Effects Of Gender Discrimination Research Articles

The effects of gender discrimination on medical students‘ choice of specialty for their (junior) residency – a survey among medical students in Germany

BackgroundGender discrimination is known to affect societies in many different settings. Medical education is no exception. This study focusses on the consequences, gender discrimination can have on medical students and their choice of (junior) residency specialty.MethodsAn online questionnaire was developed and distributed among the 40 medical faculties in Germany. The study population contained medical students in their fifth and sixth academic year.ResultsThe survey’s participants consisted of 759 students from 31 universities. Female medical students experienced significantly more gender discrimination compared to their male colleagues (f = 487, 87.9% vs. m = 76, 45.8%, p < 0.0001). The specialties with the most reported gender discrimination were family medicine (f = 180, 42.9% vs. m = 15, 23.8%, p < 0.05), followed by surgery (f = 369, 87.4% vs. m = 44, 69.8%, p < 0.05), internal medicine (f = 282, 67.3% vs. m = 37, 58.7%, ns), orthopaedics/casualty surgery (f = 270, 65.1% vs. m = 32, 50.8%, p < 0.05), and gynaecology (women (f = 142, 34.1% vs. m = 34, 54.0%, p < 0.05). Gynaecology was the only specialty, men experienced more discrimination compared to women. Among the students that ever changed their specialty of choice (f = 346 (73.3%) m = 95 (72%)), significantly more women than men claimed gender discrimination to be one of the main three reasons for their specialty choice (f = 42, 12.1% vs. m = 1, 1.1%, p < 0.05). In addition, 53 students (f = 50 (10.6%) m = 3 (2.3%)) stated to rule out a specialty from the beginning due to gender discrimination.ConclusionGender discrimination is frequently experienced by medical students in Germany. It influences their choice of medical specialty directly. Our data suggest a fundamental problem that proposes and implicates certain specialties to be attractive for only one gender.

Effect of gender discrimination on resilience and motivation of women

Effect of gender discrimination on resilience and motivation of women

The Use of Digital Media Tools in Nigeria: A Panacea against Gender Discrimination, Female Journalists Representation and Participation in Journalism

Globally, the use digital tools in media practice have bridged the gap between the existing dichotomy (Male and Female) in journalism. It has revolutionized news coverage by eliminating the need for traditional procedures and protocols associated with professional journalism, such as being physically present on the field for balanced and newsworthy reportage. Moreover, digital media tools have reduced gender-based discrimination in media organizations, which used to assign men to more physically demanding roles while relegating women to menial tasks. Despite this paradigm shift orchestrated by digital media, female journalists are still being relegated to the extent that only few female journalists rise to the top in organizational hierarchical placement. In Nigeria, female journalists continue to face barriers such as unequal opportunities and unfair treatment in media organizations. One of the major issues is the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions in media organizations. In this regard, this research present four major fronts from scholarly researches using Textual Analysis to identify the extent and effects of gender discrimination against female journalists in digital media practice in Nigeria; examine factors that contribute to gender discrimination against female journalists in media practice in Nigeria; assess the impact of gender discrimination on the representation and Participation of female journalists in digital media practice in Nigeria and explore the strategies female journalists in Nigeria use to overcome gender discrimination in digital media practice

Sexism at Workplaces on Social Media in Contemporary China

Gender discrimination and inequality at work are fundamental problems in China. One of the leading causes of gender inequality is the absence of laws and regulations and the profit-maximizing objectives of corporations. The effects of gender discrimination on companies, workers, and human capital investment are severe and detrimental. On a more serious note, prejudice and gender disparity have evolved during the past ten years. Therefore, a more thorough examination is warranted since gender discrimination has become severe and pervasive. Open structured interview is the methodology used to examine gender inequality at work in China over the past ten years.

The Effect of Gender Discrimination in the Labor Market in Turkey on Women's Poverty: Analysis with the Oaxaca-Blinder Discrimination Test

Dünya genelinde olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de işgücü piyasasında yaşanan cinsiyete bağlı ayrımcılığın varlığını ve boyutunu tespit etmek, kadın yoksulluğu ile mücadele kapsamında geliştirilebilecek politikalar için önemli ölçüde yol gösterici olmaktadır. &#x0D; Kadın yoksulluğunun Türkiye’deki belirleyicileri arasında önemli yer tutan işgücü piyasasındaki ayrımcılığın boyutuna ilişkin tespitler yapılmasını amaçlayan çalışmamızda, ilk olarak cinsiyete bağlı ayrımcılık ve kadın yoksulluğu konusunda daha önce yapılan çalışmalara yönelik literatür taraması yapılmış ve bu çalışmalarda elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılarak yorumlanmıştır. Ardından işgücü piyasasında yaşanan ayrımcılığın kadın yoksulluğuna etkileri ölçülmek istenmiş, bunun için TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu)’e ait 2019 yılı Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi verilerinden faydalanılmıştır. &#x0D; Ankette sunulan bilgiler kullanılarak Oaxaca-Blinder Ayrıştırma testi ve çapraz tablo analiziyle ekonometrik tahminler yapılmıştır. Analizlerde kullanılan gelir değişkeni, işgücü piyasasında faaliyet gösterilmesi sonucu elde edilen gelirlerin toplanmasıyla oluşturulmuş ve elde edilen bu değişken en yüksek gelirden en düşük gelire doğru beş ayrı gelir düzeyine ayrılmıştır. Elde edilen bu gelir düzeylerinin her biri için kadınlar ile erkeklerin istihdam oranlarını ölçen çapraz tablo analizi kullanılmış ve analizde yer alan gelir grupları ile cinsiyet farkı arasındaki ilişkinin anlamlılığını sınamak için Chi Square testi uygulanmıştır. Çapraz tablo analizinin ardından her bir gelir düzeyinde bulunan kadın ile erkek işgücü arasında gerçekleşen gelir farkı ve bu farkın hangi gerekçeyle oluştuğunu belirlemek için Oaxaca-Blinder Ayrıştırma Yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Amacımız ücret farkında bireysel niteliklerin etkisi ile cinsiyete bağlı ayrımcılığın etkisini tahmin etmek ve farklılaşmanın temel nedenini belirlemektir. Elde edilen sonuçlara bağlı olarak Türkiye’de kadın yoksulluğu sorununun çözüme kavuşturulmasında etkili olabilecek politika önerileri sunularak çalışma tamamlanmıştır.

Effect of Gender Discrimination on Interpersonal and Organizational Deviance with Mediating role of Lack of Trust

Effect of Gender Discrimination on Interpersonal and Organizational Deviance with Mediating role of Lack of Trust

EVIDÊNCIAS DA DISCRIMINAÇÃO SALARIAL DE GÊNERO EM DIFERENTES CONTEXTOS MACROECONÔMICOS NO BRASIL

This article aims to identify wage inequalities and the effect of gender discrimination in the acceleration (2004-2008) and economic deceleration phases (2011-2014) in Brazil. Based on the data from the PNAD, the counterfactual decomposition of income is performed, and the results show a reduction in the income gap between men and women between 2004 and 2014, however, the wage differences and discrimination against women persist and occur independently of the economic performance of the country.&nbsp; In the stage of economic acceleration to wage divergences and discrimination against women they are resurgence; the wage convergence and reduction of discrimination against women are evidenced in the economic slowdown. Among white workers, economic discrimination prevails, compared to non-white workers, with a sharp reduction in skin color discrimination in the period of slowdown in economic growth in the country.

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN UZBEKISTAN

No human society can develop harmoniously, moving to a higher state, if it belittles the role of women and does not balance the ratio of two complementary principles -male and female, because the position of women like a litmus test reveals the actual degree of civilization of a particular social or religious community, as well as accurately reflects the degree of commitment of its members to the principles of humanism, equality and mercy. In this article deals with issues, current stage of general coefficient of coverage withhigher education, by gender and the share of women in teachers and professors in higher education institutions in Uzbekistan. Above all in this article given recommendation to avoid and solve negative effects of gender discrimination in development of science in conditions of The Republic of Uzbekistan

Perceived gender discrimination at work and subsequent long-term sickness absence among Finnish employed women.

Discrimination has many kinds of consequences for employees and their well-being. This is an important aspect when considering certain issues, such as the need to prolong working careers. The objective of this study is to investigate the association of perceived gender discrimination at work with subsequent long-term sickness absence among Finnish employed women. We used a representative sample of Finnish employed women (n = 8000) merged with register-based follow-up data. We examined the relationships of control variables with gender discrimination using cross tabulation, and the relationships of the controls with subsequent sickness absences were examined using analyses of variance. The effects of gender discrimination on long-term sickness absence were analysed using a negative binomial model. Perceived gender discrimination increased long-term sickness absence among employed women after controlling for age discrimination, various background, work and health-related factors. Employed women reporting perceived gender discrimination had a 1.4-times higher incidence rate ratios (IRR) of long-term sickness absence than those not reporting perceived gender discrimination. The association was strongest among upper-level socioeconomic group (IRR 2.2) in the adjusted model. Our findings suggest that gender discrimination at work is a risk factor for long sickness absence among women. Therefore, it is essential to increase awareness and prevention of discrimination to reduce negative gender-based treatment at work.

Woman in Patriarchal Culture: Gender Discrimination and Intersectionality Portrayed in Bob Darling by Carolyn Cooke

This article examines gender discrimination, and investigates the relation between gender and social class relation experienced by the main female character, Carla, in the short story entitled Bob Darling by Carolyn Cooke. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative applying the concept of gender discrimination by Mansour Fakih and the concept of intersectionality by Kimberle Crenshaw about the connection of multiple dimensions, such as gender and class in making discrimination. This study aims to find how the main female character that lives in the patriarchal culture is depicted in the story. Moreover, it is to show how social segregation strengthens the gender discrimination. Gender discrimination is unjust treatments and assumptions against someone, particularly based on a person’s sex that leads to the role that he or she should play in the society. The different role however, leads to the harm and the loss of person’s right in life especially for woman who lives in patriarchal culture. The results show that stereotype, subordination and violence against woman are experienced by the main female character in the society as the effect of gender discrimination. Then, social class as a division of individual classes based on levels of individual’s position in society that can be determined by wealth, education, occupation, and others has a part in gender discrimination. When the woman is on lower class, she has less power and authority so that it makes a stronger discrimination against her. In conclusion, in the patriarchal culture, the discrimination against woman is not only influenced by the gender itself, but also the social class. DOI: 10.15408/insaniyat.v1i2.4345

Simulation Based Printing Engineering Education for Women in Engineering Students in South Korea

To increase the retention rate of women engineering students as human resources of the field of Graphic Arts and Printing (GAP) industries in South Korea, we introduced the simulation based engineering education method and developed the screen printing simulator for same purpose. Before setting up this education method, factor analysis for female engineering students at P University, which is a model university in South Korea, was conducted. The analytical results showed that social and cultural effects are more significant ones than social effect alone, and the effects of gender discrimination in industrial fields. Also results showed responses that the physical differences between man and women students, such as the ability to drive printing machines or to handle tools, their parents’ financial support for experiments, and the gender cognitive engineering education. In this research, we developed the measurement tool to measure women students’ competencies in GAP industries and contributed to make the women in engineering education according to the results of factor analysis. These researches have been progressed since 2006 annually, and we had proposed to programs for the gender cognitive engineering education and the special programs for women engineering students. The retention rate of female engineering students was increased from 30% at 2006 to over 50% in 2016. And the rate of women students who change their major from 5% to decreased 1 %. According to the lecture evaluation, 98% of women students were very satisfied the simulated education method. So we found that the factor analysis and the simulated engineering education system for GAP women students have progressed successfully.

The effect of gender discrimination in organization

Since discrimination against women in the workplace is generally regarded as having a negative impact on quality of life, systematic managerial efforts to prevent such discrimination have been enforced. However, there are very few studies on whether or how this discrimination affects the subjective well-being in Asia where the unequal treatment of women has been traditionally accepted. Our study examines whether perceived/experienced discrimination against women consistently influences two subjective kinds of well-being: job satisfaction and work engagement. It will consider how the impact varies according to different dimensions of discrimination, what kinds of moderators intervene to influence the effect on subjective well-being and how they do so. Empirical findings from three-wave panel data with a sample of 5987 female workers show the negative effects of discrimination on these two forms of subjective well-being.

OP11 Missing Women? The Health Inequalities Impact of Low Control and Gender Discrimination: A Theory-Led Systematic Review of Observational Studies

BackgroundIncreasing control and empowerment are considered central to efforts to reduce health inequalities. From our critical review of theory, low control or powerlessness emerged as a potentially fundamental mechanism underlying...

Development of women's human capital and its impact on economic growth and total factor productivity: A case study of selected OECD countries

Article history: Received February 15, 2013 Received in revised format 3 May 2013 Accepted May 4 2013 Available online May 6 2013 Experiences of developed countries and various studies in the context of economic growth of developing countries have shown that economic growth is not only explained by physical capital and labor force but also, and more importantly, by human capital. The later variable should be entered, as a major determinant, in the endogenous growth model. With the concern of important role of human capital in this research, the primary objective of this paper is to explore the effect of gender discrimination of human capital on economic growth and factor productivity in Iran and the selected OECD countries. More specifically, to indicate the economic capability of educated females, we use data of the considered countries over the period 1974-2008, to estimate the relevant models of growth and productivity. The implication is to compare the empirical results obtained for Iran and the selected developed countries. © 2013 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Waist-to-hip ratio, attractiveness and gender discrimination

Women with lower waist-to-hip ratio are considered more attractive to the men. It is suggested that attractiveness is related to the sexual dimorphism of body fat distribution in gluteofemoral region. It is hypothesized that women with lower waist-to-hip ratio provide better energy for pregnancy and lactation; therefore in the course of evolution men have preferred the lower ratio of waist-to-hip for women. Unfortunately, effect of sexual dimorphism of pelvis as a contributing factor on hip size is neglected in previous studies. This paper hypothesizes that pelvis as the most prominent sexually dimorphic trait as well as subcutaneous accumulated fat, exerts an important effect on the attractiveness of women with lower waistto- hip ratio. It also hypothesizes that attractiveness of waist-to-hip ratio is related to men‘s ability of gender identification. Possible evolutionary explanations for effect of gender discrimination on female attractiveness are discussed.

Demographic Consequences of Gender Discrimination in China: Simulation Analysis of Policy Options

The large number of missing females in China, a consequence of gender discrimination, is having and will continue to have a profound effect on the country's population development. In this paper, we analyze the causes of this gender discrimination in terms of institutions, culture and, economy, and suggest public policies that might help eliminate gender discrimination. Using a population simulation model, we study the effect of public policies on the sex ratio at birth and excess female child mortality, and the effect of gender discrimination on China's population development. We find that gender discrimination will decrease China's population size, number of births, and working age population, accelerate population aging and exacerbate the male marriage squeeze. These results provide theoretical support for suggesting that the government enact and implement public policies aimed at eliminating gender discrimination.

The Effects of Gender Discrimination on Refugee Torture Survivors: A Cross-Cultural Traumatology Perspective

Trauma developmental theory identifies gender discrimination (GD) as a type of persistent, ongoing trauma that has the potential for serious, negative effects on mental health. This study was conducted to examine the potential role of GD in the development of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as the role of GD in mediating the effects of other traumas on these disorders. The sample included 160 female torture survivors from more than 30 countries. Measures of PTSD, CTD, and types of trauma exposure were acquired as part of a larger study on refugee torture survivors. Structural equation modeling was used to test several plausible models for the direct and indirect effects of GD on PTSD and CTD, within the context of other trauma exposure. Results suggest that GD mediates the effects of identity traumas on CTD and PTSD. GD also had direct effects on CTD, including relationships with dissociation, suicidality, and deficits in executive function. GD did not appear to directly influence the development of PTSD. The implications of these results for assessment and treatment of women's trauma-related disorders as well as strategies for their prevention are discussed.

Effects of Gender Discrimination and Reported Stress on Drug Use Among Racially/Ethnically Diverse Women in Northern California

Gender discrimination has been associated with worse health outcomes for U.S. women. Using the stress and coping process framework, we examined whether lifetime gender discrimination was associated with maladaptive coping behaviors, namely, lifetime and recent hard drug use. We also considered whether reported stress from gender discrimination mediated this relationship and whether this process differed across racial/ethnic groups. We used data from a racially/ethnically diverse convenience sample of 754 women attending family planning clinics in Northern California (11% African American, 17% Latina, 10% Asian, and 62% Caucasian). To test our hypotheses, we conducted logistic regression models, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Gender discrimination was positively associated with both lifetime and recent hard drug use. We did not find support for the mediation hypothesis, because stress was not associated with either lifetime or recent hard drug use. There was evidence of some race moderation for the Latina sample. Among these respondents, gender discrimination was associated with higher odds of lifetime drug use, whereas stress was associated with lower odds. These results suggest that experiences of gender discrimination may still activate negative coping strategies involving drug use, regardless of the stress they cause. For Latina respondents, more research is needed to better understand the stress and coping process related to gender discrimination.

Leadership Through A Gender Lens: How Cultural Environments and Theoretical Perspectives Interact with Gender

The purpose of this article is to present a theoretical overview of what makes a leader effective using the theoretical lenses of behavioral and contingency theories and the theory of transformational leadership. We then analyze these theories from a gender perspective. The presence and effects of gender discrimination in the workplace, managerial and subordinate preconceptions and attitudes as identified in the current body of literature and the possible consequences for potential female leaders are discussed. Finally, the article turns to discuss the interaction between national and organizational culture and gender in terms of leadership opportunities. The aim of this article is to contribute to the discussion on the above areas and to provide a bringing together of perspectives so as to facilitate future research. This is a review article where we theoretically examine the gender context in leadership theory and practice with some illustrations from observation and experience.

DISPARITAS GENDER DALAM PARTISIPASI SEKOLAH DI DAERAH PERDESAAN INDONESIA: SUATU PENDEKATAN UNITARI

Abstract Using the 1993 Indonesia Family Life Survey, this paper examines the school participation among boys and girls in rural Indonesia and investigates why parents are less likely to keep their daughter in school. The analysis based on indicators of school attendance. In particular we focus on the effect of gender discrimination, the differential effect of parents’ education and employment, household resource constraints, location of the household and quality of the school. This paper found significant gender differences in children’s education. Parents are more likely to send their sons to school rather than their daughters. However, parents’ education has significant positive impact on their children’s schooling in different manner. Mothers’ education has stronger impact on girls’ education, while fathers’ education, has stronger impact on boys’ education. Household income matters for girls; it implies that education is a luxury good for girls. Further the household size has significant negative impact on the children’s schooling. Keywords: children’s schooling, gender differences, unitary model, collective model, bargaining model, Indonesia