Effects Of Female Sex Research Articles

Burnout among radiology residents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To analyze the prevalence of burnout among radiology residents. Five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, and Scopus) were searched for studies reporting burnout in radiology residents for the period up to November 7, 2022. A total of 423 studies were identified, and eventually, 16 studies were selected for the qualitative analysis, of which 11 studies were used in the meta-analysis. There was a total of 2164 radiology residents. Six studies reported the prevalence of burnout but the data could not be pooled due to their inconsistent definitions of burnout. The mean scores of three burnout subscales indicated a moderate to high degree of severity: emotional exhaustion = 25.2 (95% CI, 22.1-28.3; I2 = 94.4%), depersonalization = 10.2 (95% CI, 8.5-11.9; I2 = 93.0%), and low perception of personal accomplishment = 32.9 (95% CI, 30.5-35.4; I2 = 94.4%). The pooled prevalence of high-degree emotional exhaustion was 49.9% (95% CI, 43.6-56.1%; I2 = 55.7%), high-degree depersonalization was 45.1% (95% CI, 38.3-52.0%; I2 = 63.2%), and high-degree diminished personal accomplishment was 58.2% (95% CI, 36.0-77.6%; I2 = 84.9%). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on radiology residents was not investigated. In addition, there are inconsistent findings on the effects of female sex, seniority, and social support on burnout. About half of the radiology residents showed at least one of the three burnout manifestations (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment), with a moderate to high degree of severity. Such a high prevalence and severity of burnout among radiology residents warrant the attention of residency program directors. • Burnout, not uncommon among radiology residents, has not been effectively analyzed. • Nearly half of the radiology residents experience at least one of the three manifestations of burnout to a moderate to high degree. • The high prevalence and severe degree of burnout among radiology residents warrant the attention of residency program directors.

An Exploratory Study of Engineering Graduate Student Persistence: Self-Efficacy and Contextual Influences

Women and U.S. racial/ethnic minority students are underrepresented in engineering graduate education and engineering practice. Demographic homogeneity in engineering research teams can negatively affect individuals, innovation, and research outcomes. Thus, it is important to explore factors that influence student intentions to complete engineering degrees, particularly for groups historically underrepresented in engineering. Social Cognitive Career Theory guided the development of new items to evaluate self-efficacy, feeling welcome and included, relationship with principal investigator, and research group environment. Results with 295 engineering graduate students found that female sex, engineering self-efficacy, and feeling welcome and included were independently positively associated with commitment to complete an engineering degree. Feeling welcome and included operated 30% through self-efficacy and 70% directly. The effects of female sex were unmediated by self-efficacy. Results suggest that proximal and distal contextual factors may operate independently from self-efficacy to influence retention in graduate engineering programs.

Sex differences following percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass surgery for acute myocardial infarction

BackgroundWomen have been underrepresented in the literature; the effects of female sex on outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain unclear.ObjectivesThis study compares the real-world outcomes of women and men with AMI who have undergone revascularization via percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study utilizing data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database. We identified patients who were admitted for AMI and who underwent coronary revascularization during the index admission period between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2013. Patients were then categorized based on the treatment received into PCI and CABG groups. In-hospital and long-term outcomes were compared between women and men in each group. Interaction tests were then performed to determine whether the differences between sexes were modified by the mode of revascularization. Analyses were repeated after propensity score matching between women and men in each group to minimize possible confounders. We also conducted subgroup analyses, stratifying by the presence of diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.ResultsWe enrolled 67,534 patients who met the inclusion criteria in the analysis; 60,207 patients had undergone PCI (13,514 female and 46,693 male), while 7327 patients had received CABG (1762 female and 5565 male). Prior to matching, enrolled female patients were older on average, with more comorbidities. In-hospital and long-term outcomes were worse in women, particularly in the PCI group. After matching, the incidence of hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) was higher in women (10.4% vs 8.0%, OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.22–1.43), with fewer repeat revascularizations (28.1% vs 32.4%, OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.81–0.88). Both observations were more pronounced in the PCI group (HHF: P for interaction = 0.0496; repeat revascularization: P for interaction = 0.021).ConclusionsWomen presenting with AMI exhibited worse in-hospital and long-term outcomes than men, especially among women who received PCI as the initial mode of revascularization. Women who underwent PCI were more likely to be admitted for heart failure during follow-up. Possible socioeconomic inequalities or a distinct pathobiology of cardiac ischemia between sexes may underlie these results; thus, further investigation is needed.

Female and male mice have differential longterm cardiorenal outcomes following a matched degree of ischemia\u2013reperfusion acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in patients, causes systemic sequelae, and predisposes patients to long-term cardiovascular disease. To date, studies of the effects of AKI on cardiovascular outcomes have only been performed in male mice. We recently demonstrated that male mice developed diastolic dysfunction, hypertension and reduced cardiac ATP levels versus sham 1 year after AKI. The effects of female sex on long-term cardiac outcomes after AKI are unknown. Therefore, we examined the 1-year cardiorenal outcomes following a single episode of bilateral renal ischemia–reperfusion injury in female C57BL/6 mice using a model with similar severity of AKI and performed concomitantly to recently published male cohorts. To match the severity of AKI between male and female mice, females received 34 min of ischemia time compared to 25 min in males. Serial renal function, echocardiograms and blood pressure assessments were performed throughout the 1-year study. Renal histology, and cardiac and plasma metabolomics and mitochondrial function in the heart and kidney were evaluated at 1 year. Measured glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were similar between male and female mice throughout the 1-year study period. One year after AKI, female mice had preserved diastolic function, normal blood pressure, and preserved levels of cardiac ATP. Compared to males, females demonstrated pathway enrichment in arginine metabolism and amino acid related energy production in both the heart and plasma, and glutathione in the plasma. Cardiac mitochondrial respiration in Complex I of the electron transport chain demonstrated improved mitochondrial function in females compared to males, regardless of AKI or sham. This is the first study to examine the long-term cardiac effects of AKI on female mice and indicate that there are important sex-related cardiorenal differences. The role of female sex in cardiovascular outcomes after AKI merits further investigation.

Early Life Trauma Predicts Affective Phenomenology and the Effects are Partly Mediated by Staging Coupled with Lowered Lipid-Associated Antioxidant Defences.

Background Early life trauma (ELT) may drive mood disorder phenomenology, nitro-oxidative pathways and impairments in semantic memory. There are no data regarding the impact of ELT on affective phenomenology and whether these pathways are mediated by staging or lowered lipid-associated antioxidant defences. Methods This study examined healthy controls (n=54) and patients with affective disorders including major depression, bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders (n=118). ELT was assessed using the Child Trauma Questionnaire. In addition, we measured affective phenomenology and assayed advanced oxidation protein products; malondialdehyde, paraoxonase 1 (CMPAase) activity, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Results ELT was associated into with increased risk for mood and comorbid anxiety disorders and a more severe phenomenology, including staging characteristics, depression and anxiety severity, suicidal behaviours, type of treatments, disabilities, body mass index, smoking behaviour and hsCRP, as well as lowered health-related quality of life, antioxidant defences and semantic memory. The number of mood episodes and CMPAase/HDL-cholesterol levels could be reliably combined into a new vulnerability staging-biomarker index, which mediates in part the effects of ELT on affective phenomenology and oxidative stress. Moreover, the effects of female sex on mood disorders and affective phenomenology are mediated by ELT. Discussion The cumulative effects of different ELT drive many aspects of affective phenomenology either directly or indirectly through effects of staging and/or lipid-associated antioxidant defences. The results show that children, especially girls, with ELT are at great risk to develop mood disorders and more severe phenotypes of affective disorders.

Differential Effects of Birth Weight on Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Young Adults

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly diagnosed in adolescents and young adults. However, the impact of birth weight (BW) on this early onset T2DM is not well quantified. Methods: A longitudinal study of Southwestern American Indians, aged ≥ 5 years, was conducted from 1965-2007. Subjects who had a recorded BW and at least one research exam that included an OGTT were followed until they developed T2DM or their last exam before the age of 40 years, whichever came first. Age-sex-adjusted incidence rate of T2DM was computed and Poisson regression models were used to estimate the effect of BW on the incidence of T2DM, adjusted for sex, BMI z-score (fitted as time-varying), and maternal variables, such as the presence of diabetes during pregnancy. The effect of BW on T2DM was non-proportional over time, and in some regression models, the effect was non-linear (quadratic). Therefore, all analyses were stratified by decade of age at follow-up and BW was analyzed as quintiles. Results: Among 4,275 subjects (52% females, median BW 3.45 kg), there were 728 incident cases of T2DM over a median follow-up of 20.6 years (7.5 cases per 1000 person-years). Incidence rates, stratified by decade of age at follow-up, were greater in females and in older age groups. In multivariable regression analyses, the effect of BW on T2DM risk varied by age group, showing a quadratic (U-shaped) effect at 10-19 years (P<0.05) and a negative linear effect at older age intervals (20-29 years, P=0.015; 30-39 years, P<0.001). We could not reliably estimate risk at 0-9 years because of few cases. Female sex, greater BMI z-score, and the presence of maternal diabetes in pregnancy added to the effect of BW on T2DM risk in all age groups. Conclusions: Both low and high BWs increased the risk of T2DM in adolescence, but only the effect of low BW persisted into young adulthood. Effects of female sex, accelerated growth, or being the offspring of a diabetic pregnancy added to the effect of BW on the risk of early onset T2DM. Disclosure M.T. Olaiya: None. M. Sinha: None. R.L. Hanson: None. S. Kobes: None. R. Nelson: None. W.C. Knowler: None.

Reflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure is preserved in ovary intact female rats (1171.3)

Following myocardial infarction (MI), pathological increases in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) drive the development and progression of heart failure. The current study investigated the effects of female sex and ovarian hormones on arterial baroreflex and cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) control over renal SNA in MI‐induced heart failure. 6 weeks post MI or sham surgery , arterial pressure and renal SNA responses were recorded in chloralose‐urethane anesthetized male, female and ovariectomized female (OVX) rats. In male and OVX MI groups, arterial baroreflex control of renal SNA was significantly impaired compared to shams, due mostly to an impaired ability to inhibit SNA. In ovary‐intact females, arterial baroreflex control of renal SNA was unaltered in MI animals compared to sham. CSAR mediated increases in renal SNA were significantly augmented in male and OVX MI groups when compared to ovary‐intact female MI group. The current study is the first to describe a protective effect of ovarian hormones on reflex control of SNA in MI‐induced heart failure.Grant Funding Source: Lottery Health New Zealand and University of Auckland Faculty Research Development Fund

The effects of female sex, viral genotype, and IL28B genotype on spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus infection.

Although 20%-40% of persons with acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection demonstrate spontaneous clearance, the time course and factors associated with clearance remain poorly understood. We investigated the time to spontaneous clearance and predictors among participants with acute HCV using Cox proportional hazards analyses. Data for this analysis were drawn from an international collaboration of nine prospective cohorts evaluating outcomes after acute HCV infection. Among 632 participants with acute HCV, 35% were female, 82% were Caucasian, 49% had interleukin-28 (IL28)B CC genotype (rs12979860), 96% had injected drugs ever, 47% were infected with HCV genotype 1, and 7% had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Twenty-eight percent were HCV antibody negative/RNA positive at the time of acute HCV detection (early acute HCV). During follow-up, spontaneous clearance occurred in 173 of 632, and at 1 year after infection, 25% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21, 29) had cleared virus. Among those with clearance, the median time to clearance was 16.5 weeks (IQR: 10.5, 33.4), with 34%, 67%, and 83% demonstrating clearance at 3, 6, and 12 months. Adjusting for age, factors independently associated with time to spontaneous clearance included female sex (adjusted hazards ratio [AHR]: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.48, 3.18), IL28B CC genotype (versus CT/TT; AHR, 2.26; 95% CI: 1.52, 3.34), and HCV genotype 1 (versus non-genotype 1; AHR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.30). The effect of IL28B genotype and HCV genotype on spontaneous clearance was greater among females, compared to males. Female sex, favorable IL28B genotype, and HCV genotype 1 are independent predictors of spontaneous clearance. Further research is required to elucidate the observed sex-based differences in HCV control.

Mood Disorders in Women

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book Forum: Women and Men: Gender IssuesFull AccessMood Disorders in WomenNADA L. STOTLAND, M.D., M.P.H., NADA L. STOTLANDSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., M.P.H., Chicago, Ill.Published Online:1 Nov 2001https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1946AboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Why is the incidence of depression twice as great in women as in men? Is this true in every culture and every stratum of society? What does it have to do with gender roles and the position of women in a given society? What are the connections between changes in mood and changes in women’s hormones premenstrually and postpartum? Why does the gender difference begin at puberty and taper off after menopause? With depression a predominantly women’s disease, what do we know about sex differences in risk factors, symptoms, presentation, comorbidity, and responses to treatments? We have only recently begun to raise these questions, but the neurohormonal, social, and psychological research they have engendered has fascinating implications for both men and women. We do not have definitive answers to any of the questions, but we may now have the definitive resource for those scientists and clinicians interested in the current state of knowledge.This book is hefty in both size and substance. The content is divided into 31 compact, discrete chapters, encompassing every facet of the issue, from epidemiology through evolution, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and psychoneuroimmunology. The book deals with the effects of female-sex and male-sex steroids on brain and behavior; comorbid disorders and related diagnoses, including bereavement and grief, personality disorders, eating disorders, and alcohol and drug abuse; adolescent, premenstrual, and postpartum mood changes; gender issues in psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment; and feminist perspectives on the etiology, manifestations, and treatment of mood disorders in women. Myths are countered with empirical evidence: women’s alcohol dependence is not less serious than men’s; mood disorders and substance abuse are distinct and not different manifestations of the same underlying condition. The book is replete with interesting data and theories, such as why women with premenstrual dysphoria and eating disorders crave carbohydrates. The identification of gaps in the literature should be an inspiration for researchers.Most chapters cite and summarize large numbers of relevant studies, although some analyze the literature more critically than others. There is similar variability in the degree to which chapters integrate psychosocial with physiological perspectives and in the inclusion or omission of tables of information such as medication doses and attributes, with more information about hormones than about antidepressants. There is significant content overlap among chapters, but the overlap enables each chapter to stand on its own as a reference or material for a didactic course. This is a purpose for which this volume is apt; it offers a wealth of information for the general professional reader as well.Edited by Meir Steiner, M.D., Kimberly A. Yonkers, M.D., and Elias Eriksson, M.D. London, Martin Dunitz, 2000, 558 pp., $135.00. FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 158Issue 11 November 2001Pages 1946-1946 Metrics History Published online 1 November 2001 Published in print 1 November 2001