Effect Of Fruit Size Research Articles

Effect of fruit size on apple damage prediction

Effect of fruit size on apple damage prediction

Enhancing model robustness through different optimization methods and 1-D CNN to eliminate the variations in size and detection position for apple SSC determination

The visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy technique has been widely used for the online detection of soluble solids content (SSC) in apples. However, external factors such as sample size and detection position can cause spectral distortion, resulting in a decline in detection accuracy. In this study, we aimed to develop a more robust prediction model that can resist the impact of sample size and detection position on the model. Firstly, we collected and analyzed the transmission spectra of apple samples under different sizes and detection positions using a self-designed Vis/NIR spectroscopy online acquisition device. It was found that the effect of fruit size and detection position on Vis/NIR spectra was due to optical path difference. Thus, a diameter correction method was utilized to uniformly correct the obtained absorbance spectra. The performance of local models achieved better results after correction. And then, global models with various preprocessing methods were developed. To further improve the model performance, changeable size moving window (CSMW) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) were utilized to select the effective wavelengths. After that, one dimensional-convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) model was constructed, which outperformed the other models without any preprocessing and optimization methods, and the values of RCal2, RMSEC, RPre2, and RMSEP are 0.953, 0.254 %, 0.900, and 0.371 %, respectively. In this study, conventional PLSR modelling methods and deep 1D-CNN method were compared under the influence of the two external factors, and the result showed that 1D-CNN can serve as a more convenient alternative for apple online SSC determination, which could significantly reduce the complexity of the Vis/NIR spectroscopy modeling process.

Fruit size affected the SERB level and bioactive compounds of ‘Thomson Navel’ orange fruit during cold storage

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of fruit size on bioactive compounds content and occurrence of stem-end rind breakdown (SERB) of ‘Thomson Navel’ orange fruit during cold storage. Harvested fruits were sorted based on size as small (with weight average of 130 g), medium (weight average of 220 g) and big (weight average of 310 g) and then stored for 18 weeks in cold storage. Peel and pulp tissues were sampled separately to determine the changes of bioactive compounds as well as SERB level. The results showed that bioactive compounds of ‘Thomson Navel’ orange fruit significantly affected by fruit size at the harvest time as well as during cold storage. It was revealed that medium sized fruits had the lowest SERB index. Moreover, significant correlations were found between SERB percentage and SERB index with some bioactive compounds especially in peel tissue. The significant effects of fruit size on bioactive compounds as well as SERB level demonstrate the importance of sorting programs on postharvest quality of ‘Thomson Navel’ orange fruits.

Effect of fruit size, solvent and extraction methods on resin extractability of Daemonorops sp. (jernang)

Dragon blood is a red color resin exuded from the fruit of rattan species of Daemonorops sp. The plants are mainly found in the rain forest of South-Eastern Asia, particularly Sumatera and Malaysian Peninsula. The resin has been used since ancient times in the Chinese medicines as hemostatic, antidiarrhetic, antiulcer, antimicrobial, wound healing, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. It is used also as a coloring agent for ceramic industry. Besides its huge benefits, there is only little information about postharvest handling of Daemonorops’ fruit. This study explained the effect of solvent type, fruit size, and traditional handling methods of Daemonorops’ fruits in order to extract the highest amount of resin. The results showed that eluent strength had played a determining role during the resin extraction process; ranging from the strongest to the weakest was ethanol-chloroform-, and hexane, consecutively. Regarding fruit sizes, the smaller the fruits; the higher the amount of extracted resin was obtained. The relationship between fruit size and extractable resin was negative exponential. Among the three types of processing methods in terms of the yield of extracted resin, the direct extraction of fruits was more pronounced compared to the other two traditional handling methods, namely the dry and the wet ones. The results highlighted that better understanding on the postharvest handling; particularly improved of extraction method is a key in the production of dragon blood resin.

Fruits’ Nutrient Composition and Their Influence on Consumption by Chimpanzees in Kalinzu Forest, South Western Uganda

This study determined the influence of nutritional fruit content on their consumption by chimpanzees in Kalinzu forest. Fruits consumption frequencies were obtained from analysis of chimpanzee faecal samples picked over a period of two years. Fruit content was analyzed using freeze dried fresh samples using standard techniques. Musanga leo-errerae (76.14%), Ficus spp (66.05%) and (18.68%) were the most commonly eaten fruits of all faecal samples (N = 2683). Generally, fruit consumption increased for fruits with total phenols and tannins below 1% per gram except for Musanga leo-errerae, Uvariopsis congoensis and Aframomum angustifolium. Multiple regression revealed that of the 15 nutrient parameters investigated, only calcium, tannins, crude fat, protein and energy content of the fruits that constitute the major food components for basic animal body needs and functioning of energy, body building and a healthy skeleton significantly predicted 76.86% of consumption (R2 = 76.86%; P = 0.019). However, the fact that some of the most eaten fruits like Aframomum angustifolium and Musanga leo-errerae were recorded to have the highest amounts in tannins shows that there must be additional factors into play. Other than fruit availability, consideration of effect of fruit size and handling within the existing models of chimpanzees’ diet could hence enhance further the understanding of fruit consumption.

Effect Effect of fruit size on physiological seed quality parameters of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

An experiment was carried out at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during 2018 to find out the effect of fruit size on physiological seed quality of cucumber. Variation in fruit size of cucumber results in poor quality seeds. In order to overcome this obstacle fruit grading was done based on weight of fruit to obtain good quality seeds. Harvested fruits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) were categorized based on the weight into three different groups viz., Big (2.41kg), medium (1.66kg) and small (1.28kg). Observations on fruit and seed quality parameters were recorded. The results revealed that medium sized fruits recorded higher values compared to big and small sized fruits. The number of seeds/fruit recorded higher in medium sized fruit (935 numbers) followed by small (896 numbers) and big (876 numbers) sized fruits. The big, medium and small fruits were recovered to 1.52 %, 1.06% and 0.58% seeds respectively. The physiological quality characters measured in terms of seed germination revealed that seeds of medium sized fruits were recorded higher (80%) followed by seeds of big (82%) and small (65%). The seedling vigour measured through root (17.08cm) and shoot length (14.45cm), dry matter production (0.85g 10 seedlings-1) and vigour index (2522) also proved the superiority in medium sized fruits.

Effective modification through transmission Vis/NIR spectra affected by fruit size to improve the prediction of moldy apple core

Moldy core is an internal disease of apples that can be detected using transmission near-infrared spectroscopy. However, the transmission spectra of apples are affected by the size of the fruit (i.e., the optical path length). When transmission spectra are used to distinguish between healthy and diseased apples, healthy apples with large diameters are often misclassified as diseased, while apples with moldy cores and small diameters are often misclassified as healthy. To solve this problem, a spectral correction method, based on the size of the fruit is proposed herein. Spectra and transverse diameter information for 327 Fuji apples were obtained in this study. Using experiments, we verified that the rate of light extinction in apple flesh varied log-linearly with thickness. In this case, spectra of healthy apples with diameters of 80 mm were selected as a reference. Comparing the spectra of 327 apples with varying diameters against this reference, we developed an equation to calculate the extinction coefficient of transmitted light within the fruit. Transmission spectra were modified according to this extinction coefficient. Error back propagation artificial neural networks and support vector machine models were established based on corrected versus original spectra. These results showed that the accuracy of the classification models based on the corrected spectra was much higher, yielding accuracy rates of 98.04% for the training set and 90.20% for the test set. Clearly, the effect of fruit size on the transmission spectra could be corrected to improve the identification of diseased apples using this method.

Effect of fruit size and polyethylene wrapping on the storage ability of citrus ‘Harumi’

Effect of fruit size and polyethylene wrapping on the storage ability of citrus ‘Harumi’

Effect of fruit size on fruit quality, shelf life and microbial activity in cherry tomatoes

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of large, medium, and small fruit sizes on fruit quality, shelf life, and microbial activity in cherry tomatoes. Large (31.28 mm), medium (28.52 mm), and small (24.16 mm) tomatoes were harvested at light red maturity in Gangwon Province in the Republic of Korea. The quality of the tomatoes was measured at harvest time. Following harvest, the tomatoes were stored at 5 ℃; they were kept in boxes, acting as controls, or packed with a 20,000 cc oxygen transmission rate (OTR), acting as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) to measure postharvest quality. The large tomatoes showed lower rates of respiration and ethylene production compared to the other sizes. The rate of fresh weight loss was the highest in the small tomatoes. A prolonged shelf life was observed in the large tomatoes. The rate of fungal incidence was lower in the large tomatoes compared with the medium and small ones. On the final day of storage, the large tomatoes retained the highest level of firmness and the concentrations of titratable acidity and vitamin C. However, the small tomatoes contained the highest level of soluble solids among the different sizes. Bacterial and fungal counts were the lowest in the large tomatoes. Based on the above results, large tomatoes may be better than smaller tomatoes for exporting over long distances.

Effect of fruit size and polyethylene wrapping on the storage ability of citrus ‘Harumi’

'Harumi' citrus is usually harvested from December to January to avoid cold injury of the peel. After a storage period between January and February, fruit are shipped until the middle of March. However, an extended shipping period until late March or April is desired. In this experiment, the effects of fruit size and polyethylene (PE) wrapping on storage ability were investigated. Fruit size was associated to soluble solids (SS, °Brix) and fruit flesh percentage (w/w), but not to titratable acidity at harvest time. In the middle of May, without wrapping, fruit weight loss, the occurrence of peel puffing and peel wrinkles were detrimental in small fruit, however, the taste index of middle-sized fruit remained relatively high. Granulation was observed, especially in the very large non-wrapped fruit. Fruit size and forty days of PE wrapping bag affected the fruit weight, fruit and flesh specific gravity (SG), as well as flesh weight percentage after storage at ambient temperature. Fruit weight loss exceeded 10% in the middle-sized fruit without wrapping, but about 1% in PE treatment. In the larger fruit wrapped with PE, fruit SG was lower than 0.80 g cm(-3) in early March. Consequently, by selecting fruit size, and wrapping with PE, storage ability can be improved thereby allowing the shipping period to be longer in citrus 'Harumi'.

Effect of fruit size and polyethylene wrapping on the storage ability of citrus ‘Harumi’

Effect of fruit size and polyethylene wrapping on the storage ability of citrus ‘Harumi’

Vertical forced air pre-cooling of orange fruits on bin: Effect of fruit size, air direction, and air velocity

Abstract Orange is an important commercial crop, which is being exported from Egypt. Citrus packhouses in Egypt receive, ship excessive quantity to overseas during glut. Since most of the facilities have limited refrigeration capacity to deal with this situation, one approach is to apply pre-cooling on the citrus plastic bin. These bins have more vented area and therefore represent less air resistance to refrigerated air requiring shorter time cycles. Hence, the objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of the cooling rate of the Navel orange as a function of fruit size, air direction (vertical forced and vertical induced) and air velocity, on weight loss and electrolyte leakage. A cold store with an air temperature of 4 °C was used to host the supplementary experimental set-up and provide the supply air temperature. The fruit temperature for different treatments was monitored and recorded at equal time intervals (1 min). The seven-eighths cooling times ranged from 217 to 76 min. The forced-air pre-cooling with the highest air velocity of 1 m s−1 resulted in the shortest significant cooling time in all fruit sizes. The forced air cooling at the three rates did not significantly affect either the fruit weight loss percentage or the electrolyte leakage of the three fruit sizes of navel orange after 2 weeks at 5 ± 1 °C + 1 week at room temperature. The indices presented in the present work could be used to estimate cooling time for another pre-cooling process for batch types of citrus under similar circumstances.

Chemical composition of apricots affected by fruit size and drying methods

ABSTRACTCombined practice of sulfuration and drying is widely applied for extending shelf life of fruits. The differences in fruit size are not taken into consideration during these applications and during fresh fruit consumption. In this study, effect of fruit size and drying methods (hot air-drying and sun drying) on the chemical composition of fresh and sulfurated apricot was investigated. Total drying times for sun drying and hot air-drying were 11 d and 51 h, respectively. A temperature gradient was applied during hot air-drying. The fruit size substantially affects the composition of both fresh and dried apricots. The results were subjected to principal component analysis. The small-sized fresh apricots discriminate themselves from large ones with higher amounts of phenolic compounds, whereas the large-sized fresh apricots contain more sugar and organic acids. Size classification and hot air-drying are advisable for high-quality dried apricot production.

English

English

The permeability concept: a useful tool in analyzing water transport through the sweet cherry fruit surface

Rain cracking of sweet cherry fruit is thought to be related to a net transport of water into the fruit. This net transport may occur through the fruit surface and along the pedicel/fruit juncture as uptake into the fruit or transpiration from the fruit surface. In addition, vascular transport through the pedicel may contribute to rain cracking. Water transport through the fruit surface may be described quantitatively using Fick’s law of diffusion, where the amount of water taken up into or transpired from the fruit surface is expressed as the product of the fruit surface area, the driving force for water transport, and the permeability of the fruit surface. Analyzing water transport on this basis allows prediction of the effect of selected fruit factors on net water transport; the leakiness of the pedicel/fruit juncture, the effect of fruit size, the magnitude of the driving force, the skin permeability or the effect of environmental variables such as relative humidity or the percentage of the fruit surface area wet. This modeling approach may be extended and a complete fruit water balance established by including estimates for vascular transport through the fruit pedicel. Examples using literature sources are provided of how these calculations may be used to identify important determinants in the fruit’s water balance.

Effect of Fruit Size and Processing Time on Vacuum Impregnation Parameters of Cantaloupe and Apple

This study evaluated the effect of two fruit sizes (3.5×2.5×1.0 and 1.2×1.2×0.8 cm 3 ) and processing time (impregnation and relaxation times; both for 10 and 20 min), on some vacuum impregnation parameters of cantaloupe and apple. Fruit size and processing time significantly affected the mass fraction of fruit occupied by impregnation liquid (X value) and the effective porosity (ee) of apples more than cantaloupe. High surface area of fruit and long processing times allowed for significant liquid penetration into the fruit. This study has shown that the effectiveness of vacuum impregnation is a surface-controlled phenomenon.

The effect of fruit size and fruit colour on chemical composition in ‘Kordia’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

The effect of fruit size (<26mm, 26–28mm, >28mm) and fruit colour (Ctifl 4 and Ctifl 6) of ‘Kordia’ sweet cherry on composition of nutritive (sugars, organic acids) and bioactive (phenolics) compounds, on content of vitamin C, total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) was evaluated. The compositional data analysis was used for comparing relative contents of chemical compounds. The differences in average composition were examined on the basis of multivariate analysis of variance and further analysis of variance for each isometric log-ratio transformed variable. Five compounds have been identified for the first time: dicaffeoylquinic acid ([M−H]− at m/z 515), procyanidin trimer ([M−H]− at m/z 865), quercetin-3-(2G-glucosyl-rutinoside) ([M−H]− at m/z 771), quercetin-3-galactoside ([M−H]− at m/z 463) and kaempferol-3-glucoside ([M−H]− at m/z 447). In the composition of sweet cherry ‘Kordia’ fruit bioactive compounds represented from 0.6% to 0.8%. The fruit colour modifies the chemical composition of phytochemicals more than fruit size; the two variables were correlated. More coloured fruit were larger, with better pomological traits and changed composition of nutritive compounds and phenolics.

Effect of fruit size on the growth and development of Andean blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) seedlings from four locations in the Colombian Andes

Andean blueberry propagation is done with wild plants and there is an absence of knowledge for the agronomical potential of the available materials for sexual propagation. Therefore, developing a propagation protocol that provides technical information for field growers is needed. The present paper aimed to evaluate the effect of the size of the fruits that were used to extract the seeds on the growth and development of Andean blueberry plants during the germination and nursery stages, comparing fruits from four different regions of Colombia: Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca and Boyaca. During the germination stage, seeds from Antioquia and Cauca showed the best results with germination rates close to 90% and reached important physiological events, such as seed coat cracking and radicle extension earlier than seeds from Boyaca and Cundinamarca. In the nursery stage, fruit size significantly affected the growth variables, such as plant height and leaf length, in all the different seed origins. Seedlings from Boyaca showed better results for growth and development after transplanting, as indicated by a higher amount of leaves and presence of basal branching, followed by seedlings from Cauca, Cundinamarca and Antioquia, which showed delayed phenological events.

Effects of fruit size and initial storage temperature on the heat of respiration of dacryodes edulis

Fresh fruits of Dacryodes edulis, also called African pears, in Markudi were characterized in terms of eight physical parameters namely length, mid-length diameter, fruit volume, weight and density, pulp thickness, pulp and seed weight. These were correlated with each other. Then a 3x6 two-factor experiment used to test for effects of initial storage temperature and fruit size on heat of respiration (HOR). HOR was determined by direct measurement of temperature difference in a closed chamber using a thermocouple. It was observed that the pears were of the small size class with thin pulp. Three parameters have high positive correlation with both pulp weight and thickness. Again it was found that size of pears has no significant effects on HOR at α=0.05 while initial temperature has significant effect on HOR. The HOR of pears at 20, 30 and 40°C were 0.0004150, 0.001146 and 0.002480 W/kg respectively while the Q10 values in the temperature ranges of 20 to 30 and 30 to 40C were 2.76093 and 2.1641 respectively. Based on the values of HOR and Q10 of African pears it is safe to store at 20°C whereas an increase in storage temperature of 10°C or 20°C could accelerate spoilage three or five times.

Factors influencing lesion formation due to impact damages in ´Gala Brookfield` and ´Fuji Suprema´ apples

Apple bruising due to mechanical damage is of main importance for being responsible for considerable losses that alter the external appearance of the fruit hammering its commercial value. Understanding the factors that affect the formation of bruising is important to attempt to minimize the effects of mechanical damages. The objective of the present work was to identify factors that influence the mechanical damage formation produced by impact in two apple cultivars. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of fruit size and mass, hydration degree and pulp temperature on the development of fruit bruises. The apples were dropped from a height of 80 cm onto a rigid surface. Bruise diameter and depth were accessed after one week at room temperature. The factors that influence bruise formation are the size and the mass the apples as well as hydration degree of fruit tissues. Greater fruit size and mass result in larger bruise sizes. Highly hydrated tissues at the impact moment also increase the bruise size.