Effects Of Exercise Training Research Articles

Abstract 4145857: The effect of homebase exercise training on single ventricle heart (SVH) function, exercise performance, body composition and quality of Life in children and adolescents living with a Fontan circulation

Objectives: Fontan patients have impaired exercise capacity. Exercise training has been shown to improve exercise performance. We aim to determine the effect of exercise training on SVH function, and its correlation with exercise capacity, body composition and self-reported QOL. Methods: 31 paediatric Fontan patients were prospectively recruited to complete 3x30 minute homebased HIIT sessions per week for 20 weeks. Baseline physical activity levels, including structured sports participation, daily step-counts and active-zone-minutes (AZM) were recorded by accelerometer (Fitbit inspire3). Patients were considered active if they met 2 of the 3 criteria: 1/Structured sports training ≥ 2 per week (moderate-vigorous intensity >30 minutes) 2/Daily steps ≥ 10k 3/AZM ≥60 minutes per day Bio-impedance-analysis, cardiopulmonary exercise tests, echocardiography including deformation imaging and PedQL questionnaires were performed at baseline and upon completion. Results: 28 participants completed the programme. 86% had good compliance (completed >45/60 sessions). 17 male (60.7%), mean age 14.3±2.03 years, 14 LV-dominant, 14 non-LV dominant (9RV, 5BiV). No serious adverse events reported. The exercise duration improved from 7.56±2.6 to 9.16±2.5 minutes, p<0.001 and peak workload from 110±43.6 to 129±45.8 watts, p<0.001. Indexed oxygen consumption (VO 2 /kg peak) improved from 30.9±7.1 to 32.2±7ml/min/kg, p=0.003 and oxygen pulse, O 2 pulse peak from 9.1±2.6 to 9.7±3 mL/beat, p<0.001. Submaximal analysis showed normal %predicted VO2 (>40%) and improvement of O 2 pulse, p=0.024. LV systolic function showed improved MAPSE from 1.65±0.2 to 1.86±0.2, p=0.017, and improved apical rotation from 2.3±3.8 to 5.9±3.1, p=0.043. RV systolic function showed improved TAPSE of 1.4±0.2 to 1.6±0.3, p=0.032 and FAC of 44±5.6% to 49±10.5%, p=0.170. Self-reported QOL scores were higher in Fontan children who were physically active at baseline, with a downward trend noted when poor compliance was evident (Child’s QOL V3.0 91.21±0.7 to 86.1±5.2, p=0.018 (Table 2). Although no significant change in body composition, a higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass, SMMa% and lower body fat% were noted pre and post exercise training in the active Fontan group (Table 3), Conclusions: We observed significant improvements in both the submaximal and peak exercise performance in paediatric Exercise training associated with improvement of single ventricle longitudinal systolic function and ventricular mechanics.

Abstract 4119635: The Effect of Exercise Training on Apolipoproteins: A Trial Sequence Meta-Analysis.

Background: The role of lipoprotein sub-units in the development of CVD not as well understood as for the standard lipid profile. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of Exercise training (ExTr) effect on common lipid sub-units. Methods: We conducted a systematic search for randomized, controlled trials of ExTr versus sedentary controls that reported lipid sub-units Apo AI, Apo AII, Apo B, HDL-2, HDL-3 and Lp(a) up until January 31, 2024. Results: We included 24 included studies with 27 intervention groups, with a total of 1,429 participants, 775 ExTr and 654 control. We found significant favourable anti-atherogenic changes in Apo A1; MD 5.96 mg/dL 95% CI (3.63, 8.30); Apo B; MD -0.11 mg/dL (-0.19, -0.04); HDL-2; MD 1.28 mg/dL 95% CI (0.28, 2.28). Our TSA analysis showed that futility was achieved for Apo A1, but not for Apo B and HDL-2. The minimal clinically important differences (MCID) for Apo A1, Apo B and HDL-2 were 0.76 mg/dL, 0.02 mg/dL and 0.26 mg/DL respectively, meaning ExTr is capable of adequately achieving clinical significance for these 3 outcomes. Analyses of Apo A2, Lp(a)and HDL-3 were not significant and these TSA analyses failed to show futility. Conclusion: ExTr produces significant improvements in ApoA1, Apo B and HDL-2, with the MCID achieved and evidence of futility reached for all three of these outcomes. The effect of ExTr on Apo A2, Lp(a)and HDL-3 is unclear as futility has not been reached. ExTr changes observed in Apo AI are similar in size to those from statin trials that were associated with an 11% reduction in CV events.

Impact of physical activity on physical function and quality of life after liver transplantation

Introduction and aim of the study: Liver-related diseases are very common in our society, and as a result, the number of people requiring liver transplantation is likewise increasing. In our research, we intended to analyze the topic of increasing survival rates and improving comfort along with the quality of life while waiting for a transplant, as well as in the postoperative period. We determined that we would investigate the impact of physical activity on risk factors that increase hospitalizations after surgery and decrease quality of life. We summarized the effect and type of exercise on sarcopenia, frailty, and their direct relation to the pre- and post-operative period of liver transplantation. In addition, we analyzed possible obstacles and difficulties arising from the implementation of physical activity in liver transplant recipients. Materials and methods: The authors conducted an extensive review of articles available in PubMed, Google Scholar, UpToDate, Science Direct, and Cochrane databases. The keywords liver transplantation, physical activity, quality of life, sarcopenia, and frailty were the basis of the review. Studies published between 2001 and 2024 were included in the review. Results: The vast majority of the studies emphasized the positive effects of exercise, particularly aerobic and resistance training, on improving the clinical conditions and well-being of liver transplant patients. The papers with inconsistent results nevertheless underscored the need to delve further into this topic. Thus, the overall evidence supports the inclusion of physical exercise in post-transplant care as a key strategy for improving health and quality of life. Conclusion: Regular physical activity is beneficial for clinical outcomes and patients’ quality of life after liver transplantation.

Does sleep moderate the effects of exercise training or complex mental and social activities on cognitive function in adults with chronic stroke? Secondary analysis of a randomized trial.

Exercise (EX) or cognitive and social enrichment (ENRICH) are two strategies for promoting cognition post-stroke. Whether sleep moderates the effects of EX or ENRICH on cognition in adults with chronic stroke is unknown. A three-arm parallel randomized clinical trial among community-dwelling adults aged 55+ years with chronic stroke (i.e., ≥12 months since stroke). Participants were randomized to 2x/week EX, ENRICH, or balance and tone control (BAT). At baseline, device-measured sleep duration and efficiency were measured using wrist-worn actigraphy; self-reported quality was measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Participants were categorized at baseline as having good or poor device-measured duration, device-measured efficiency, or self-reported quality based on PSQI. The primary cognitive outcome was Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Plus (ADAS-Cog-Plus) measured at baseline, 6 months (end of intervention), and 12 months (6-month follow-up). We examined if baseline sleep categorizations (i.e., good/poor) moderated effects of EX or ENRICH on ADAS-Cog-Plus. We enrolled 120 participants in the trial (EX=34; ENRICH=34; BAT=52). Sleep quality (i.e., device-measured sleep efficiency or self-reported sleep quality) categorization moderated effects of EX (but not ENRICH) on ADAS-Cog-Plus. Compared with BAT participants with poor sleep quality, EX participants with poor sleep quality had better ADAS-Cog-Plus performance at 6 months (estimated mean difference for those with poor device-measured sleep efficiency: -0.48; 95% CI:[-0.85, -0.10]; p=0.010); estimated mean difference for those with poor self-reported sleep quality: -0.38; 95% CI:[-0.70, -0.07]; p=0.014). There was no effect of EX on ADAS-Cog-Plus for participants with good sleep quality. Device-measured sleep duration did not moderate intervention effects. Exercise is particularly beneficial in improving cognitive function in adults with chronic stroke and poor sleep quality.

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON BURST FREQUENCY A MARKER OF SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY IN HYPERTENSIVE INDIVIDUALS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

Background: Burst frequency is a factor that is used to know the relationship between sympathetic activity and blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. Various forms of exercise reduce the burst frequency among individuals with hypertension. This systematic review provides suggestion of exercise prescription for reducing blood pressure. Objective: To determine the effects of exercise training and its regulatory mechanisms on burst frequency (BF) a marker of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in hypertensive individuals. Methods: A systematic literature search of electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted from inception to July 2024 included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized experimental studies (non-RCTs) or pre-post experimental trials on hypertensive patients without associated metabolic disorders, with or without pharmacological treatment, aged between 18 and 70 years, both genders. Patients underwent at least 4 weeks of aerobic, resistance, or breathing exercises with BF as an outcome measure were included. The Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2) and Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool (ROBINS-I) was used to evaluate the risk of bias. Results: Five trials were included. Four studies demonstrated a significant reduction in BF among exercise-trained hypertensive individuals, while one study reported no change in BF. Overall, two studies had "some concerns" about performance and attrition bias, one had "high RoB" for selection bias, one had “moderate RoB” due to expected confounding, and one had “serious RoB” due to uncontrolled confounding factors. Conclusion: These findings suggests that HIIT significantly reduces BF, while aerobic and breathing exercises offers lesser benefits, further research should focus on training dosages. Implications: It provides evidence to utilize tailored exercise programme that may reduce sympathetic overactivity in hypertensive patients for better blood pressure control and reduce cardiovascular risk.

Effectiveness and safety of exercise training and rehabilitation in elderly patients after heart valve intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness and safety of exercise rehabilitation in older adults undergoing intervention for heart valve disease. MethodPubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Ovid Medline, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang were systematically searched until January 2024. Risk-of-bias assessments were performed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. A meta-analysis of the following indexes was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. ResultsNine trials involving 631 patients were ultimately included. Exercise rehabilitation significantly reduced the risk of adverse events, increased the 6-minute walk distance, improved the physical component of quality of life, and shortened the length of postoperative hospitalization. However, exercise rehabilitation did not affect all-cause mortality, left heart ejection fraction, or peak oxygen uptake. ConclusionsExercise rehabilitation may enhance exercise capacity, reduce the incidence of adverse events, and shorten the length of postoperative hospitalization in older adults undergoing intervention for heart valve disease.

Effects of aging and exercise training on bone and marrow blood flow and vascular function

Effects of aging and exercise training on bone and marrow blood flow and vascular function

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING ON THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN HYPERTENSION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Background: Cardiovascular diseases, significant health burdens globally, and conditions, including prevalent heart failure and hypertension, lead to increased hospitalizations, especially in the elderly, and account for substantial medical expenditures in developed nations. The emergence of hypertension as major global health challenges has intensified the focus on understanding and managing these conditions. Central to this endeavour is the exploration of the autonomic nervous systems role, particularly sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), in the pathophysiology of these diseases.Exercise training, a key non-pharmacological approach, has shown promise in mitigating these effects and reducing CVD risks, though the exact mechanisms remain under investigation. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of exercise training on sympathetic nervous activity on hypertensive individuals Method:A comprehensive review of observational, experimental, randomized control trial, cross-sectional studies were performed. SCOPUS, Google scholar, EBSCO and PubMed were searched using the terms exercise training, autonomic nervous activity, hypertension. Result: A total of 426 studies were identified of which 13 studies were published between 2010-2023 and were included in the study. Out of 426 studies, 12 studies which were included in our study showed positive effects of exercise training on the autonomic nervous system on hypertensive individuals Conclusion: This study concluded that there is significant relation between the exercise training and autonomic nervous system in hypertension.

Exercise training ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and anxiety-like behaviors.

Chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis are associated with mood disorders. Regular exercise has various beneficial effects on multiple organs, including the liver and brain. However, the therapeutic effect of exercise on liver fibrosis concomitant with mood disorders, such as anxiety, has not been evaluated. In this study, the effects of exercise training on liver fibrosis-related anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated. Male C57/BL6 mice were divided into four groups: vehicle-sedentary, vehicle-exercise, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-sedentary, and CCl4-exercise. Liver fibrosis was induced by CCl4 administration for 8 weeks, exercise was applied in the form of voluntary wheel running. After intervention, anxiety-like behavior was assessed using the elevated plus maze. CCl4 increased liver and serum fibrotic markers, as measured by blood analysis, histochemistry, and qRT-PCR, and these changes were attenuated by exercise training. CCl4 induced anxiety-like behavior, which was ameliorated by exercise training. In the hippocampus, CCl4-induced changes in mRNA and protein levels of factors related to anxiety, including BDNF and nNOS, were reversed by exercise. These results suggested that hepatic fibrosis-related anxiety-like behaviors are induced by excess hippocampal nNOS, and the beneficial effects of exercise were mediated by increases in BDNF and reductions in nNOS. The percentage of fibrotic area was negatively correlated with anti-anxiety behavior and positively associated with hippocampal nNOS protein levels. Liver fibrosis-related anxiety-like behaviors could be alleviated through the regulation of hippocampal BDNF and nNOS via exercise training. These results support the therapeutic value of exercise by targeting the mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis and associated anxiety.

Effectiveness of combined physical exercise and cognitive training in older adults with cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Falls among cognitively impaired older adults are a global concern. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of combining physical exercise and cognitive training to improve balance among older adults. A systematic search of databases, including Embase, Medline-OVID, CINAHL-EBSCOhost, and Central-Cochrane Library, was conducted from March 9 to April 6, 2023. The search used keywords based on the PICO question, where the population was older adults with cognitive impairment. Compared to a single therapy, the intervention involved a combination of muscle strengthening and cognitive therapy, with the outcome of falls or balance. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in any setting. Studies with participants under 60 years old and lacking baseline clinical assessments were excluded. EndNote 20 was used as a reference manager tool, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 flow diagram was used to map out the number of identified records. Two investigators worked independently, and the Jadad scale was used for critical appraisal. The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42023454876. A fixed-effects meta-analysis was performed using an inverse-variance method. Four articles met the inclusion criteria, three of which were included in the meta-analysis. Studies were from Europe, New Zealand, and the Philippines, with a total sample of 255 participants and mean ages of 65.9–87.5 years. The studies used combined physical and cognitive training in one group. Results showed a significant moderate effect size (effect size (ES): 2.29; standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.41; p<0.05; heterogeneity (I2): 0%) indicating no heterogeneity. In conclusion, the combined intervention displayed the potential to improve balance for cognitively impaired older adults.

The Effect of Exercise Training on Inflammatory Marker Levels in Pulmonary Hypertension Patients

The Effect of Exercise Training on Inflammatory Marker Levels in Pulmonary Hypertension Patients

Effect of sling exercise training on motor function in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To systematically evaluate the efficacy of sling exercise training on balance and gross motor movement in children with cerebral palsy, and to investigate the effects of different intervention times and ages on treatment outcomes. Randomized controlled trials on sling exercise training for children with cerebral palsy published in full text from CNKI, Wanfang datebase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from the time of build to November 2023. Literature screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed independently by 2 researchers, and Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.4 and Stata17.0 software. A total of 12 studies with 725 patients were included sling exercise training significantly improved balance (I2 = 0%, mean difference [MD] = 3.42, 95% CI: 2.93-3.92, P < .00001), gross motor function (I2 = 0%, MD = 5.90, 95% CI: 1.50-10.29, P < .00001), standing function (I2 = 14%, MD = 2.73, 95% CI: 2.17-3.29, P < .00001) walking and running and jumping function(I2 = 79%, MD = 5.93, 95% CI: 3.82-8.04, P < .00001) and 10-meter maximum walking speed(I2 = 58%, MD = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.52-2.42, P = .003) in children with cerebral palsy. Subgroup analyses of balance showed that children in the 5 + age group (I2 = 0%, MD = 3.73, 95% CI: 2.55-4.91, P < .00001) had better outcomes relative to the 4-5 year old group (I2 = 23%, MD = 3.49, 95% CI: 2.88-4.09, P<0.00001) and the under 4 year old group (I2 = 0%, MD = 282.73, 95% CI: 1.57-4.06, P < .00001). Subgroup analyses of walking and running and jumping function showed that a 6-month treatment course(I2 = 0%, MD = 5.93, 95% CI: 3.82-8.04, P < .00001) had better efficacy relative to a 3-month treatment course(I2 = 0%, MD = 4.11, 95% CI: 2.84-5.39, P < .00001). Sling exercise training significantly improves balance and gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy, and The average age of 5+ years is a critical period for the development of balance in children with cerebral palsy, and the treatment course is an important factor affecting walking and running and jumping function.

Immune system benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease characterized by pulmonary and systemic inflammation. Inflammatory mediators show relationships with shortness of breath, exercise intolerance and health related quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), a comprehensive education and exercise training programme, is the most effective therapy for COPD and is associated with reduced exacerbation and hospitalization rates and increased survival. Exercise training, the primary physiological intervention within PR, is known to exert a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect in health and chronic diseases. The question of this review article is whether exercise training can also make such a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect in COPD. Experimental studies using smoke exposure mice models suggest that the response of the immune system to exercise training is favourably anti-inflammatory. However, the evidence about the response of most known inflammatory mediators (C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, interleukin 10) to exercise training in COPD patients is inconsistent, making it difficult to conclude whether regular exercise training has an anti-inflammatory effect in COPD. It is also unclear whether COPD patients with more persistent inflammation are a subgroup that would benefit more from hypothesized immunomodulatory effects of exercise training (i.e., personalized treatment). Nevertheless, it seems that PR combined with maintenance exercise training (i.e., lifestyle change) might be more beneficial in controlling inflammation and slowing disease progress in COPD patients, specifically in those with early stages of disease.

Improvement of the Immunity System Through Sports: Novel Regulatory Mechanisms for Hypertension.

Hypertension and its resulting target organ damage is a complex process associated with a range of physiological and molecular factors, including immune regulation. The profound effects of exercise on normal immune system function and the development and progression of hypertension are well known. This review aims to create new avenues for preventing and treating hypertension and its associated target organ damage. This narrative review emphasizes the role of exercise training in the prevention/treatment of hypertension development through immune response modulation and presents current perspectives on the available scientific evidence. Several studies have shown that exercise regulates hypertension by altering immune cells, which is partly attributable to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training. Regular exercise modifies immune modulation and could represent a new mechanism for regulating hypertension. Although the utilization of exercise training and the immune system in conjunction for treating and preventing hypertension is still in its early stages, current scientific literature indicates numerous potential physiological links between exercise training, the immune system, and hypertension.

Effect of exercise training in patients with angina with nonobstructive coronary arteries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Angina with nonobstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA) is a highly prevalent heart disease. The evidence on exercise training (ET) for the treatment of ANOCA, however, is still inadequate. This meta-analysis aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the effect of ET in patients with ANOCA. Studies were searched from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, and WanFang from inception to 15 January 2024. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Heterogeneity among the studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic, and subgroup analysis based on gender was performed to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. A total of 12 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that ET significantly increased the peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 6.11, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.73 to 7.50], left ventricular ejection fraction (WMD = 7.66, 95% CI: 5.53 to 9.78), and 6 min walking test (WMD = 55.55; 95% CI: 16.23 to 94.87). Nitric oxide (WMD = 20.18, 95% CI: 19.16 to 21.21) and peripheral arterial tonometry (WMD = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.21) were higher, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (WMD = -8.02, 95% CI: -9.21 to -6.84) was lower in ET group. In conclusion, our findings indicated that ET could improve cardiopulmonary function, exercise capacity, and endothelial function, which could be recommended for the treatment of ANOCA patients.

Exploring the effect of exercise training on breast cancer's pathologic response and tumor immune microenvironment after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and the percentage of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are established prognostic biomarkers in early breast cancer (BC). While exercise training is effective as supportive care throughout the BC journey, its impact on the efficacy of NAC is unknown. This study aims to investigate the influence of a supervised exercise training program (SETP) on pCR and TILs in BC women undergoing NAC. Retrospective exploratory analysis of the subgroup of BC patients treated with NAC included in a clinical trial randomizing to STEP and control arm. Endpoints were pCR, biopsy, and stromal TILs. Sixty-four participants were included, with a mean age of 50.3 ± 10.1years, predominantly stage II and III disease (n = 58, 90.6%), HER2 + (n = 23, 35.9%), or triple-negative (n = 19, 29.7%) tumors. pCR was achieved in 56.7% and 55.9% in the STEP and control arm (p = 0.950). In the STEP arm, median TILs were 5.0 (0.0-80.0) and 5.0 (5.0-30.0), while in the control arm, 5.0 (0.0-90.0) and 0.0 (0.0-30.0) for biopsy and tumor site, respectively. The difference in TILs between arms was 0.04 (confidence interval (CI 95%) - 13.6, 13.7; p = 0.995) and - 4.3 (CI 95% - 11.5, 2.9; (p = 0.233) for biopsy and tumor site, respectively. No statistically significant difference was discerned between the groups concerning TILs of the biopsy. However, a marginally higher TIL level at the tumor site was associated with the SETP arm. No differences were discerned within and between groups on both pCR and TILs, in possible relation to the exploratory nature of the analysis. Future adequately powered research is warranted.

Voluntary Exercise Attenuates Tumor Growth in a Preclinical Model of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

To examine the effects of voluntary exercise training on tumor growth and explore the underlying intratumoral molecular pathways and processes responsible for the beneficial effects of VWR on tumor initiation and progression in a mouse model of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC). Male immunodeficient mice (SCID) were castrated and subcutaneously inoculated with human CWR-22RV1 cancer cells to construct CRPC xenograft model before randomly assigned to either voluntary wheel running (VWR) or sedentary (SED) group (n=6/group). After three weeks, tumor tissues were collected. Tumor size was measured and calculated. mRNA expression of markers of DNA replication, Androgen Receptor (AR) signaling, and mitochondrial dynamics was determined by RT-PCR. Protein expression of mitochondrial content and dynamics was determined by western blotting. Finally, RNA-sequencing analysis was performed in the tumor tissues. Voluntary wheel running resulted in smaller tumor volume at the initial stage and attenuated tumor progression throughout the time course (P < 0.05). The reduction of tumor volume in VWR group was coincided with lower mRNA expression of DNA replication markers ( MCM2 , MCM6 , and MCM7 ), AR signaling ( ELOVL5 and FKBP5 ) and regulatory proteins of mitochondrial fission (Drp1 and Fis1) and fusion (MFN1 and OPA1) when compared to the SED group (P<0.05). More importantly, RNA sequencing data further revealed that pathways related to pathways related to angiogenesis, extracellular matrix formation and endothelial cell proliferation were downregulated. Three weeks of VWR was effective in delaying tumor initiation and progression, which coincided with reduced transcription of DNA replication, AR signaling targets and mitochondrial dynamics. We further identified reduced molecular pathways/processes related to angiogenesis that may be responsible for the delayed tumor initiation and progression by VWR.

The effect of exercise training in people with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue with high mortality and economic costs. Exercise has potential benefits for pre-dialysis CKD management. This review examines the impact of exercise on CKD patients not on dialysis, focusing on improvement in various health parameters. Findings aim to inform the role of exercise in pre-dialysis CKD care. A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus, up to August 31, 2023, used key terms relating to pre-dialysis CKD and exercise. We pooled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing exercise with usual care and conducted meta-analyses based on a random effects inverse variance model with the effect measure of mean difference. Of 1162 identified studies, 37 RCTs met the inclusion criteria including 1248 participants. Significant improvements were identified for peak VO2, mean difference [MD] (2.66mL/kg/min; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48, 3.83; p < 0.00001); the 6-min walk (MD 58.83m; 95% CI 35.26, 82.41; p < 0.00001), timed up and go (standardised mean difference -0.35; 95% CI -0.54, -0.15; p = 0.0006), 2-min step (MD 57.48 steps; 95% CI 27.80, 87.16; p = 0.0001), and sit to stand tests (MD 4.55 repetitions; 95% CI 1.49, 7.60; p = 0.004); short form [SF]-36 general health (MD 4.26; 95% CI 0.04, 8.47; p = 0.05); SF-36 mental component summary (MD 1.84; 95% CI 0.18, 3.51; p = 0.03); estimated glomerular filtration rate (MD 2.19mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% CI 0.97, 3.50; p = 0.001); serum cystatin-C (MD -0.06mg/L; 95% CI -0.11, -0.02; p = 0.004); resting heart rate (MD -1.97 bpm; 95% CI -3.84, -0.11; p = 0.04); triglycerides (MD -12.97mg/dL; 95% CI -17.30, -8.63; p < 0.00001); glycosylated haemoglobin (MD -0.25%; 95% CI -0.50, -0.01; p = 0.04); waist circumference (MD -3.12cm; 95% CI -4.37, -1.86; p < 0.00001); and interleukin-6 (MD -2.24pg/mL; 95% CI -3.87. -0.61; p = 0.007). Analysis revealed improvements in aerobic capacity, functional ability, quality of life, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum cystatin-C, resting heart rate, waist circumference, triglyceride, glycosylated haemoglobin, and interleukin-6 levels.

Effect of home-based isometric training on blood pressure in older adults with high normal BP or stage I hypertension: A randomized controlled trial.

This trial analyzes the effects of home-based isometric handgrip training (IHT) and aerobic exercise training (AET) on ambulatory and office blood pressure (BP) in older adults with high normal to established hypertension. This randomized controlled trial included 84 participants (46 women, 71.1 ± 3.6 years, systolic BP [SBP] 137.1 ± 13.8 mmHg, diastolic BP [DBP] 80.8 ± 8.3 mmHg). Participants were randomized into IHT (n = 28), AET (n = 28), or usual medical care plus lifestyle advice (UC, n = 28). Participants performed IHT or AET three times/week for 8 weeks. IHT consisted of 4 × 45 s bilateral contractions at 50% of maximum voluntary contraction with 1-min rest between sets. AET consisted of walking 30 min at 50%-70% of estimated maximum oxygen consumption. UC received standardized medical care including lifestyle advice. Seventy-six participants completed the intervention: 27 in IHT, 26 in AET, and 23 in UC. At baseline, BP values were similar among groups. No differences were observed in 24-h ambulatory, daytime, and nighttime SBP and DBP in any group (p > 0.05). IHT and AET reduced office SBP (-8.0 ± 13.4 mmHg; p = 0.004; -5.6 ± 12.2 mmHg; p = 0.027, respectively). IHT reduced office DBP (-3.3 ± 7.4 mmHg; p = 0.024), but AET did not. No differences occurred in office BP in UC. There was no difference in office BP among groups (p > 0.05). An 8-week home-based IHT and AET failed to reduce ambulatory SBP, while office SBP was reduced by 8/5 mmHg. Only IHT reduced office DBP by 3 mmHg. Thus, IHT and AET may be effective for lowering office BP in older adults with high normal to established hypertension.

Effects of Exercise Training on Mitochondrial and Capillary Growth in Human Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression.

Skeletal muscle mitochondria and capillaries are crucial for aerobic fitness, and suppressed levels are associated with chronic and age-related diseases. Currently, evidence-based exercise training recommendations to enhance these characteristics are limited. It is essential to explore how factors, such as fitness level, age, sex, and disease affect mitochondrial and capillary adaptations to different exercise stimuli. The main aim of this study was to compare the effects of low- or moderate intensity continuous endurance training (ET), high-intensity interval or continuous training (HIT), and sprint interval training (SIT) on changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and capillarization. Secondarily, the effects on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were investigated. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases, with no data restrictions, up to 2 February 2022. Exercise training intervention studies of ET, HIT, and SIT were included if they had baseline and follow-up measures of at least one marker of mitochondrial content or capillarization. In total, data from 5973 participants in 353 and 131 research articles were included for the mitochondrial and capillary quantitative synthesis of this review, respectively. Additionally, measures of VO2max, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type proportion were extracted from these studies. After adjusting for relevant covariates, such as training frequency, number of intervention weeks, and initial fitness level, percentage increases in mitochondrial content in response to exercise training increased to a similar extent with ET (23 ± 5%), HIT (27 ± 5%), and SIT (27 ± 7%) (P > 0.138), and were not influenced by age, sex, menopause, disease, or the amount of muscle mass engaged. Higher training frequencies (6 > 4 > 2 sessions/week) were associated with larger increases in mitochondrial content. Per total hour of exercise, SIT was ~ 2.3 times more efficient in increasing mitochondrial content than HIT and ~ 3.9 times more efficient than ET, while HIT was ~ 1.7 times more efficient than ET. Capillaries per fiber increased similarly with ET (15 ± 3%), HIT (13 ± 4%) and SIT (10 ± 11%) (P = 0.556) after adjustments for number of intervention weeks and initial fitness level. Capillaries per mm2 only increased after ET (13 ± 3%) and HIT (7 ± 4%), with increases being larger after ET compared with HIT and SIT (P < 0.05). This difference coincided with increases in fiber cross-sectional area after ET (6.5 ± 3.5%), HIT (8.9 ± 4.9%), and SIT (11.9 ± 15.1%). Gains in capillarization occurred primarily in the early stages of training (< 4weeks) and were only observed in untrained to moderately trained participants. The proportion of type I muscle fibers remained unaltered by exercise training (P > 0.116), but ET and SIT exhibited opposing effects (P = 0.041). VO2max increased similarly with ET, HIT, and SIT, although HIT showed a tendency for greater improvement compared with both ET and SIT (P = 0.082), while SIT displayed the largest increase per hour of exercise. Higher training frequencies (6 > 4 > 2 sessions/week) were associated with larger increases in VO2max. Women displayed greater percentage gains in VO2max compared with men (P = 0.008). Generally, lower initial fitness levels were associated with greater percentage improvements in mitochondrial content, capillarization, and VO2max. SIT was particularly effective in improving mitochondrial content and VO2max in the early stages of training, while ET and HIT showed slower but steady improvements over a greater number of training weeks. The magnitude of change in mitochondrial content, capillarization, and VO2max to exercise training is largely determined by the initial fitness level, with greater changes observed in individuals with lower initial fitness. The ability to adapt to exercise training is maintained throughout life, irrespective of sex and presence of disease. While training load (volume × intensity) is a suitable predictor of changes in mitochondrial content and VO2max, this relationship is less clear for capillary adaptations.