culture, and coping. This model allows us to examine both general and specific relationships among interested variables, which contributes to existing literature in several ways.

The Effect of Gender Role Orientation on Work Interference with Family (WIF) and Family Interference with Work (FIW) among Married Female Nurses in Shiraz-Iran

The present study highlights the significance of gender role orientation as one of the most important individual factors on WIF and FIW. Furthermore, this paper also examines the effects of some of the essential personal backgrounds such as age, job experience and duration of marriage on WIF and FIW. This study consists of 198 married female nurses in Shiraz-Iran. The findings revealed that married female nurses who adopt more egalitarian gender role attitude are associated with higher WIF. Unlike previous studies, the finding also indicates that respondents who adopt a more egalitarian gender role attitude experienced higher FIW, which may be explained by the specific cultural context in Iran. This study also established that female nurses with older age, more years of job experience, and longer duration of marriage, perceived lower level of WIF and FIW. Implications are discussed and recommendations are made regarding future researches in this area.

Emotional responses to work-family conflict: An examination of gender role orientation among working men and women.

The present study tested the effect of work-family conflict on emotions and the moderating effects of gender role orientation. On the basis of a multilevel design, the authors found that family-interfering-with- work was positively related to guilt, and gender role orientation interacted with both types of conflict (work-interfering-with-family and family-interfering-with-work) to predict guilt. Specifically, in general, traditional individuals experienced more guilt from family-interfering-with-work, and egalitarian individuals experienced more guilt from work-interfering-with-family. Additionally, a higher level interaction indicated that traditional men tended to experience a stronger relationship between family-interfering-with-work and guilt than did egalitarian men or women of either gender role orientation.

The Relationships Between Sensation Seeking and Gender Role Orientations Among Turkish University Students

The relationships between sensation seeking and gender role orientation were examined among 325 Turkish university students. The Sensation Seeking Scale Form V (SSS-V; Zuckerman, Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 42:155–162, 1974) were used for data collection. The dimensions of the SSS-V were Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Disinhibition, Experience Seeking, and Boredom Susceptibility. The ANOVA and MANOVA revealed main effects for gender and gender role orientation. As predicted, men reported higher levels of overall sensation seeking and Disinhibition than women did. Androgynous and masculine groups reported higher levels of overall sensation seeking, Disinhibition and Experience Seeking than the feminine group did. The effect of gender role orientation on Thrill and Adventure Seeking and Boredom Susceptibility was insignificant.

The Effect of Gender Role Orientation on Same- and Cross-Sex Friendship Formation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of gender role orientation on factors related to same- and cross-sex friendship formation. Participants (N = 278) completed a version of the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Each participant listed their closest friends, the sex of each friend, and the closeness level of each relationship. They also indicated whether they prefer same- or cross-sex friendship. The results suggest that gender role orientation affects inclination for cross-sex friendship, particularly the relative frequency of cross-sex friendship. Feminine men had a significantly higher proportion of cross-sex friendships than did masculine men, and masculine women had a significantly higher proportion of cross-sex friendships than did feminine women. A significant number of participants indicated that they did not prefer one sex or the other for friendship. Gender role orientation had no impact on levels of closeness in either same- or cross-sex friendship.

The Effects of Gender Role Orientation on Team Schema: A Multivariate Analysis of Indicators in a U.S. Federal Health Care Organization

In this empirical study of 649 employees at a federally supported health care facility in the United States, the authors investigated the effects of individual gender role orientation on team schema. The results indicated (a) that nontraditional male and female employees perceived the greatest amount of group cohesion in their team schemas and (b) that both traditional and nontraditional male employees perceived greater problem-solving potential in their team schemas. Meaningful implications for team composition are discussed.

Effect of Gender-Role Orientation of Primiparous Mothers on Their Cognitive Appraisals, Coping Strategies, and Mood Postpartum

Cognitive appraisals of mothering as a challenge and threat, coping strategies, affect balance, and depression were studied in 91 married gender-typed, cross-gender typed, and androgynous primiparous middle-class Israeli mothers of infants aged 3–5 months. The results indicated that gender-typed and androgynous women had significantly higher challenge scores and lower threat scores than did cross-gender typed women. With regard to coping strategies, gender-typed and androgynous women used more support-seeking than did cross-gender typed women. Gender-typed women also used less problem-focused strategy and more emotion-focused strategy than did cross-gender typed women. Gender-typed and androgynous women manifested more positive affect balance and less depression than did the cross-gender typed women.

Organization of In-Group and Out-Group Information: The Influence of Gender-Role Orientation

The effects of gender-role orientation on the organization of in-group and out-group information—as measured through cued recall and recall organization—were examined in two experiments. Utilizing gender as the in-group/out-group distinction, it was predicted that androgynous and gender-typed subjects would differentially process information about male and female stimulus targets. This hypothesis was upheld with respect to recall organization. Gender-typed subjects were more likely to individuate in-group members than out-group members. However, androgynous subjects equally individuated in-group and out-group members. The implications of these results for conceptualizations of in-group and out-group representations and for cognitive theories of gender-role orientation are discussed.

Gender-Role Orientation of Adolescent Females

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of gender-role orientation on self-esteem and locus of control of female adolescents. A total of 87 junior high school females and 48 senior high school females completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, the Texas Social Behavior Inventory, and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Gender-role orientation was related to self-esteem but not to locus of control. Adolescents classified as androgynous or masculine had higher self-esteem than adolescents classified as feminine and undifferentiated. Differentialpatterns of gender-role orientation effects were found for junior high school females when compared to senior high school females. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.