Effects Of Electromagnetic Fields Research Articles

Weakly negative permittivity from three-dimensional printed polydimethylsiloxane/graphene films in the radio frequency band

Epsilon-negative materials (ENMs) has become a research hotspot due to their unique physical properties and practical applications in fields such as directional radiation and tunneling effects. In this work, weakly negative permittivity (from -50 at 10 kHz to -25 at 1 MHz) was realized from three-dimensional printed polydimethylsiloxane/graphene films. The dielectric properties including complex permittivity (ε', ε″), complex impedance (Z', Z″), alternating current conductivity (σac), and dielectric loss tangent (tanδ) were investigated. When graphene content reached 15 wt%, the interconnected graphene network was formed, resulting in negative permittivity. Theory calculations were further used to explore the mechanism. The electrons around carbon atoms showed significant delocalization. With the effect of the external electromagnetic field, the electrons on the surface of graphene could easily oscillate collectively, leading to negative permittivity. Differential charge density exhibited that interfacial electric fields were formed between polydimethylsiloxane and graphene, enhancing positive permittivity. Therefore, when the graphene content reached 15 wt%, the film exhibited weakly negative permittivity, which was the result of the mutual balance between the graphene conductive network and the interface electric fields.

Effects of Electromagnetic Field on Microstructure and Properties of Ni‐ Based Coatings Reinforced by WC in‐Situ

The in situ WC‐reinforced Ni60 laser cladding layer‐assisted electromagnetic field is prepared on the H13 steel surface. The microstructure and phase of the cladding layer are analyzed by scanning electron microscope, energy disperse spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffractometry, the hardness and wear resistance of the coating are tested by microhardness tester and ring‐block friction and wear tester. The results indicate that more WC particles are generated with the increase in the magnetic field strength and current value, and many uniformly distributed eutectic carbides are formed in the coating, which makes the structure more uniform and dense. The average microhardness of the coating reaches 786.5HV when the electromagnetic intensity is 20 mT‐9 A, and the wear amount after 90 min is 35.2 mg, which is 65.7% of the nonelectromagnetic‐assisted WC/Ni60 coating and only 28.6% of the substrate, the wear resistance is obviously improved. The change in the structure and the improvement in microhardness and wear resistance are the result of the combined action of the directional Lorentz force generated by the electric field and the inductive Lorentz force generated by the magnetic field.

Microstructure and properties of TiC ceramic powder on a cobalt-based alloy obtained via electromagnetic-assisted laser metal deposition

The crack sensitivity of laser metal ceramic deposition is an important factor restricting its development. In this paper, a TiC-reinforced cobalt-based alloy was deposited on 300M steel using electromagnetic-assisted laser metal deposition technology. The electromagnetic composite effect on the microstructure, mechanical properties, magnetic properties, wear resistance and crack sensitivity of the laser metal deposition layer was discussed. Under the action of an electromagnetic field, the size of the TiC decreased by 54.6% compared with that of the deposited layer without an electromagnetic field. The effect of the electromagnetic composite field can reach the bottom of the molten pool, thus refining the grain size at the bottom of the coating. This resulted in a 22% increase in the hardness of the deposition layer. The electromagnetic field effect reduces the elastic modulus of the deposition layer, thus improving the mechanical properties of the coatings. In addition, compared with that of the deposition layer without an external field, the wear of the deposition layer with an electromagnetic force is obviously reduced. With increasing electromagnetic parameters, the wear resistance of the deposit increased gradually, and the thermal expansion coefficient decreased significantly, which played an important role in improving the crack resistance and comprehensive properties of the deposition layer under extreme working conditions.

Electromagnetic Coupling Field Effect on Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Laser-Clad 304 Stainless Steel

Electromagnetic Coupling Field Effect on Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Laser-Clad 304 Stainless Steel

Application of transcranial magnetotherapy in the treatment of glaucoma

The term "glaucoma" unites a large group of eye diseases with a characteristic pathogenesis and clinical picture, but different aetiology. Modern classifications group the different forms of glaucoma according to origin, age of the patient, mechanism of intraocular pressure increase and its level, degree of optic disc damage and course of the disease. The disease is a significant medical and social problem, as it affects large population groups worldwide and is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Every year the number of glaucoma patients of working age increases, and the presence of concomitant diseases in patients complements and complicates the clinical picture and course of the main pathological process. To date, high therapeutic effectiveness of electromagnetic fields in glaucoma treatment has been determined and proved, specific methods of procedures have been developed, and the list of indications for their prescription is expanding. The purpose of the review is to present the possibilities of using transcranial magnetic therapy in the treatment of glaucoma. The authors, based on available scientific data and their own clinical observations, summarizes information regarding the use of transcranial magnetic therapy for glaucoma. Indications and contraindications for transcranial magnetic therapy are outlined. The principles of prescribing various methods of transcranial magnetic therapy are covered in detail. The characteristics of the equipment used for transcranial magnetic therapy procedures are given. In general, physical therapeutic factors play an important role in the overall complex of therapeutic and preventive measures in the treatment of eye diseases. As methods of external influence they have a direct impact on etiological and pathogenetic mechanisms, as well as on the symptoms of the disease.

Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on bone fractures: a systematic review update.

Fractures are common bone injuries, which have a great burden on global health. Fracture healing is a long-term process that may be influenced by a number of factors. The 10-15% of all bone fractures may be complicated by an impaired healing (i.e. delayed union or non-union). The application of weak electromagnetic fields has been proposed to have different effects on bones such as enhancing proliferation - orientation - migration of osteoblast-like cells and supporting osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Despite the amount of evidence on cellular and histological effects, to date the application of pulsed electromagnetic fields has not achieved univocal consensus in daily practice. The purpose of this systematic review update is to research, select, analyze and summarize the most recent scientific evidence regarding the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of acute bone fractures. A systematic review using the following MeSH terms (Magnetic Field Therapy; Electromagnetic Fields; Bone and Bones; Fractures, Bone; Fractures Healing) and strings {("Magnetic Field Therapy [mh]" OR "Electromagnetic Fields [mh]) OR "magnetotherapy" OR "pulsed electromagnetic field") and ("Fractures, bone [mh]" OR "Bone and Bones [mh]") and ("Fractures Healing [mh]")} was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos and Scopus electronic databases. Only full articles published in English between January 2014 and December 2022 were considered. Eligibility criteria were defined according to the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) design framework. Case reports, case series, uncontrolled studies and expert opinions were excluded. All articles were checked for quality and risk of bias. Three randomized controlled trials were included (197 patients in total). None of the studies found significant effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the acute bone healing process. Contradictory results about pain relief emerged. Only one study showed a transitory positive effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on strength and range of motion recovery in patients with acute bone fracture. This systematic review update does not support the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields for improving the bone healing process in patients with acute fractures. Controversial evidence was found about the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on pain and functional recovery. Considering the scant and heterogenous literature published to date, which represents a limit for our conclusion, further studies with rigorous and high-quality methodology are needed.

Effects of 4G Long-Term Evolution Electromagnetic Fields on Thyroid Hormone Dysfunction and Behavioral Changes in Adolescent Male Mice.

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) can penetrate tissues and potentially influence endocrine and brain development. Despite increased mobile phone use among children and adolescents, the long-term effects of RF-EMF exposure on brain and endocrine development remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of long-term evolution band (LTE) EMF exposure on thyroid hormone levels, crucial for metabolism, growth, and development. Four-week-old male mice (C57BL/6) were exposed to LTE EMF (whole-body average specific absorption rate [SAR] 4 W/kg) or a positive control (lead; Pb, 300 ppm in drinking water) for 4 weeks. Subsequently, the mice underwent behavioral tests including open field, marble burying, and nest building. Blood pituitary and thyroid hormone levels, and thyroid hormone-regulating genes within the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were analyzed. LTE exposure increased T3 levels, while Pb exposure elevated T3 and T4 and decreased ACTH levels. The LTE EMF group showed no gene expression alterations in the thyroid and pituitary glands, but hypothalamic Dio2 and Dio3 expressions were significantly reduced compared to that in the sham-exposed group. Pb exposure altered the hypothalamic mRNA levels of Oatp1c1 and Trh, pituitary mRNA of Trhr, and Tpo and Tg expression in the thyroid. In conclusion, LTE EMF exposure altered hypothalamic Dio2 and Dio3 expression, potentially impacting the HPT axis function. Further research is needed to explore RF-EMF's impacts on the endocrine system.

The state of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in workers exposed to electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequenc

Introduction. Electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency are an integral part of production processes, and their effect on the human body is of increasing interest both among scientists and among specialists in the field of medicine and occupational safety. In recent decades, there has been growing concern about the potential impact of these areas on the health of workers, especially those who are exposed to prolonged exposure in the course of their professional activities. In this context, we pay special attention to the neuroendocrine system, which plays a key role in regulating many physiological processes, including metabolism, stress reactions and maintaining homeostasis. The study of the fundamentals of the neuroendocrine system and the mechanisms of the effect of electromagnetic fields on the body not only contributes to the deepening of scientific knowledge in the field of biomedical research, but also has practical significance in ensuring occupational safety and improving working conditions in industrial enterprises, allowing to identify possible health consequences and develop effective measures to protect workers from negative bioeffects. The study aims to research the effects of electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency on the functional state of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system of employees of electric grid facilities. Materials and methods. Specialists examined 144 employees of the main group engaged in the repair and operation of electric grid facilities and 40 employees of the control group who were not exposed to electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency. We determined the concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in blood serum samples and calculated the ratio of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to cortisol. Results. Workers exposed to the combined effects of electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency had a lower (p<0.05) level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (1.9 [0.5; 3.9] pg/ml) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (5.8 [3.7; 8.4] mmol/l) in the blood compared with the group of workers exposed to magnetic fields industrial frequency fields (4.4 [2.1; 12.9] pg/ml; 9.8 [6.3; 14.5] mmol/l) and to the control group (6.4 [4.0; 19.8] pg/ml; 7.8 [4.7; 13.3] mmol/l), respectively. The scientists also revealed in the group of workers exposed to combined exposure in the field, the association of a low ratio of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and cortisol with the development of cardiovascular diseases and feedback from work experience (p<0.05). Limitations. The study is limited by the number of people surveyed (144 employees). Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the hypoactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system induced by exposure to electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency, manifested by a decrease in the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and its relationship to cortisol in workers exposed to combined effects of electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency. Ethics. The work complies with ethical standards developed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association "Ethical Principles of conducting Scientific medical research with human participation" as amended in 2000 and the "Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation" approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 04/01/2016 No. 200n. We received informed consent from each examined person to participate in the study, approved in accordance with the established procedure by the local Ethics Committee of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health (minutes of the meeting of the Ethics Committee No. 17 dated 12/16/2015).

Effects of Pulse Electromagnetic Field on Wastewater in Treatment Plants

The influence of a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) with a pulse repetition rate of 16 Hz and a magnetic induction of no more than 500 nT on the solubility of oxygen in water and on wastewater treatment in two operating treatment plants was studied. It has been shown that treating wastewater with these pulses increases the maximum solubility of oxygen in water approximately by 30%, from 5.1 mg/dm3 to 6.8 mg/dm3 and accelerates all wastewater treatment processes by 10–20% and thereby creates a productivity reserve of the wastewater treatment plants. It was concluded that when operating blowers controlled by oxygen sensors, which turn on at an oxygen concentration of about 2 mg/dm3 and turn off at 4 mg/dm3, water PEMF treatment in the aeration tank leads to a reduction in the operating time of the blowers and, accordingly, energy savings by 15–28 %.

Influence of constant and alternating electric fields on the deformation and destruction of a liquid droplet

Examining the impact of electromagnetic field, which provides thrust in contemporary rocket engines, is turning into a significant issue. Its resolution is required to guarantee the safety of space flight by enhancing engine performance and lowering fuel consumption. Spacecraft propulsion is achieved by low-thrust rocket engines. The principle of operation for ion colloid engines is the electrostatic acceleration of charged droplets. A static electric field accelerates charged liquid droplets created by electrospraying them in a low-thrust colloid engine. A promising technology in many industries is the active control of droplet motion and deformation with electric field. An electromagnetic field impact on droplet deformation and destruction in a viscous liquid is examined. The effect of electromagnetic field on individual droplets and emulsions is examined in terms of their physical mechanisms. Constant and alternating electric field effects on liquid droplet are represented numerically. The effects of droplet electric capillary number and viscosity ratio on droplet unsteady deformations is explored. The parameters that correspond to the droplet destruction are found. The results obtained have potential applications in enhancing the efficiency of current industrial electric dehydrators and in advancing the development of new electromagnetic field-based demulsification technologies.

Footwear for Diabetics – Structural and Material Elements for the Prevention and Alleviation of Foot Lessions

Abstract Diabetic foot syndrome is a syndrome of specific conditions affecting the foot. It is a complication of diabetes. It occurs in 12–25% of patients with diabetes. Untreated, it leads to irreversible deformities and necrosis of the foot, often resulting in amputation. In this study the statistics and consequences of diabetic foot syndrome are described. Patients with diabetes need to take care of their lower limbs. Proper footwear can prevent foot wounds. Available solutions for the prevention and treatment of diabetic foot syndrome are presented herein: footwear, insoles and requirements for footwear materials. Appropriate equipment for a person with diabetes, especially one who has been diagnosed with diabetic foot syndrome or is at risk of such a condition, includes footwear and replaceable insoles. The parameters of footwear, insoles and footwear materials that are most optimal for patients with diabetes and diabetic foot syndrome were defined. The effect of a pulsed electromagnetic field and pulsed ultrasound on diabetic foot problems was evaluated.

«KEGOC» КОМПАНИЯСЫНДА ӨНДІРІСТІК ЖАРАҚАТТАНУДЫҢ АЛДЫН АЛУДЫ ТАЛДАУ

This article discusses the problem of occupational injury prevention at «KEGOC». The authors analyze the current situation and present their recommendations for improving the occupational safety management system. The main focus is on electrical safety, which includes protection measures against the effects of electric current, electromagnetic field, electric arc and static electricity. The article presents data on the most common ways of passing current in the human body and on the effects of electricity on the body. «KEGOC» strives to create working conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene, and is actively developing, using modern technologies and striving to increase its value for all stakeholders. The company is also actively engaged in social responsibility, implementing energy efficiency projects and environmental programs. The authors pay special attention to occupational safety and industrial safety. In particular, they emphasize the need to create safe working conditions, minimize injuries, improve production and sanitary conditions, as well as reduce the impact of harmful and adverse factors. In this context, the use of a health and safety management system is mentioned, which covers all structural divisions and subsidiaries of the company. An important aspect is the conduct of a behavioral safety audit and the implementation of the «KEGOC» JSC program on the occupational safety and health management system in accordance with the international standard ISO 45001. It also mentions the annual and shift medical examinations of employees and the availability of special labor protection services in each branch of the company. The article discusses the results of the analysis of occupational injuries and concludes that there is a need for continuous improvement of the risk management system and the introduction of innovative approaches to achieve maximum efficiency in the field of occupational safety and industrial safety.

Effect of a Directional Electromagnetic Field on the Early Stages of Plant (Raphanus sativus and Saccharum officinarum) Growth

Effect of a Directional Electromagnetic Field on the Early Stages of Plant (Raphanus sativus and Saccharum officinarum) Growth

Mechanisms of electromagnetic field control on mineral scaling in brackish water reverse osmosis: Combined homogenous and heterogeneous nucleation

Electromagnetic field (EMF) treatment has emerged as a promising approach for scaling control due to its cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and low energy consumption. However, there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms by which applied EMF impacts mineral scaling in reverse osmosis (RO) systems. This has led to inconclusive and varied results and uncertainties regarding its effectiveness. This study elucidates the impacts of EMF on homogenous and heterogeneous nucleation and membrane performance during RO desalination of different feedwaters. Our results reveal that EMF exhibits greater efficacy in treating near-saturated water (SI∼0), especially when coupled with extended hydraulic flushing (HF). For saturated brackish water desalination, heterogeneous scaling predominantly occurs on membrane surfaces, with the effectiveness of EMF in inhibiting scaling primarily attributed to the hydration effect. In supersaturated solutions, EMF promotes bulk precipitation due to the magnetohydrodynamic effect, quickly blocking membrane pores. Thus, when the saturation reaches a certain high level during RO desalination, magnetohydrodynamic EMF effects can accelerate flux decline caused by homogeneous scaling. This work provides an efficient method for predicting EMF efficiency, emphasizing the importance of saturation conditions and HF cleaning duration in determining membrane performance, suggesting these show promise for improving undersaturated or near-saturated feedwater desalination via RO.

Numerical simulation of thermal-flow-magnetic coupling dynamics during P-type monocrystalline silicon removal in electrical discharge machining

To investigate the mechanisms underlying material removal and crater formation on semiconductor silicon in electrical discharge machining (EDM), this study presents a comprehensive thermal-flow-magnetic coupling simulation model, taking into account the synergistic effects of temperature, fluid dynamics and electromagnetic fields. Utilizing the model, the removal dynamics of P-type monocrystalline silicon within a monopulse discharge interval were meticulously simulated. Subsequently, the crater formation mechanism, as well as variations in the temperature and velocity fields, were thoroughly examined. The simulation model’s validity is experimentally confirmed. Findings indicate that an augmentation in pulse duration and thermal energy input precipitates a progressive expansion of the heat-affected zone in silicon. Concurrently, the temperature field’s expanse and the melting-vaporization frontier extend accordingly. The material undergoes instantaneous vaporization upon exposure to the high-temperature heat source. The volumetric expansion of the vapor is substantial, engendering a thermal explosive force that has a significant impact on the molten material. Ejection of material is attributed to the interplay between thermal explosive forces and electromagnetic influences. Experimental observations show that the morphology and dimensions of the simulated crater closely match those of the experimental crater, affirming the model’s capability to elucidate the crater formation mechanism in EDM processes.

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Rapid 24 GHz microwave sintering of alumina – yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic composites

Samples of alumina – 3 % yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) composites were sintered in rapid processing regimes using 24 GHz microwave heating at rates of up to 200 °C/min and zero hold time. The final relative density was 96–99 % for the samples containing 1.5 and 7.5 wt % YSZ and 98–99 % for the samples containing 13 wt % YSZ. The microwave sintering kinetics were compared for the processes carried out by direct and susceptor-assisted microwave heating. Under direct microwave heating, the effect of an intense microwave electromagnetic field with an estimated absorbed power density of up to 130 W/cm3 resulted in a shift of the shrinkage curves by about 100 °C towards lower temperatures compared to the case of susceptor-assisted heating. The grain size of the samples sintered by direct microwave heating decreased with an increasing heating rate. The mechanical properties were slightly higher for the materials sintered under susceptor-assisted microwave heating. The samples containing 13 wt % YSZ exhibited a microhardness of about 20 GPa and a fracture toughness of about 7 MPa m1/2.

The effect of electromagnetic fields on tendinopathies : Study on the effect analysis of asingular application of high-energy pulsed electromagnetic fields

Tendinopathies are diseases that often entail long-term treatment consisting of analgesics, physiotherapy, orthotics, and sparing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of asingle application of ahigh-energy PEMF (pulsed electromagnetic field) on pain perception and blood born inflammation parameters. 34patients were randomly assigned to averum group (10 min PEMF, 0,78 T) or aplacebo group (10 min sham condition). Prior to and up to one week after the patient blinded treatment (t1-t5), local pain state was assessed by means of algometry as pain pressure threshold (PPT). Accordingly, heat-shock protein70 (HSP70) levels were analysed. Statistical analyses included 2‑way ANOVA (2 × 5). The clinical trial was registered (DRKS00031321). After randomization and drop-out (verum n = 17, placebo n = 13) baseline-analyses did not reveal significant between-group differences for PPT (p = 0,096), for HSP70 (p = 0,524), or any other sample characteristics (p > 0,05). Pain reduction during one week of observation showed to be significantly higher (p = 0,045, η2 = 0,013) for the PEMF group (PPT: +83 bis +139%) compared to the placebo group (PPT: +10 bis +36%). There were no HSP70 associated effects. Asingle bout of high energy PEMF led to an immediate pain relief in tendinopathy patients lasting at least for one week, but the hypothesized underlying HSP70 associated inflammatory pathway could not be confirmed.

Safety evaluation of electromagnetic exposure for compact wireless charging stations of electric vehicles

ABSTRACT The spatial electromagnetic field of electric vehicle (EV) wireless charging stations may experience a superposition effect, which will increase the electromagnetic radiation. To assess the safety of electromagnetic exposure from wireless charging stations, this study employs a finite element simulation software to construct an electromagnetic environment model for a compact wireless charging station. The model is utilized to compute the superposition effect of spatial electromagnetic fields resulting from the simultaneous charging of multiple wireless chargers. Furthermore, the model assesses the levels of electromagnetic exposure on human models at eight observation points situated within the charging station. Results indicate that the volume average values of spatial magnetic induction strength ( B ) and electric field strength ( E ) are higher when multiple EVs are charged simultaneously than when a single EV is charged, and the electromagnetic radiation received by a human standing between two vehicles is greater than that near one vehicle. At the 22 kW charging power level, the maximum values of B , E and current density at the eight observation points of the charging station are all below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection limit, demonstrating that the human body is safe in compact wireless charging stations at this power level.

The Physiological Impact of Melatonin, Its Effect on the Course of Diseases and Their Therapy and the Effect of Magnetic Fields on Melatonin Secretion-Potential Common Pathways of Influence.

Melatonin is a relic, due to its millions-of-years-old presence in chemical reactions, found in evolutionarily diverse organisms. It has a multidirectional biological function. It controls diurnal rhythms, redox homeostasis, intestinal motor functions, mitochondrial biogenesis and fetal development and has antioxidant effects. It also has analgesic and therapeutic effects. The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of melatonin in vital processes occurring in interaction with the environment, with particular reference to various magnetic fields ubiquitous in the life of animate matter, especially radio frequency/extra low frequency (RF/ELF EMF) and static magnetic fields. The most important part of this article is to describe the potential effects of magnetic fields on melatonin secretion and the resulting possible health effects. Melatonin in some cases positively amplifies the electromagnetic signal, intensifying health effects, such as neurogenesis, analgesic effects or lowering blood pressure. In other cases, it is a stimulus that inhibits the processes of destruction and aggravation of lesions. Sometimes, however, in contrast to the beneficial effects of electromagnetic fields in therapy, they intensify pathogenic effects, as in multiple sclerosis by intensifying the inflammatory process.