Effect Of Ethanol Application Research Articles

Ethanol treatment enhances drought stress avoidance in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz).

External application of ethanol enhances tolerance to high salinity, drought, and heat stress in various plant species. However, the effects of ethanol application on increased drought tolerance in woody plants, such as the tropical crop "cassava," remain unknown. In the present study, we analyzed the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of cassava plants subjected to ethanol pretreatment and subsequent drought stress treatment. Ethanol pretreatment induced a slight accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and stomatal closure, resulting in a reduced transpiration rate, higher water content in the leaves during drought stress treatment and the starch accumulation in leaves. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that ethanol pretreatment upregulated the expression of ABA signaling-related genes, such as PP2Cs and AITRs, andstress response and protein-folding-related genes, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs). In addition, the upregulation of drought-inducible genes during drought treatment was delayed in ethanol-pretreated plants compared with that in water-pretreated control plants. These results suggest that ethanol pretreatment induces stomatal closure through activation of the ABA signaling pathway, protein folding-related response by activating the HSP/chaperone network and the changes in sugar and starch metabolism, resulting in increased drought avoidance in plants.

Moderate ethanol drinking is sufficient to alter Ventral Tegmental Area dopamine neurons activity via functional and structural remodeling of GABAergic transmission

Earlier studies have shown a major involvement of Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons in mediating the rewarding effects of ethanol (EtOH). Much less is known on the role of this system in mediating the transition from moderate to excessive drinking and abuse. Here we sought to explore the hypothesis that early stage drinking in rodents, resembling recreational EtOH use in humans, is sufficient to dysregulate VTA DA transmission thus increasing the propensity to use over time. To this purpose, midbrain slice recordings in mice previously exposed to an escalating (3, 6 and 12%) 18-day voluntary EtOH drinking paradigm was used. By recording from DA and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) VTA neurons in midbrain slices, we found that moderate EtOH drinking leads to a significant suppression of the spontaneous activity of VTA DA neurons, while increasing their response to acute EtOH application. We also found that chronic EtOH leads to the enhancement of GABA input frequency onto a subset of DA neurons. Structurally, chronic EtOH induced a significant increase in the number of GABA axonal boutons contacting DA neurons, suggesting deep rewiring of the GABA network. This scenario is consistent with a downmodulation of the reward DA system induced by moderate EtOH drinking, a neurochemical state defined as “hypodopaminergic” and previously associated with advanced stages of drug use in humans. In this context, increased sensitivity of DA neurons towards acute EtOH may represent the neurophysiological correlate of increased unitary rewarding value, possibly driving progression to addiction.

Strain-Dependent Effects of Acute Alcohol on Synaptic Vesicle Recycling and Post-Tetanic Potentiation in Medial Glutamate Inputs to the Mouse Basolateral Amygdala.

Inbred mouse strains are differentially sensitive to the acute effects of ethanol (EtOH) and are useful tools for examining how unique genomes differentially affect alcohol-related behaviors and physiology. DBA/2J mice have been shown to be sensitive to the acute anxiolytic effects of alcohol as well as the anxiogenic effects of withdrawal from chronic alcohol exposure, while B6 mice are resistant to both. Considering that the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is an important brain region for the acute and chronic effects of EtOH on fear and anxiety related behaviors, we hypothesized that there would be strain-dependent differences in the acute effects of EtOH in BLA slices. We utilized patch clamp electrophysiology in BLA coronal slices from 4 inbred mouse strains (A/J, BALBcJ, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2J) to examine how genetic background influences acute EtOH effects on synaptic vesicle recycling and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) in response to low (2Hz)- and high (40Hz)-frequency stimulation. We found that EtOH inhibited synaptic vesicle recycling in a strain- and stimulation frequency-dependent manner. Vesicle recycling in DBA/2J and BALBcJ cells was inhibited by acute EtOH during both low- and high-frequency stimulation, while recycling measured from A/J cells was sensitive only during high-frequency stimulation. Recycling at C57BL/6J synapses was insensitive to EtOH regardless of stimulation frequency. We additionally found that cells from DBA/2J and BALBcJ mice were sensitive to EtOH-mediated inhibition of PTP. Acute EtOH application inhibited vesicle recycling and PTP at glutamatergic synapses in both a strain- and frequency-dependent fashion. Several presynaptic proteins that contribute to synaptic vesicle priming in addition to PTP have been implicated in alcohol-related behaviors, including Munc13, Munc18, and RIM proteins, making them potential candidates for the molecular mechanism controlling these effects.

Long-term effect of ethanol on the bond strength of fiber-glass posts to root dentin

Objective: To evaluate the long-term effect of ethanol (EtOH) application on the bond strength of adhesive systems used in post luting to root dentin. Methods: Bovine roots (n=40) had their root channel prepared for post luting and were etched with 37% phosphoric acid (15 s). Specimens were distributed according to adhesive system and EtOH application. Control groups received only the application of adhesives Adper ScothBond Multi-Purpose Plus (ASb), ou Adper Single Bond (SB). Experimental groups received previous EtOH application for 1 minute (EtOH+ASb and EtOH+SB groups). After fiber glass post luting, specimens were stored for 24 h, or 12 months, and later subjected to push-out test (n=5). Data were analyzed by three-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α 0.05). After 12 months, it was observed significant statistically reduction of adhesive resistance (p 0.05). Conclusion: EtOH pre-treatment contributes to maintain the long-term bond strength, when water and ethanol-based adhesive system is used.

Effect of ethanol application on post‐luting to intraradicular dentine

To examine the effect of the application of an ethanol rinse before luting fibre posts to intraradicular dentine with etch-and-rinse adhesive systems by means of push-out bond strength evaluation and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. Fibre posts were luted to single-canal premolars using Dual Link as a luting agent in combination with a three-step (All Bond 2) or a two-step (One Step Plus) etch-and-rinse adhesive system, which were applied as per manufacturers' instructions (control) or with the additional rinse of ethanol on acid-etched dentine prior to the bonding procedures (experimental). Bonded specimens were sectioned into 1-mm-thick slabs and subjected to push-out bond strength testing. In addition, specimens from each group were processed for SEM analysis. Data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's post hoc test at P = 0.05. Push-out bond strength of All Bond 2 was significantly increased if the adhesive was applied on ethanol-saturated dentine (P < 0.05), whilst no significant difference (P > 0.05) was detected amongst experimental and control groups for One Step Plus. Irrespective of the adhesive, the SEM analysis revealed good impregnation patterns when both bonding techniques were employed. The use of the additional ethanol rinse on acid-etched dentine revealed higher bond strength of All Bond 2 when compared with the control application procedure, used in combination with a resin-based cement to lute fibre posts into the dowel space. However, no bond strength improvements were detected using One Step Plus. Further investigations are needed to develop a clinically applicable ethanol/bonding/luting technique.

Acute effect of ethanol on firing patterns of Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellar slice preparation.

This study examined the acute effects of ethanol (EtOH) on the firing patterns of Purkinje cells (PCs) using an intracellular recording in slice preparation of rat cerebellum. The experiments were performed in sagittal cerebellar slices (400 micrometer) of adult Sprague-Dawley rats (80-100g). Ethanol was applied by a bath superfusion with a known concentration expressed as the percentage of solution by volume (v/v) at 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4%. The result of the Chi-square test illustrated that the firing patterns were altered significantly after EtOH (p=0.007). However, the firing patterns that were altered by EtOH application were not affected by EtOH concentration (p= 0.1296). Among the 54 PCs tested, 30 PCs did not display any spontaneous firing activity and 24 PCs displayed spontaneous spike activity, either spiking in the simple manner (n=14) or cyclicly oscillating (n=10). In the presence of EtOH, 31 PCs were quiet, 22 PCs exhibited simple spiking activity and 1 PC continued to oscillate. Most PCs that displayed spontaneous activity before EtOH application progressively slowed their spike activity after EtOH superfusion. Especially, it was evident that 9 out of 10 oscillating PCs stopped their regular cyclic activity. In addition, 9 out of 14 PCs that displayed simple spike activity ceased to fire after EtOH application. Eleven out of 30 quiet PCs began to fire irregularly after EtOH application and this phenomenon usually occurred with membrane depolarization. EtOH induced spontaneous activity in 36.7% (11/30) of the quiescent PCs. In conclusion, there was differential EtOH sensitivity in the vitro slice preparation. EtOH depressed the endogenously generated spontaneous activity, especially the oscillatory firing activity. In contrast, the silent PCs were excited after EtOH application. Since this differential sensitivity persists in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), it is suggested that this differential sensitivity is peculiar to the PCs.

Effects of ethanol on striatal dopamine overflow and clearance: An in vivo electrochemical study

Previous studies have shown that the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is implicated in the reinforcing effects of ethanol and other abused drugs. Ethanol also alters DA overflow and uptake in vivo. Further studies of the role of DA in the behavioral and neurochemical effects of ethanol may help explain the pharmacological mechanisms by which these effects are produced. In these studies we used in vivo electrochemical recordings to investigate the effects of ethanol (EtOH) on the dynamics of evoked DA overflow and DA uptake in rat dorsal striatum. Local applications of EtOH from a multibarrel micropipette did not produce detectable changes in extracellular levels of endogenous DA in the dorsal striatum. EtOH application did attenuate potassium (K +)-evoked overflow of DA in a time-dependent fashion. In contrast, tyramine-induced DA overflow, a calcium-independent process thought to be carrier mediated, was not altered by local EtOH application in the dorsal striatum. Striatal uptake of locally applied exogenous DA was decreased by nomifensine, an effect that was attenuated by locally applied EtOH. Taken together, these data suggest that one of the effects of EtOH on DA-containing nerve endings in the rat striatum involves functional changes in the high-affinity DA transporter associated with these nerve endings.