Effect Of Ethyl Acetate Fraction Research Articles

Deciphering the molecular pathway of an asiaticosiderich fraction of Centella asiatica as an anti-melanogenesis agent

Introduction: Melanin is a defense against UV radiation; however, it leads to significant cosmetic issues mainly melasma and hyperpigmentation. This study evaluated the potential effect of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of Centella asiatica extract in vitro inhibition activity against tyrosinase (TYR). Bioinformatics and in silico experiments were also employed to predict molecular pathways of asiaticoside, as the main active compound. Methods: Centella asiatica was extracted with ethanol and then fractionated with EtOAc. The fraction was tested in vitro for TYR inhibitory activity, and its active compounds were investigated using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). After obtaining the online database of the genes related to pigmentation and melanogenesis in the skin, the genes affected by asiaticoside were determined by the Venn diagram. The top 10 target proteins, underlying molecular pathways, got from CytoHubba, were further studied to figure out their molecular pathway. The molecular docking was conducted on two selected protein targets. Results: EtOAc fraction of C. asiatica extract demonstrated strong TYR inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 18.85 μg/mL. TLC profiling of the EtOAc fraction revealed the Rf value of 0.28 for the standard, Rf value of 0.26, 0.21, and 0.15 for the extract, and Rf value of 0.26 and 0.15 for the fraction. Asiaticoside inhibited melanogenesis by elaborating many molecular pathways involving keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblast, and endothelial cells by elaborating cytokine, growth factor, extracellular matrix, and melanin degradation enzyme Conclusion: Asiaticoside-rich C. asiatica fraction has the potential as an anti-melanogenesis agent through its TYR inhibitory activity and many molecular pathways.

Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Momordica Charantia L. Fruits Induce the Phagocytosis Activity and Capacity of Rat Peritoneal Macrophages

Phagocytosis is one of the body's immune mechanisms in the elimination of antigens, including bacteria. Its mechanism is affected by many factors, such as the inducers. The present study aims to elaborate on the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Momordica charantia L fruits on the activity and capacity of rat peritoneal macrophages on a non-A Staphylococcus aureus, including the white blood cell percentage. A series of M. charantia ethyl acetate extract concentrations of 25 mg/kg BW, 50 mg/kg BW, and 100 mg/kg BW were used to identify the phagocytosis activity and capacity, as well as the percentage of white blood cells (WBC). The result showed that the concentration of 50 mg/kg BW had the highest phagocytic activity and capacity compared to other concentrations (P < 0.05), while for the WBC percentage, there were no significant differences among the concentrations (P > 0.05). The conclusion of the present study is M. charantia ethyl acetate extract has the potential to be used as a natural immunostimulant.

Effects of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Mangifera haden Seeds on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats

The present study investigated the effects of ethyl acetate fraction of Mangifera haden seeds on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in wistar albino rats. The phytochemical compositions and acute toxicity studies of crude extract and Mangifera haden seed fraction were determined using standard methods. Albino rats (60) randomly grouped into twelve of five rats each were used for this study. Determination of total bilirubin and protein, lipid peroxidation, liver enzymes marker, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione, lipid profile analysis and histological examination were carried out using standard methods. Phytochemical constituents of crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Mangifera haden seed showed that they contain relative amount of flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, triterpenes, alkaloids and coumarins. Liver injury was induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at a dose of 1.0 ml/kg body weight of the animals. All the CCl4 intoxicated rats displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and reduction in high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. The administration of ethyl acetate fraction of Mangifera haden seeds significantly (P = 0.05) lowered the levels of serum TC, TAG, LDL, and increased HDL levels. The level of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly (P = 0.05) increased in the CCl4 group as compared to the normal and treated groups. The elevated level of serum MDA decreased (P = 0.05) significantly at the treatment of rats with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of ethyl acetate fraction. The rats treated with CCl4 produced significant (P = 0.05) increase in serum ALT, AST and ALP when compared to the normal group. Animals treated with varying doses of ethyl acetate fraction produced significant (P = 0.05) reduction of serum ALT, AST and ALP activities when compared to the CCl4-untreated group. The activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx) and glutathione concentration significantly (P = 0.05) decreased in CCl4­-untreated group compared to the normal group. The decreased activities of the antioxidant enzymes and glutathione concentration in CCl4 intoxicated rats were ameliorated/modulated more effectively in rats treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg ethyl acetate fraction of Mangifera haden seed. Total bilirubin (TB) concentrations significantly (P = 0.05) increased in CCl4-untreated group when compared to the normal group. Oral treatment of rats with varying doses (200, 400, 600 mg/kg) of ethyl acetate fraction caused a significant (P = 0.05) decrease in the serum TB levels. Administration of CCl4 showed a reduction in serum total proteins. Treatment of the animals with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of ethyl acetate fraction caused significant (P = 0.05) increase in serum total potein. Histological examination showed hepatoprotective properties of plant’s fractions. The compounds found in the different fractions (ethyl acetate and n-hexane) of Mangifera haden seeds are 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, (Z) –Oleic acid and so on. Therefore the medicinal importance of the plant is been established.

The Protective Effect of Ethyl Acetate Fraction and Bioactive Compounds of Mimosa pudica L. Leaves in Methylglyoxal-induced Glucotoxicity

Mimosa pudica L. has been used as a traditional medicine to treat leprosy, dysentery, burning sensation, asthma, inflammation, fatigue, and blood diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction and two compounds protocatechuic acid and syringic acid of Mimosa pudica L. against methylglyoxal (MGO)- induced glucotoxicity. The inhibitory effects of EtOAc fraction and two compounds of Mimosa pudica L. on glucotoxicity in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and inhibit Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation and also breaking effects on MGO-AGEs were measured. Our results demonstrated that EtOAc fraction and two bioactive compounds protocatechuic acid and syringic acid of Mimosa pudica L. leaves inhibit MGO-induced AGEs formation, and break down MGO-AGEs, resulting in the reduction of glucotoxicity. EtOAc fraction and two bioactive compounds protocatechuic acid and syringic acid are promised in effective in preventing or treating MGO-induced endothelial dysfunction.
 Keywords: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs); Methylglyoxal (MGO); Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); Mimosa pudica L.; ethyl acetate fraction; protocatechuic acid; syringic acid.
 
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Antioxidant Activity Test of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Beluntas Leaves (Pluchea indica L.) in White Male Rats Wistar Strain Induced Carbon Tetra Chloride

Beluntas leaves contain flavonoids which have antioxidant effects. The purpose of this research was to determine the flavonoid total content, the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of beluntas on Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, catalase enzyme activity, macroscopic pathology, histopathology description of white male rats wistar strain induced by CCl4 and of determining the best dose antioxidant. In this study, the in vivo tests used TBARS methods which consisted of six groups that are normal control, positive control (vitamin C 10 mg/kgBW), negative control (Na-CMC 1%), and treatment groups were given ethyl acetate fraction of beluntas leaves at doses 25 mg/kgBW, 50 mg/kgBW and 100 mg/kgBW. The total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction of beluntas leaves was 153 mgQE/g. The average results of MDA levels normal, positive, negative, doses fraction groups of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kgBW, respectively, were 1.155; 0.471; 1.892; 1.218; 0.826 and 0.512 nmol/mL. The average results of catalase enzyme activity of normal, positive, negative, doses fraction groups 25, 50, and 100 mg/kgBW, respectively, were 22.131; 40.489; 3.103; 14.145; 32.176, and 39.814 U/mL. The macroscopic and histopathology results show an improvement after being given the ethyl acetate fraction of beluntas leaves at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kgBW compared to the negative control. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of beluntas leaves reduce MDA levels and increases catalase enzyme activity. Ethyl acetate fraction of beluntas leaves at 100 mg/kgBW had the most potent antioxidant activity compared to doses of 25 and 50 mg/kgBB which were shown by Duncan’s statistical analysis that there was no significant difference with positive control.

Evaluation of anti-atherosclerotic potential of Tinospora cordifolia in high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis with associated changes in histological and biochemical parameters on Wistar rats

BackgroundAtherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Atherosclerosis starts with fatty streak which is an accumulation of lipid-laden foam cells in the intimal layer of the artery. Atherosclerosis is a major cause of vascular disease globally. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem possesses hypolipidemic and thrombolytic activity that might be effective in Atherosclerosis. Hence the present study is to determine the anti-atherosclerotic effect of ethyl acetate fraction of stem of Tinospora cordifolia (EATC) in the high-fat diet-induced atherosclerotic model on Wistar rats. Atherosclerosis was induced in male Wistar rats by high-fat diet (cholesterol, cholic acid, Propylthiouracil and salad oil) for 60 days. After completion of induction oral administration of EATC (100, 200 mg/kg) and Atorvastatin (10 mg/ kg) were given to animals for next 20 days. The success of the model was determined by histological and biochemical parameters at 80 days.ResultsEATC was able to significant decreased the raised serum level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, Low Density Lipoprotein, V Low Density Lipoprotein and significant increased the serum High Density Lipoprotein level as compared to the diseased control group. EATC exhibited less damage to the endothelial lining of the aorta and showed significant protective effect by lowering the deposition of cholesterol thereby increasing the lumen size compared to the diseased control group.ConclusionThe present study reveals that Tinospora cordifolia could be a potential source of drug in treatment of Atherosclerosis.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ripe Areca Nut Ethyl Acetate Fraction in Wistar Rats with Knee Joints Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. Meloxicam are one of NSAIDs commonly used that have many side effects. Areca nut (Areca catechu L), which contains flavonoids, can provide anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to determine the potential anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate fraction from ripe areca nut in OA rat model. Twenty five of adults, male Rattus novergicus strain Wistar were induced to OA with Monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA), then divided into five groups that each group were given ethyl acetate fraction of ripe areca nut doses of 15mg/kgBW, 30mg/kgBW, and 60mg/kgBW, meloxicam 1.35mg/kgBW and aquadest as negative control for 14 days. Diameter of the knee joint is measured by digital metric kaliper to assess joint edema. The Histopathological examination with Haematoxyllin-Eosin stain to assess degree of inflammation on synovial. Among the areca groups, dose 30mg/kgBW had knee joint diameter reduced better and lower synovitis score. In conclusion, ethyl acetate fraction of the ripe areca nut group has anti inflammation effect in OA model but not dose-dependent.

Antibacterial effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Medicago Sativa on Escherichia Coli in urinary tract infections

Background: One of the most dominant bacterial infections is urinary tract infection (UTI), both in the community and in the hospital settings Since drug resistance become one of the predominant problems of health worldwide, it is necessary to use new methods to overcome drug-resistant bacteria. In this regard, medicinal plants (Medicago sativa ) are considered one of the richest sources to produce antibiotics.
 Aim of the study: evaluate the antibacterial effect of the fraction of ethyl acetate of Medicago Sativa extract against Escherichia Coli isolated from urine samples of patients with urinary tract infections.
 Material and methods: throughout this study 85 urine samples were taken from patients attending one of the hospitals in Iraq's Medical City complex, the study was conducted between December 2021 and May 2022, Semi-quantitative culture techniques were used to culture the urine samples, and conventional microbiological methods were used to identify the bacteria. the Kirby-Bauer Disk diffusion method was used for testing antibiotic susceptibility. The antibacterial effect of Medicago Sativa was tested by preparing Medicago sativa crude extract in 85 percent ethanol in the soxhlet apparatus. The extract is then fractionated into ethyl acetate fraction, then the effectiveness against uropathogenic E. coli was tested at various concentrations (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 75 mg/ml).
 Result: 60% of the population was female compared to 40% of the male in UTI patients with E.coli. Concerning age, the majority of study participants (20–39 years) were under 40 years old (56.7%), and all isolates show complete meropenem sensitivity. The extracts from Medicago Sativa showed significant antibacterial activity against E.Coli.
 Conclusion: Medicago sativa extracts have excellent potential as an antibacterial agent against uropathogenic E. coli, according to the current investigation findings.
 Keywords: Escherichia coli, Ethyl acetate fraction, Medicago sativa extract, UTIs

Synergistic Antibacterial Effect of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Vernonia amygdalina Delile Leaves with Tetracycline against Clinical Isolate Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Multidrug-resistant bacteria have raised global concern about the inability to fight deadly infectious diseases. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most common resistant bacteria that are causing hospital infections. The present study was undertaken to investigate the synergistic antibacterial effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of Vernonia amygdalina Delile leaves (EAFVA) with tetracycline against the clinical isolates MRSA and P. aeruginosa. Microdilution was used to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). A checkerboard assay was conducted for the interaction effect. Bacteriolysis, staphyloxanthin, and a swarming motility assay were also investigated. EAFVA exhibited antibacterial activity against MRSA and P. aeruginosa with a MIC value of 125 μg/mL. Tetracycline showed antibacterial activity against MRSA and P. aeruginosa with MIC values of 15.62 and 31.25 μg/mL, respectively. The interaction between EAFVA and tetracycline showed a synergistic effect against MRSA and P. aeruginosa with a Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) of 0.375 and 0.31, respectively. The combination of EAFVA and tetracycline induced the alteration of MRSA and P. aeruginosa, leading to cell death. Moreover, EAFVA also inhibited the quorum sensing system in MRSA and P. aeruginosa. The results revealed that EAFVA enhanced the antibacterial activity of tetracycline against MRSA and P. aeruginosa. This extract also regulated the quorum sensing system in the tested bacteria.

Wound healing properties of a new formulated flavonoid-rich fraction from Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. leaves extract.

Background: Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. (D. viscosa) belongs to the family of Sapindaceae, commonly known as "Sinatha," and is used as a traditional medicine for treating wounds due to its high flavonoids content. However, to date there is no experimental evidence on its flavonoid-rich fraction of D. viscosa formulation as an agent for healing wounds. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the wound healing effect of ethyl acetate fraction of D. viscosa leaves on dermal wounds. Methods: The ethyl acetate fraction was produced from a water-ethanol extract of D. viscosa leaves and was quantitatively evaluated using the HPLC technique. The in-vivo wound healing ability of the ethyl acetate fraction of D. viscosa ointment (DVFO, 2.5%w/w and 5%w/w) was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats utilizing an incision and excision paradigm with povidone-iodine ointment (5% w/w) as a control. The percentage of wound closure, hydroxyproline and hexosamine concentrations, tensile strength and epithelialization duration were measured. Subsequently, histopathology analysis of skin samples as well as western blots were performed for collagen type 3 (COL3A1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of D. viscosa revealed flavonoids with high concentrations of quercetin (6.46% w/w) and kaempferol (0.132% w/w). Compared to the control group, the DVFO (2.5% and 5.0% w/w) significantly accelerated wound healing in both models, as demonstrated by quicker wound contraction, epithelialization, elevated hydroxyproline levels and increased tensile strength. Histopathological investigations also revealed that DVFO treatment improved wound healing by re-epithelialization, collagen formation and vascularization of damaged skin samples. Western blot analysis further demonstrated an up-regulation of COL3A, vascular endothelial growth factor and bFGF protein in wound granulation tissue of the DVFO-treated group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: It is concluded that flavonoid-rich D. viscosa ethyl acetate fraction promotes wound healing by up-regulating the expressions of COL3A, VEGF and bFGF protein in wound granulation tissue. However, extensive clinical and pre-clinical research on the flavonoid-rich fraction of D. viscosa is needed to determine its significant impact in the healing of human wounds.

Ethyl acetate fraction of Tamarindus indica leaf ameliorates aluminium chloride induced neural damage in neonatal Wistar rats

BackgroundTamarindus indica (TI) extract is known to possess important phytochemical composition. The study aimed to assess the effects of ethyl acetate fraction of TI leaves (EATI) on memory and learning, traced element and brain sialic acid levels, and hippocampal Nissl substance expression following prenatal (PN) AlCl3 exposure in Wistar rat pups. MethodsPregnant rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 4); Group I received distilled water (negative control), Group II-V were experimental groups treated with 200 mg/kg of AlCl3. Group II (positive control), Groups III, and IV received 400 mg kg−1 and 800 mg kg−1 of EATI, respectively, and Group V received 300 mg kg−1 of Vitamin E (comparatively control) for 2 weeks (PN day 7–21). On postnatal (PoN) day 19, male pups were subjected to novel object recognition test (n = 5). Some pups were euthanized on PoN days 7 and 21; and samples were collected for quantification of trace element (n = 5), brain sialic acid concentration (n = 5), and Nissl staining using cresyl fast (n = 3). ResultsThe results of the trace elements quantification on PoN days 7 and 21 revealed significantly lower mean copper, zinc, and iron, and significantly higher calcium level in the group treated with 400 and 800 mg kg−1 of EATI when compared with the positive control group. EATI at a dose of 800 mg kg−1 showed improvement in memory and increased brain sialic acid. EATI 400 mg kg−1 increased only free sialic acid and had no effect on memory. Improvement in Nissl staining was observed in the EATI treated group on PoN day 7 and 21. ConclusionThe administration of EATI ameliorated AlCl3-induced neural toxicity.

Antioxidants and cardioprotective effects of ethyl acetate fraction of Canavalia rosea leaves in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Different degrees in the biological activities of Canavalia rosea had been previously reported . In this study, our group assessed the cardioprotective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction (EAcF) of the Canavalia rosea leaves. Firstly, it was confirmed, by in vitro approach, that the EAcF has high antioxidant properties due to the presence of important secondary metabolites, as flavonoids. In order to explore their potential protector against cardiovascular disorders, hearts were previously perfused with EAcF (300 μg.mL-1) and submitted to the global ischemia followed by reperfusion in Langendorff system. The present findings have demonstrated that EAcF restored the left ventricular developed pressure and decreased the arrhythmias severity index. Furthermore, EAcF significantly increased the glutathiones peroxidase activity with decreased malondialdehyde and creatine kinase levels. EAcF was effective upon neither the superoxide dismutase, glutationes reductase nor the catalase activities. In addition, the Western blot analysis revealed that ischemia-reperfusion injury significantly upregulates caspase 3 protein expression, while EAcF abolishes this effect. These results provide evidence that the EAcF reestablishes the cardiac contractility and prevents arrhythmias; it is suggested that EAcF could be used to reduce injury caused by cardiac reperfusion. However more clinical studies should be performed, before applying it in the clinic.

Immunohistochemical Effects of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Lycopersicum Esculentus on the Kidney in Experimentally Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) as a leading cause of end-stage renal failure which has become source of concern recently. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EAFL on the histomorphology and evaluate its effect on inflammatory markers in Streptozotocin- Induced diabetic Wistar rats. This study was conducted using thirty male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into five groups of 6 rats each (n=6). Group A was the control animals ( administered with 20 ml/kg/day of citrate buffer orally (p.o) stat for 4 weeks. Group B was induced with 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin in citrate buffer intraperitoneally stat and observe for four weeks without treatment. Group C,D and E were the test groups that received 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin in citrate buffer intraperitoneally stat and 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg/day of EAFL respectively for four weeks after induction of diabetes. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed reduction in serum insulin levels in diabetic groups which was reversed to normal when the intervening agent (EAFL) was administered. The histology of the kidneys showed distortion in renal corpuscles which was reversed when EAFL was administered. The immunohistochemistry of kidney tissues in the normal group (A) showed areas of Ag-Ab immunological reactivity, however, there was no reactivity in the diabetic groups. The study concluded that EAFL has anti glycemic and anti inflammatory effect on the kidneys of Streptozotocininduced diabetic Wistar rats.

Leaves of Cedrela sinensis Attenuate Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depression-like Behavior via Regulation of Hormonal and Inflammatory Imbalance.

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of ethyl acetate fraction from Cedrela sinensis (EFCS) against chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced behavioral dysfunction and stress response in C57BL/6 mice. The physiological compounds of EFCS were identified as rutin, isoquercitrin, ethyl gallate, quercitrin, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, and ethyl digallate, using UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of EFCS, H2O2- and corticosterone-induced neuronal cell viability was conducted in human neuroblastoma MC-IXC cells. It was found that EFCS alleviated depression-like behavior by conducting the sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FST), open field test (OFT), and tail suspension test (TST). EFCS inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction related to neuronal energy metabolism by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP contents in brain tissue. In addition, the administration of EFCS regulated the stress hormones in serum. EFCS regulated stress-related indicators such as CRF, ACTH, CYP11B1, and BDNF. Moreover, EFCS downregulated the inflammatory responses and apoptosis proteins such as caspase-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, p-JNK, BAX, and p-tau in brain tissues. These results suggest that EFCS might be a potential natural plant material that alleviates CUMS-induced behavior disorder by regulating inflammation in brain tissue against CUMS-induced depression.

Antidiabetic and Renoprotective Effects of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Mimosa pudica Linn. Leaves Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

Background: Traditional medicine has used Mimosa pudica Linn. for diabetes treatment. This study evaluates the antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of M. pudica leaves on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. Methods: The cold maceration method was used to extract M. pudica leaves with 80% ethanol at room temperature. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction was obtained from the M. pudica leaves extract by successively partitioning with different solvents. Mice were induced diabetes type 2 by streptozotocin (STZ) at a low dose and treated with EtOAc fraction of M. pudica leaves at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg b.w for 60 days. After 24 hours of the final dose of therapy, the mice were sacrificed to extract blood and kidney tissues for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results: The EtOAc fraction of M. pudica leaves showed strong activity in improving glucose concentration in the oral glucose tolerance test. Our results showed that EtOAc fraction significantly decreased levels of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) and increased the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and protected kidneys against damage in mice. EtOAc fraction also increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in kidney tissues. Moreover, the renoprotective effect was also observed in the histopathological analysis. Conclusion: Our findings support the fact that the EtOAc fraction of M. pudica leaves has potent anti-diabetic nephropathy activity by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and improving antioxidant levels.

Protective Effect of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Domestic Walnut (Juglans regia) against PM2.5-induced Inflammation and Apoptosis

Jong Hyun Moon, Tae Yoon Kim, Uk Lee, Jong Min Kim, Hyo Lim Lee, Min Ji Kim, Hye Rin Jeong, Min Ji Go, Seung Gyum Joo, and Ho Jin Heo. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2022;51:997-1006. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2022.51.9.997

Effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Costus afer on glycaemic control and essential haematological and biochemical indices of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a common global cause of sudden unpredictable death if undiagnosed and untreated. Costus afer (Costaceae) is a tropical plant with quite a lot of pharmacological properties. This study investigated the prophylactic and antidiabetic properties of ethyl acetate fraction of C. afer in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Acute toxicity (LD50) test was done using Lorke’s method. Haematological indices were determined using haematology autoanalyser. The biochemical assays were done using standard diagnostic methods. Results: The lethal dose was 3807.9 mg/kg. There was a significant reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in the fasting blood glucose concentration from week one to week four in the group that was pre-treated and later post-treated with 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the ethyl acetate fraction of C. afer leaves compared with the untreated diabetic control. The result of the hematological parameters revealed a significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the hemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), and platelet count of the group pretreated and treated with 200 mg/kg of the fraction compared with the untreated diabetic control. The result of the biochemical assays revealed a far much better recovery from the disruptions caused by the induction of experimental diabetes as seen in the groups that were initially pretreated with 100 and 200 mg/kg before the induction of diabetes compared with the groups treated with the same dose but without pretreatment. Conclusion: C. afer might be used for the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus. Its safety is evidenced by its effects on the hematological and biochemical indices.

The effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Marsilea crenata presl. leaves in increasing osterix expression in hFOB 1.19 cells

Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves contain phytoestrogens that is suspected to play a role in increasing bone formation. Bone formation activity is defined by the expression of Osterix, a transcription factor that plays a key role in bone development. The aim of this study is to show that the ethyl acetate fraction of Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves can increase bone formation process in hFOB 1.19 cells in a TNF-α dependent manner, by measurement of Osterix. The hFOB 1.19 cells were grown in 24-well microplates and treated with 10 ng/ml TNF-α for 24 hours. The ethyl acetate fraction of Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves were also added in concentrations of 62.5, 125, and 250 ppm. A positive control was employed, at a concentration of 2.5 g/L of genistein. The expression of osterix was examined using an immunocytochemistry technique with CLSM to assess bone forming activity. The results show that ethyl acetate fraction Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves can boost osterix expression in hFOB 1.19 cells, with optimal concentration was 250 ppm at p&lt;0.005. The ethyl acetate fraction of Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves can increase Osterix in osteoblast hFOB 1.19 cell, indicating improved bone forming activity.

Effect of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Eucommia ulmoides Leaves on PM2.5-Induced Inflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction.

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the ethyl acetate from Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EFEL) on PM2.5-induced cognitive impairment in BALB/c mice. EFEL improved PM2.5-induced cognitive decline by improving spontaneous alternative behavioral and long-term memory ability. EFEL increased ferric reducing activity power (FRAP) in serum. In addition, EFEL increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and inhibited the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung and brain tissues. EFEL also restored the mitochondrial function by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) level, and ATP level in lung and brain tissues. EFEL ameliorated the cholinergic system by regulating the acetylcholine (ACh) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain tissue and the expression of AChE and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the whole brain and hippocampal tissues. EFEL reduced PM2.5-induced excessive expression of inflammatory protein related to the lung, whole brain, olfactory bulb, and hippocampus. Physiological compounds of EFEL were identified as 5-O-caffeolyquinic acid, rutin, quercetin, and quercetin glycosides. As a result, EFEL has anti-inflammation and anti-amnesic effect on PM2.5-induced cognitive impairment by regulating the inflammation and inhibiting the lung and brain tissue dysfunction, and its effect is considered to be due to the physiological compounds of EFEL.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of a standardized fraction of Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton and its possible mechanism of action in mice.

Objective:This study was conducted to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Oenothera rosea (EAOr) and the mechanism involved, in mice.Materials and Methods:The antinociceptive activity was tested using chemical- and heat-induced nociception models. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using carrageenan-induced edema and inflammatory cytokines were measured.Results:EAOr reduced the licking time on the second phase of the formalin test (100 and 177 mg/kg). The antinociception of EAOr was prevented by L-NAME (10 mg/kg), 1H-[1, 2, 4]-oxadiazolo [4, 3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 0.1 mg/kg), glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) and bicuculline (1 mg/kg), but not by naloxone (2 mg/kg). Also, EAOr decreased licking time in capsaicin induced-nociception. EAOr did not have effect on withdrawal latency in tail-flick test. Carrageenan-induced paw edema was reduced by EAOr, and TNF-α and IL-1β levels were reduced in mice treated with EAOr by 72.2 and 32.8%, respectively. Furthermore, EAOr did not present side effects as sedation nor gastric injury. Chemical analysis of this fraction showed the presence of glycosylated quercetin derivatives such as quercetin glucoside and quercetin rhamnoside in a 2.5% concentration.Conclusion:This study demonstrates antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of an organic fraction of O. rosea and its possible interaction with the NO-cGMP-K+ channels and GABAergic system and thus, it could be considered a therapeutic alternative.