Effect Of Family Involvement Research Articles

Family involvement, innovation and product market competition

AbstractThe paper constructs a theoretical framework suggesting a moderating impact of product market competition in determining the relationship between family ownership/control and innovation. We argue that the elimination of ‘career concerns’ of CEOs in firms with greater family share may explain the mechanism followed to encourage R&D investments. Empirical testing of the hypotheses is performed using data from the Indian manufacturing industry for the period 2001–2018. The findings suggest that the domestic product market competition complements the relationship between family ownership/control and R&D investments. This indicates that family firms tend to invest more in R&D as domestic product competition increases. The data suggest that the effect of family involvement on innovation is due to the reduction of managerial career concerns, as we find that managerial turnover (conditional on poor performance) is lower if family involvement is higher. This effect is significantly stronger under higher degrees of competition.

The Lights and Shadows of Family Involvement in Small and Medium-Sized Firms

This study analyzes the influence of human capital (HC) and altruism on small- and medium-size firms’ (SMEs) performance, contingent upon the effect of family involvement in management. HC, understood as the abilities, skills, and knowledge of firm personnel, has been proved to contribute to firm performance. Even more, firms’ outcomes benefit from aptitudes and also from attitudes, such as altruism. What is not so clear is if having a family character enhances the effect of HC and altruism on firm performance. Our results show that family involvement in management presents lights and shadows in its ability to extract all the potential of HC and altruism. By moving one-step forward in understanding these relationships, our findings contribute to the Family Firm, Human Resources Management, and Resource-Based View literatures.

The effects of family involvement on proactive R&D management capability: detrimental or beneficial?

While previous research has discussed the impact of family involvement on innovation by adopting the agency, stewardship, or resource‐based‐related theories, the results remain inconsistent. Incorporating the perspective of social embeddedness associated with the effects of family social capital, this study provides a better understanding of how family involvement affects proactive R&D management capability (PRDMC), by using continuous assessment of family ownership and the top management team. In addition, board capital is an effective mechanism for family firms; however, directors' human and social capital similar and dissimilar in both backgrounds and networks. We further reveal how heterogeneity and homogeneity of human and social capital affect the relationship between family involvement and PRDMC via the lens of board capital breadth (BCB) and board capital depth (BCD). Our findings show that family involvement has an inverted U‐shaped relationship with the PRDMC. We also find that BCB mitigates the negative effects of excessive family involvement on the PRDMC, but has an insignificant effect at low or moderate levels of family involvement. On the other hand, BCD increases the disadvantages of excessive family involvement on the PRDMC, with an insignificant effect on PRDMC at low or moderate levels of family involvement.

The Effect of Family Involvement on Stigmatization, Perceived Social Support and Treatment Motivation in Substance Abuse Treatment

Amaç: Bu çalışma madde bağımlılığı tedavisinde aile katılımının stigmatizasyon, algılanan sosyal destek ve tedavi motivasyonuna etkisini araştırmak amacıyla planlanmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırmamızın katılımcıları, NP Beyin Hastanesi AMATEM servisi ve Yeşilay Danışmanlık Merkezi (YEDAM)’ne başvuran madde kullanım bozukluğu tedavisi alan kişilerden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma 18 yaş ve üzerinde madde kullanım bozukluğu tedavisi alan 88 erkek ve 10 kadın olmak üzere toplamda 98 gönüllü katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılardan 57 kişinin ailesi tedaviye katılım sağlarken geriye kalan 41 kişinin ailesi tedavi sürecinde yer almamaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, YEDAM Madde Bağımlılığı Stigmatizasyon Ölçeği(YMBSÖ), Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği (ÇBADÖ), Tedavi Motivasyon Anketi(TMA) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde algılanan sosyal destek aile alt boyutu ile tedavi motivasyon anketinin tedaviye güven alt boyutu arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Tedavi Motivasyon Anketi alt boyutlarından kişiler arası yardım arama puanı, tedaviye ailesi de katılan hastalarda daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların yaşadıkları kişiler ile stigmatizasyon puanları karşılaştırıldığında, yalnız yaşayan kişilerin, ailesi ile yaşayan kişilere göre stigma puanlarının yüksek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Sonuç: Çalışmamızdan elde edilen bulgular göstermiştir ki madde bağımlılığı; hastaların sosyal yaşantıları, aile ve çevre ilişkileri, iş ve akademik hayatları gibi birçok yaşamsal sürecini, olumsuz anlamda etkilemektedir. Gün geçtikçe daha büyük bir toplumsal sorun haline gelen madde bağımlılığı için, özellikle ailelerin ve toplumun da dahil olduğu, kişilerin tıbbi tedavisinin yanı sıra sosyal yaşamlarını, eğitim ve iş hayatlarını, aile ve çevre ilişkilerini düzenlemeye yardımcı olan multidisipliner bir yaklaşımın gerekliliği yadsınamaz bir gerçektir.

Effect of Family Involvement and Corporate Governance on Dividend Policy: A Study of Non-Financial Listed Firms in Morocco

Current research on the determinants of dividend policy has focused on the study of developed countries, while
 research on emerging countries remains limited. The objective of this research is to study the effect of the
 involvement of the family firm on dividend policy. This paper uses Ordinary Least Squares regression, we
 analyzed data for Moroccan nonfinancial firms listed on the Casablanca Stock Exchange over the period
 2015-2017. The results of this paper show that family firm pay less dividends than non-family firms. Thus,
 ownership concentration and firm size influence dividend policy, unlike the composition of the board of
 directors, which doesn’t influence it. Our paper contributes to broaden our understanding of the effect of the
 family firm on dividend policy in one of the emerging countries. It is suggested that the characteristics of
 corporate ownership determine the share of profits to be distributed, not to say dividend policy, since
 concentration of ownership limits the power of minority shareholders to make their voices heard. Despite the
 presence of laws protecting minority shareholders, their room for maneuver remains limited. Our paper
 enriches the existing literature on the family firm dividend policy by studying the Moroccan context. The results
 show that family ownership and family CEO involvement do not have the same influence on the dividend policy
 of family firms, but it depends on the context. Our paper also provides relevant information for practitioners
 regarding dividend policy in Moroccan family firms.

Effectiveness Of Family Involvement In Self-Care Management Of Hemodialysis Patients At Bekasi District Hospital

ABSTRACT The incidence of chronic kidney failure in Indonesia is based on data from Riskesdas, (2018), which is 0.38% of the total population of Indonesia of 252,124,458 people, so there are 713 783 people who suffer from chronic kidney failure. Self care management in patients with chronic kidney failure undergoing hemodialysis, family involvement is very important in improving the ability of self- care management of hemodialysis patients. The importance of effective family involvement is needed in escorting patients to carry out self-care management. To determine the effectiveness of family involvement in self-care management of hemodialysis patients at the Bekasi District Hospital. This type of research uses quantitative analysis, with a cross sectional approach. The sample of this study was the family of hemodialysis patients and hemodialysis patients at the Bekasi District Hospital with 44 respondents. Data analysis was carried out using the Anova test. Univariate results showed that there was a relationship between family involvement and self-care management of hemodialysis patients at the Bekasi District Hospital with p value = 0.000. and the absence of relationship, age, gender, occupation, and duration of hemodialysis. There is a relationship between the effectiveness of family involvement in Self-Care Management of Hemodialysis Patients at the Bekasi District Hospital and hoped that families of hemodialysis patients can be recipients, caring for family members undergoing hemodialysis needs to be improved. because the family assumes that the patient is able to carry out their activities, even though hemodialysis patients experience physical, psychological, social changes in accepting their disease conditions, so they still need help with the involvement of support from the family. Keywords : Family Involvement, Self-Care Management, Hemodialysis ABSTRAK Angka kejadian gagal ginjal kronis di Indonesia berdasarkan data dari Riskesdas, (2018) yaitu sebesar 0,38 % dari jumlah penduduk Indonesia sebesar 252.124.458 jiwa maka terdapat 713 783 jiwa yang menderita gagal ginjal kronis. Self care management pada pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani hemodialisa, keterlibatan keluarga sangat penting dalam meningkatkan kemampuan self-care management pasien hemodialisa. Pentingnya efektivitas ketrlibatan keluarga diperlukan dalam mengawal pasien untuk melakukan self-care management. Untuk mengetahui Efektivitas Keterlibatan Keluarga Dalam Self-Care Management Pasien Hemodialisa Di RSUD Kabupaten Bekasi. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan analisis kuantitatif, dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sample penelitian ini adalah Keluarga Pasien Hemodialisa dan Pasien Hemodialisa di RSUD Kabupaten Bekasi dengan jumlah responden 44. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Anova. Hasil Penelitian menunjukan ada hubungan antara keterlibatan keluarga dengan self-care managemen pasien hemodialisa di RSUD kabupaten bekasi nilai p value= 0,000. dan tidak adanya hubungan, usia, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, dan lama menjalani hemodialisa. Ada hubungan efektivitas keterlibatan keluarga dalam Self-Care Management Pasien Hemodialisa di RSUD Kabupaten Bekasi dan diharapkan keluarga pasien hemodialisa dapat penerima, merawat anggota keluarga yang menjalani hemodialisa perlu ditingkatkan. dikarenakan keluarga beranggapan bahwa pasien mampu melakukan aktifitasnya, padahal pasien hemodialisa mengalami perubahan fisik, psikologis, sosial dalam menerima kondisi penyakitnya, sehingga masih tetap membutuhkan bantuan keterlibatan dukungan dari keluarga. Kata Kunci: Keterlibatan Keluarga, Self-Care Management, Hemodialisa

Effects of Family Involvement on Succession Planning: Mediating Role of Socioemotional Wealth

This study aims to clarify the paradoxical relationship between family involvement in ownership and management on succession planning and ascertain the mediating role of socioemotional wealth (SEW) in this relationship. Succession, which is considered as transfer of leadership and ownership from one generation to another, is a critical component within family businesses. Based on the SEW perspective, this study argues that family ownership and management positively influence succession planning via CEOs perceived SEW toward family business. Hypotheses were tested through structure equation modeling with a data set of 174 Taiwanese family controlled publicly listed firms. The results showed that family management positively impacts succession planning through the partial mediating effect of SEW. However, nonsignificant relation was obtained from the path of family ownership to succession planning. These findings contribute to clarifying the heterogeneity within family businesses in terms of the mechanism through which family involvement in management affects succession planning.

Parents’ right strategy on preventing youngsters’ recent suicidal ideation: a 13-year prospective cohort study

Background Suicide remains the second leading cause of death among youths. Family-related factors are considered important determinants of children’s suicidal ideation, whereas their short-/long-term influence is seldom quantified. Aims We aim to confirm the simultaneous/lagged effects of family-related factors on the occurrence of recent suicidal ideation from childhood to young adulthood (aged from 10 to 22 years old). Method Data were derived from a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Participants included 2065 students who were followed up for 13 years. Generalized estimating equations were used to clarify the influential effects of family-related factors on suicidal ideation during the past month. Results The peak of the rate of recent suicidal ideation arrived during junior high school years. Family interaction, family support, family involvement, and parental punishment had simultaneous effects on recent suicidal ideation. Family involvement, parental conflict, and psychological control had lagged and lasting effects on suicidal ideation. Notably, the lasting protective effects of family involvement were more obvious than simultaneous effects. Conclusions Providing parents with sustained support and education to improve their “positive parenting literacy” can help with their children’s mental health development. This is especially the case during COVID-19 quarantine periods when families spend the most time together at home.

Do dissimilarities in the family involvement in family firms lead to different levels of indebtedness? Evidence from Spain

PurposeThis paper examines how differences in the family involvement in a family business can influence its level of indebtedness. Assuming the influence of family is not the same for all family firms, we consider each company as a combination of the family involvement in three dimensions of the business: ownership, management and governance structure.Design/methodology/approachUsing the partial least squares technique allows us to address the heterogeneity of family firms through an integral concept of family involvement in business that jointly considers the level of family participation in the ownership, management and governance structure of each firm.FindingsOur results demonstrate that the level of family involvement in a family firm, considering the heterogeneity existing within the family business group, directly influences its level of indebtedness. In addition, we find that family involvement in ownership and governance structures individually considered are positively related to the level of indebtedness of the family business.Originality/valueOur findings prove that some indebtedness patterns, which previous literature has described as common to all Spanish family businesses, may actually be valid only for specific family firms with a particular level of family involvement. In addition, the way of measuring family business heterogeneity through our integral concept of family involvement can be replicated by other authors because of the manageability of the items, thus contributing to an increased understanding of the effects of family involvement in firms' development.

Effect of Family Involvement in Patient Care on Preventing Intensive Care Units Acquired Weakness

Background: The Intensive care units acquired weakness detected in 30 to 50% of ICU patients leading to high morbidity and complication, family engaging family in early mobility process that reported benefits including reduced ICU-acquired weakness, improved functional recovery within the hospital, improved walking distance at hospital discharge and reduced hospital length of stay. This study aimed to Determine the effect of family involvement in patient care on preventing intensive care units acquired weakness. Methods: Quasi experimental research was conducted in surgical and general ICUs in the main Mansoura university and emergency hospitals, which included 60 adult newly ICU admitted patients. Tools: Three tools were used to collect the data of this study namely “Intensive care unit acquired weakness assessment”, “Early progressive mobility protocol” and “Patients’ family satisfaction with early mobility protocol involvement”. Results: Only 6.7% of the intervention group had a weakness at the end of the study with no significant difference (0.150) was found in muscle strength from the start and end of the study. While about a third of the control group (26.7%) had a weakness at the end of the study. A statistically significant difference (0.038) in muscle strength was found between intervention and control group. Furthermore, About two-thirds (70%) of patients' family members of the intervention group were satisfied by giving them a role in participation in their patient care. Conclusion: Critically ill patients whose families were involved in their mobility protocol had less intensive care units acquired weakness rates than those who were not. Recommendation: Evaluation of muscle strength should be a routine part of ICU examination. Family centered care concept should be adopted in ICUs by allocating them in daily activities involvement with enough support and cooperation

The Effect of Family Involvement on Innovation Outcomes: The Moderating Role of Board Social Capital

Innovation is an essential and yet puzzling part of family firms’ strategic focus. While family firms are generally characterized as conservative regarding their research and development (R&D) activities, researchers have recently argued that family firms can still achieve innovation‐based competitive advantages. Seeking to understand the link between family influence and the outcomes of innovation, we suggest that it is necessary not only to observe the depth of family involvement, but also to differentiate between technological inventions and market innovations. We further posit that the board members’ social capital constitutes an important contingency for this link. We, therefore, investigate the relationship between family involvement and two different outcomes: the number of the firm’s inventions and the market relevance of innovations. Our analysis of S&P 500 firms comprises 1.85 million patents and manual evaluations of 1774 product announcements. The results of our estimations suggest that family involvement is negatively related to the number of inventions and positively related to the market relevance of innovations. They further show that internal and external board social capital moderate the relationship between family involvement and the number of inventions. This study adds to the discussion about family firm innovation by using socioemotional wealth to explain heterogeneity in innovation patterns and revealing that relational resources derived from board social capital are crucial boundary conditions for families’ influence on technological inventions. Taken together, it works toward a more holistic view of innovation in family‐influenced firms.

Stewardship-oriented Culture and Family Firm Performance: A Study on the Moderating Effects in an Emerging Economy

Abstract Prior literature has provided inconclusive evidence on the effects of family involvement in management (FIM) on family business (FB) performance. However, so far in the literature, there have been very few attempts to investigate FIM and family essence simultaneously as antecedents of FB performance. Therefore, we address this gap by studying how a stewardship-oriented culture (being a feature of FB essence) moderates the relationship between FIM and FB performance. We test our hypotheses with the Structural Equation Modeling technique using survey data in combination with archival data on a sample of 69 medium and large private Brazilian FBs. We find that a stewardship-oriented culture makes the relationship between a family CEO and FB performance weaker and observe that a stewardship has no moderating effect on the relationship between FIM and FB performance. These findings contradict prior literature on the beneficial role of stewardship in family-managed FB. Only in case of a nonfamily CEO, a stewardship-oriented culture positively moderates the relationship with FB performance. In addition, our study reveals a U-shaped nonlinear relationship between the level of FIM and FB performance, which is consistent with recent literature on the existence of faultlines derived from heterogeneous TMT and the impact on firm outcome.

Exploring the Family Effect on Innovative Capacity and Earnings Management

Purpose: This study examines whether family businesses (FBs) differ from non-FBs with regard to innovative strategies, and whether their innovation is a reflection of earnings management behavior. Design/methodology/approach: This study extended research into the issue of FBs by investigating innovation capacity and earnings management. We adopted the electronics industry in Taiwan (between 2010 and 2015) as a research sample to determine (1) whether family effects influence innovation performance at the firm level; (2) whether the innovation performance of FBs is an indication of earnings management behavior; and (3) the effects of family involvement and CEO-duality in FBs. Finding: Our results show that FBs are less likely than non-FBs to devote resources to increasing innovation. However, managerial participation of family members and a uniform CEO-duality leadership was shown to strengthen efficiency and flexibility in decision-making, thereby enhancing innovation capacity. We also found that FBs with higher innovation capacity are less likely to window-dress earnings. This association is more pronounced in cases of CEO-duality leadership, which implies that FBs’ innovative ambitions and duality leadership had greatly advanced in operating performance and corporate governance, and thus restrain managerial self-interested behavior. Research limitations/implications: This study had a number of limitations. First is the measure of innovative capacity. There are a number of ways of measuring innovation, and we posit that patents are superior to RD however, this does not necessarily reflect actual practices of earnings management. Although such proxies have been consistently used in previous research, may provide rich insights into earnings management behavior. Despite the noted limitations, our evidence clearly suggests the following: (1) FBs with strong family involvement in management and CEO-duality leadership tend to have higher innovation capacity; and (2) FBs with quality innovation capacity are less likely to engage in earnings management. Originality/value: This study fills a gap in the research on FBs by providing evidence concerning the effects of family on innovation and earnings management. Our findings have important implications for future research as well as the establishment of regulations and standards. Our findings provide evidence of a positive association between family effects and innovation capacity, which depends on the degree of family involvement in management and leadership structure. We found that family governance has a significantly positive impact on the competitive advantage of FBs. We also found that the innovation capacity of FBs is negatively associated with earnings management behavior. This study also re-examines the apparent contradictions in previous findings related to earnings management among FBs, while contributing to the literature linking family effects and governance mechanisms to earnings management behavior.

Effects of Family Involvement in Nursing Mode on Postoperative Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Laryngeal Cancer

Objective: The impact of family involvement in nursing models on depression and serious complications in patients with laryngeal cancer. Evaluate the effect of family intervention on nursing mode. Methods: The data of 40 patients with laryngeal cancer who undergo surgical treatment were collected and divided into observation group (n = 20) and budget (n = 20). In addition, the patients simply received conventional laryngeal cancer nursing measures, and the observation group patients based on family involvement in nursing mode measures. The depression and anxiety of the two groups were scored using the SAS scale and the SDS scale, and the quality of life was assessed using the quality of life assessment scale for statistical analysis. Results: There was no significant difference in SAS and SDS scores between admission and admission (P < 0.05). The SAS and SDS scores evaluated at discharge were significantly lower than those at admission (P < 0.05). The SAS and SDS scores of the observation group were significantly lower. All were significantly reduced (all P < 0.05). Group (P < 0.05). Patient satisfaction in the observation group also exceeded patient satisfaction. Conclusion: The family care mode can be implemented on the basis of routine nursing, which can improve the depression and anxiety of patients and improve their quality of life, which has certain clinical application value.

Entrepreneurial orientation and product innovation. The moderating role of family involvement in management.

In this current research it has been examined, firstly, the Entrepreneurial orientation in relation with Product innovation, Incremental innovation and Radical innovation, and, secondly, the moderating effect of Family involvement in the management of companies in the relationship between Entrepreneurial orientation and Product innovation, Incremental innovation and Radical innovation. Using a sample of 634 Spanish family firms, the results found conclude that the Entrepreneurial orientation has a positive effect on Product innovation, Incremental innovation and Radical innovation, and moreover, they reveal that the Family involvement in the management of companies has a moderating effect on these relations, witnessing that family firms with higher scale of Family involvement in the management of the companies reduces the effect of Entrepreneurial orientation on Product innovation, Incremental innovation and finally, Radical innovation.

Effects of family involvement on the monitoring of CEO compensation

This study examines the effectiveness of CEO compensation monitoring depending on the extent of family involvement in the firm. Considering the contradictory evidence on the effects of family involvement on CEO compensation reported by the literature to date, we adopt a procedural conception of CEO monitoring – that reflect processes and rules used in family firms for the alignment of CEO incentives structure to the firm interests –, to test four hypotheses derived from agency and socioemotional wealth (SEW) perspectives. Using a sample of 357 family and non-family Spanish companies, the results show that CEO compensation monitoring is inversely related to family status, and the relationship between CEO compensation monitoring and firm performance is stronger in firms where family influence is higher. In addition, we found that the presence of a family CEO negatively affects the implementation of economically instrumental monitoring mechanisms, decoupling CEO compensation from firm performance. Our research, aligned with recent socio-psychological literature on the study of processes of family firm’s management policies, thus contributes to a better understanding of the setting of CEO compensation in family firms as a result of a combination of common bonds and mutual expectations based on emotions and values with contractual and financial factors.

School adjustment of first-grade primary school students: Effects of family involvement, externalizing behavior, teacher and peer relations

Adjusting to school contributes to the healthy introduction of all educational activities. For this reason, it is important to determine all facilitating and debilitating factors to the school adjustment process and to develop preventive studies for overcoming school adjustment. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting the school adjustment of first-grade primary school students based on an ecological approach. The study group consisted of 81 teachers and 517 parents. The data were gathered for 517 children aged between 64 months and 98 months from public schools located in the central districts of Ankara in the 2015–2016 academic year. Structural equation modeling was used in the present study. Thus, according to the School Adjustment Model, externalizing behaviors, teacher-student relationship, and peer relations have a significant direct impact on first-grade students' school adjustment, whereas family involvement has no statistically significant direct influence on first-grade students' school adjustment. In addition, externalizing behaviors affect school adjustment through the mediating role of teacher–student relationship and peer relations. Also, the total effect of the externalizing behavior variable on school adjustment is −0.55. The student–teacher relationship (B = 0.53) and peer relationship (B = 0.48) variables have also had an effect on school adjustment.

Gobernanza corporativa y orientación emprendedora de las pymes familiares: un análisis de la influencia de la implicación familiar a distintos niveles

The entrepreneurial attitude of companies is key to compete in a globalized and dynamic economic environment. Thus, it is of special interest the analysis of the factors that promote or hinder the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of organizations. In the case of family businesses, the interaction between the family and the business can directly affect the OE, although this effect may vary depending on whether it occurs in the top management team or in the Board of Directors. In addition, the effect of family involvement in both organs may be affected by their respective sizes. Based on a sample of 91 family SMEs, this paper shows the negative effect on OE of a high proportion of family members in the Board and in the top management team, an effect that is reinforced when the number of decision-makers in each organ is greater. This study also finds that the involvement of different family generations in the top management team has a positive effect on EO, decreasing this influence in larger top management teams In addition to the theoretical implications of these findings, the practical implications for managers and owners of family SMEs that are immersed in a period of professionalization are especially interesting. Thus, this study can be helpful in designing the size and the composition of the top management team and the Board of Directors of this type of organization.

Does family involvement in patient education improve hypertension management? A single-blind randomized, parallel group, controlled trial

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of family involvement in patient education on hypertension (HTN) management. This single-blind randomized, parallel group controlled trial was conduct...

Knowledge management, flexibility and firm performance: The effects of family involvement

After the last global crisis, firms needed to change and adapt better to the environment. In this scenario, knowledge management is the most important strategic resource, and therefore, it is considered critical for improving firm performance.However, knowledge management processes and the dynamic environment demand new ways of personnel management, especially a break from traditional and rigid forms of working. As a result of these experiments several innovations in work systems, managerial practices, and personnel policies have appeared. This study examines the holistic relationship between knowledge management, flexibility and firm performance in family firms.The results show that knowledge management has a positive influence on firm performance. Also, flexibility is not significantly related to firm performance. However, flexibility is positive and significantly related to knowledge management. Furthermore, there is no linear relationship between family involvement in ownership and management, and flexibility and knowledge management in the firm.