Effects Of Female Genital Mutilation Research Articles

Effect of Female Genital Mutilation on Sexual Function in Ibadan, Nigeria

Objective: Female genital mutilation, which harms women physically and psychologically, also causes serious problems in sexual life that continue throughout life. This study aimed to determine the impact of female genital mutilation on sexual outcomes in Ibadan, Nigeria. Method: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data from 161 women who agreed to participate in the study. After the data were collected, the sample group was divided into two groups those with female genital mutilation (84) and those without (77), and they were compared in terms of sexual outcomes. Results: Type I (77.3%) and type II (22.7%) mutilations were found in women with female genital mutilation. It was determined that women with FGM experienced statistically significantly more pain and bleeding during vaginal penetration than uncircumcised women. At the same time, the orgasm rate was found to be statistically significantly lower in this group. Conclusions: Our study revealed that female genital mutilation and enlargement of the incision area negatively affect sexual health.

Call for Change Enhancement Upper Egyptian Females' Knowledge Regarding Effect of Female Genital Mutilation

Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting has complicated social and cultural foundations that outweigh the requirements and ideas of individuals. FGM/C is seen as a normal part of female socialization in societies that practice it. The reasons for continuing FGM/C in these societies include religious obligations, beauty in the form of smooth and small genitalia, delighting future families and sexual partners, having social significance, and being accepted for marriage. Aim: the study was conducted to assess Upper Egyptian females' knowledge about FGM/C. Subject & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used. The study population consisted of 2837 females in family health centers (FHCs) in different sitting at Beni-Suef. Α Structured Interviewing Questionnaire sheet was used to collect data. Results: The mean age of the studied participants was 22.6±5, 77.2% knew that FGM/C has other names, 76.9% of females knew that FGM/C practice is illegal and 79.1% knew that the government makes an effort to reduce FGM/C practice. Most (87.3%) of participant females knew that FGM/C complications and health problems. Concerning immediate health consequences, 59.5% mentioned bleeding, 49.2% and 16.1% mentioned severe pain and psychological trauma, respectively. As regards, long-term health consequences, 48.8% and 51.9% of females mentioned psychiatric consequences and sexual consequences, respectively, while almost all did not know that labor problems are among the long-term consequences of FGM/C. Conclusion: Most females did not know that FGM/C has more than one type and almost all did not know that FGM/C has four types. Most of females knew that FGM/C practice is illegal and knew that the government makes an effort to reduce FGM/C practice. Most of participant females knew that FGM/C causes complications and health problems. Recommendations: Development of an educational programs and brochures for mothers about FGM is required to increase their awareness.

Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation in Northern Upper Egypt

Background: The utilization of the word “mutilation” reinforces the very fact that the practice may be a serious violation of girls' and women's rights. This term also establishes a transparent distinction from male circumcision and emphasizes the gravity and harmfulness of the act. Although FGM is practiced in some communities within the belief that it's a religious requirement, research shows that FGM predates Islam and Christianity. Aim: the study was conducted to assess Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation in Northern Upper Egypt. Subject & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used. The study population consisted of 2837 females in family health centers (FHCs) in different sitting at Beni-Suef. Α Structured Interviewing Questionnaire sheet was used to collect data. Results: Most of the studied participants were rural residents (70.4%). Non-mutilated females constituted 28.6% of the studied females. About 81.3% and 44.5% of circumcised females are from rural and married females. There was a significant association between the illiteracy of father and mother and rural residence and the FGM by barber and dayah. Conclusion: The prevalence of FGM/C is still high despite the health consequences of the procedure. Recommendations: Design and disseminate brochures work on the health effect of female genital mutilation in health centers and hospitals.

Evaluation of Psychological and Sexual Effects of Female Genital Mutilation (Circumcision)

Evaluation of Psychological and Sexual Effects of Female Genital Mutilation (Circumcision)

Sexual disorders among Kurdish married women with female genital mutilation (FGM) in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Introduction: Female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to removing female genitalia for no medical reason. FGM is still prevalent and practiced in traditional societies like the Kurdistan region of Iraq. It is associated with numerous negative psychological and physical consequences. The present study was an investigation into the lived experiences of Kurdish women and girls who have undergone FGM to figure out their sexual disorders. Methods: Using Van Manen’s (1990) hermeneutic phenomenological method, a qualitative study was conducted on 20 Iraqi-Kurdish circumcised women in Mala Afandi Health center in Erbil city from July 2021 to November 2021. Required data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with the women. Data analysis was conducted through the six methodological activities proposed by Van Manen, and relevant themes were extracted. Based on the analysis of the transcriptions of the interviews, the women stated that they were circumcised because of tradition and religion. This theme was labelled as “victims of tradition and religion”. They also revealed their failure to enjoy their sexual intercourses with their husbands, which was labelled as “sexual dysfunction and disinterest”. Finally, they referred about the pain and the mental and emotional effects of FGM, which was labelled as “physical and psychological trauma”.

Effects of female genital mutilation on diagnosis multiple uterine fibroids: A case report

Effects of female genital mutilation on diagnosis multiple uterine fibroids: A case report

A Study of Female Genital Mutilation of African-Descent Iranians in Qeshm Island.

This article investigates the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) as a long-held custom in Qeshm Island, which makes many African-descended women face different physical and psychological health problems. To investigate the prevalence of female genital mutilation in Qeshm Island and the traditional mode of thinking of Afro-Iranian people of the Island about this practice. This study is based on the descriptive analysis method. The questions of the study are (a) Why female genital mutilation is still practiced in Qeshm Island; (b) What are the mental and physical effects of female genital mutilation on women; and (c) How government or NGOs are fighting against this tradition. This article has found out that female genital mutilation resulted in many lifelong diseases and sexual degradation in African-descended women of Qeshm Island. This article also illustrates that the best way to combat this wrong tradition is to inform people by gradual training without any insult to their beliefs. This study reveals the prevalence of a false tradition and the necessity of behavioral change. In doing so, the government and NGOs' strong actions and attracting the support of the community elders are also needed.

Assessing Female Genital Mutilation Practice in South-Western Nigeria

Background: With always dwindling resources in mitigating against various negative effects of female genital mutilation among girls/women in Nigeria, identifying factors that encourage the practice is highly imperative.
 Aim: This research assesses the Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) practice and knowledge practice among states in the South-West of Nigeria.
 Methods: Data were collected across states in the South-West using a structured questionnaire. The hierarchical sampling technique is used to select a locality in each of the 18 senatorial districts across six states in the region. The convenience sampling technique is then used to select respondents.
 Results: It was found that the age, resident, wealth status, and educational background of respondents are significant factors in the circumcision status of respondents. The odds of being circumcised is highest among respondents from Ekiti state, followed by those from Osun state while it is lowest in Ogun state. The highest percentage of respondents who had their daughters’ circumcised used the help of traditional practitioners while removal of the clitoris is the most prevalent form of mutilations among residents in states in the South-West.

Investigation of Prevalence and Complications of Female Genital Circumcision: A Systematic and Meta-analytic Review Study.

The present study was conducted to investigate the complications of circumcision and determine its prevalence in the studied areas. In this study, the electronic databases of Scopus, PubMed, SID, Web of Science and Magiran were selected to search the total population of observational studies published in Persian and English on the prevalence and circumcision complications in girls. The keywords searched for this purpose were as follows: female genital mutilation, Infibulations, Epidemiologic Methods, Clitorectomies, Female Circumcision, Clitorectomy, Clitoridectomy Complications, Prevalence, associated disease, coexistent conditions, and sequels associated with concomitant conditions, and coexistent disease and their Persian equivalent words. Prevalence estimates of all studies were pooled using a random-effects model at a confidence level of 95%. The bias in the published results of the studies and any reporting errors were examined using Begg and Egger's statistical tests. Out of 3756 studies, 45 articles were included in the study after excluding irrelevant and repetitive articles. After reviewing the articles in this field, it was determined that female genital mutilation has sexual complications, problems during childbirth, physical and psychological complications. The prevalence of female genital circumcision in the world and Iran in the study areas was obtained using the random effect model, which was estimated to be 61% (95%, CI = 0.49, 0.73) and 61% (95%, CI = 0.52, 0.70), respectively. In other areas, the prevalence was reported to be close to zero. In total, among different countries of the world, of the 207,709 participants surveyed, 110,596 had undergone female genital circumcision (110,596 of 207,709). The effects of female genital mutilation on girls are high and require government intervention in various countries.

The Moral Challenges of Female Genital Mutilation on the Stability of Marriage in Ebonyi State

Many cultures, in Nigeria today, are emerging from very traditional arcane cultural practices and are embracing more egalitarian and emancipatory values, especially for women. One of the cultural practices that have come under intense scrutiny in the treatment of women and the girl-child is the practice of Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting (FGM/C). It is one of the widely and deep-rooted cultural practices in Nigeria, especially in Ebonyi State. The aim of this paper is to examine the morality of female genital mutilation and its effect on the stability of marriages in Ebonyi state. The questions become, what is female genital mutilation? Is the practice morally justified and acceptable? Does it abuse the fundamental right of the woman? How does it affect the stability of marriages? These questions and many of its kinds surround the cultural practices of Female Genital Mutilation. This work is a contribution to the body of qualitative research, which explores the morality and effect of female genital mutilation on the stability of marriages, in Ebonyi state. The researchers contend that female genital mutilation (FGM) has a negative impact on the sexual life for women and therefore impacts negatively on their marriage. Using the moral prism and spectacles of virtue ethics and human right theories to examine the cultural practice of FGM, it therefore concludes that it should be discouraged because it violates women’s rights to life, physical integrity, good health and social flourishing.

Effect of female genital mutilation on mental health: a case–control study

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the mental health status of women with female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and compare it with that of a similar group of women without FGM/C.Methods: A case–control study was carried out in 2018 among 122 women with FGM/C and 125 women without FGM/C who had been referred to one of the general health service centres in Kermanshah Province, western Iran. The 28 item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used to collect data on participants’ mental health. A multivariate logistic model with odds ratios (ORs) was used to determine the relationship of independent variables with the outcome variable, mental health status.Results: The mean age of the FGM/C and control groups was 35.7 (standard deviation [SD] 8.6) and 31.3 (SD 7.2) years, respectively. According to the GHQ-28 questionnaire, 65.6% (n = 80) of the FGM/C group and 52% (n = 65) of the control group had symptoms of a mental health disorder; the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p = .03). The prevalence of severe depression in the FGM/C group was significantly higher than in the control group (p = .021). Multivariate logistic regression showed that having a history of FGM/C (adjusted OR 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05, 3.05) and being in employment (adjusted OR 3.46; 95% CI 1.23, 9.74) had a significant effect on presentation with symptoms of a mental health disorder (p < .05).Conclusion: Women who suffer from FGM/C are more vulnerable to mental health disorders such as depression.

EFFECTS OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM) ON GIRLS EDUCATION PERFORMANCE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS A CASE OF WEST POKOT SUB COUNTY, WEST POKOT COUNTY KENYA

EFFECTS OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM) ON GIRLS EDUCATION PERFORMANCE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS A CASE OF WEST POKOT SUB COUNTY, WEST POKOT COUNTY KENYA

EFFECTS OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM) ON GIRLS EDUCATION PERFORMANCE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS A CASE OF WEST POKOT SUB COUNTY, WEST POKOT COUNTY KENYA

EFFECTS OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM) ON GIRLS EDUCATION PERFORMANCE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS A CASE OF WEST POKOT SUB COUNTY, WEST POKOT COUNTY KENYA

Crime Victimization, Health, and Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting Among Somali Women and Adolescent Girls in the United States, 2017.

Objectives. To examine if exposure to victimization (e.g., homicide, violence, sexual assault, arson, kidnapping) is related to health problems, health care access and barriers, and health needs-beyond the effects of female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C)-among Somali women and adolescent girls.Methods. We collected original survey data in 2017 from 879 female Somalis in Arizona.Results. Compared with nonvictims, victims experienced significantly more health problems, were significantly less likely to have a designated place to receive health care, and identified significantly more health care needs and barriers to health care. Victims were 4 times more likely to experience depression or trauma and more than twice as likely to experience sexual intercourse problems, pregnancy problems, and gynecological problems. Among Somalis with FGM/C, victims had a 15% higher predicted probability of pregnancy-related health problems and a 19% higher predicted probability of gynecological health problems compared with nonvictimized Somalis with FGM/C.Conclusions. Somalis exposed to victimization have more health problems, needs, and health care barriers.Public Health Implications. Although more than 98% of Somali women and adolescent girls have undergone FGM/C, crime victimization affects health more than FGM/C alone.

Drama as a Tool for the Campaign against Female Genital Mutilation: Juliana Okoh’s &lt;i&gt;Edewede&lt;/i&gt; as a Paradigm

This paper is an interrogation of the effect of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), one of the many cultural practices against women in Nigeria without any regard for the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria that clearly forbids human rights violations. Circumcision also negates the ratified Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and Nigeria is one of the African Nations that endorsed the charter. The agents of the evil practice and its beneficiaries will be questioned. This researcher adopted content analysis methodology in the study. This interrogation exposed the place of unity amongst women as key in their achieving desired goal. It also discovered that women are their own enemies even though the men benefit from the act. The paper recommended the need for understanding amongst the sexes for a more harmonious society.

Evaluation of Psychological and Sexual Effects of Female Genital Mutilation (Circumcision)

Background: female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female circumcision (FC), but more recently as female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) according to the World Health Organization (WHO), has occurred in many forms in all societies. The psychosocial consequences include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, panic disorders, depression and suppression of feeling and thinking, and sometimes attempted suicide. Objective: To evaluate sexual and psychological effects of female genital mutilation. Patients and Methods: The two groups were compared as regard many demographic data such as age, level of education, associated chronic diseases and previous gynecological history. The results revealed no significant difference between the two groups in the educational level. The females in the two groups also showed significant difference in their agreement with the process and subsequently in their future decision in performing circumcision for their daughters. Other demographic data included in this study revealed no difference between the studied groups. Results: The study used different questionnaires and scores to compare the sexual satisfaction and psychological effects of the females in the study. For assessment of sexual satisfaction, Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire translated into Arabic was used and showed no significant difference between the two groups except for only a single domain lubrication. Conclusion: Concerning the psychiatric analysis of the two groups, Anxiety Hamilton score and Depression Beck score were used and showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the two scores. Also 19% of the females in the group of FGM showed positive symptoms for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Evaluation of Psychological and Sexual Effects of Female Genital Mutilation (Circumcision)

Background: female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female circumcision (FC), but more recently as female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) according to the World Health Organization (WHO), has occurred in many forms in all societies. The psychosocial consequences include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, panic disorders, depression and suppression of feeling and thinking, and sometimes attempted suicide. Objective: To evaluate sexual and psychological effects of female genital mutilation. Patients and Methods: The two groups were compared as regard many demographic data such as age, level of education, associated chronic diseases and previous gynecological history. The results revealed no significant difference between the two groups in the educational level. The females in the two groups also showed significant difference in their agreement with the process and subsequently in their future decision in performing circumcision for their daughters. Other demographic data included in this study revealed no difference between the studied groups. Results: The study used different questionnaires and scores to compare the sexual satisfaction and psychological effects of the females in the study. For assessment of sexual satisfaction, Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire translated into Arabic was used and showed no significant difference between the two groups except for only a single domain" lubrication". Conclusion: Concerning the psychiatric analysis of the two groups, Anxiety Hamilton score and Depression Beck score were used and showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the two scores. Also 19% of the females in the group of FGM showed positive symptoms for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Knowledge and Attitude on Obstetric Effects of Female Genital Mutilation among Maasai Women in Maternity Ward at Loitokitok Sub-County Hospital, Kenya.

Background Female genital mutilation (FGM) is one of the most harmful traditions still practiced in many parts of the developing world, including Kenya. The practice leads to permanent and irreversible health damages; however, knowledge and attitude of women towards its obstetric effects is scarce. Aim The objective of this study was to determine knowledge and attitude of women towards obstetric effects of FGM among Maasai women. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Loitokitok Sub-County Hospital among 64 Maasai women who had undergone FGM. Systematic sampling was employed to identify the respondents. Data were collected using a pretested semistructured questionnaire and analyzed through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 based on frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data were coded and categorized and thematic analysis was done. Results Half of the women were knowledgeable on obstetric effects of FGM. Majority of them, 81% (n=52), sustained perineal tears during childbirth while 53% (n=34) had postpartum hemorrhage. Majority of the respondents, 81% (n=51), had negative attitude towards FGM and 87% (n=31) would not encourage their daughters to be circumcised. Most of them, 64% (n=23), disagreed that circumcision made one a respectable woman. Conclusion Obstetric effects of FGM were fairly known and there was negative attitude towards FGM practice.

Implications of female genital mutilation on girls’ education and psychological wellbeing in Tarime, Tanzania

ABSTRACTThough female genital mutilation is widely practiced in Tanzania, there has been no systematic examination of its long-term implications on girls’ wellbeing. Employing interviews and focus group discussions, this study explored the implications of female genital mutilation (FGM) on girls’ wellbeing in Tarime, Tanzania. The results revealed that the effect of FGM on girls are multifaceted, including early marriages, parents’ negative attitudes towards girls’ education, girls’ change in attitudes and loss of interest in schooling, which lead to poor educational achievement in many ways. Notably, girls who manage to escape FGM suffer from isolation and stigma from their peers who have been circumcised. Arguably, FGM is both a protective and risk factor for girls in Tarime. FGM is a protective factor against stigma and isolation for circumcised girls, and it is a risk factor in denying circumcised girls’ opportunities for education, and in perpetuating stigmatisation for the uncircumcised girls. We have concluded that, in the absence of more positive alternative rites of passage for adolescent girls in Tarime, and despite the widespread awareness about its negative consequences, FGM is likely to continue due to its centrality in the Kuryan cultural, social and economic necessities.

The effect of female genital mutilation on couple sexual function

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a procedure that had physical, social, psychological, and sexual complications. The study aimed to assess effect of FGM on couple sexual function.Methods: case control nested from cross-sectional study in Fayoum governorate; it was conducted during a period of five months (March 2016 to July 2016).Results: The prevalence of FGM was 432(83.4%). The risk of exposure to mutilation was about four folds higher among women inhabitant rural areas, and about nine folds higher among low educated women, and around six folds higher if parents were low educated. Around one-third of women in the study 157 (30.3%) suffered psychological problems and 142 (27.4%) of them suffered marital and social problems related to FGM practice. Mutilated women had five folds decrease in desire: four folds decrease in sexual satisfaction and five folds increase in sexual dysfunction on contrary 57% to 59% decrease in arousal and orgasm. As regards to husband sexual satisfaction, it decreases by around three folds if their wives were mutilated. There is statistically a significant increase in couple sexual dysfunction among complicated mutilation.Conclusions: FGM is still practiced in Egypt and it resulted in many physical, psychological, and social complications; also it had a negative impact on the couple's sexual life.