Effects Of Electric Field Strength Research Articles

Analysis of the motion and deformation of water-in-oil emulsion droplets under the action of an electric field

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the aggregation dynamics of water-in-oil emulsion droplets under an electric field, and to analyze the effects of electric field strength, type, droplet position, and ionic concentration on their kinematic properties. The best droplet aggregation is observed at E=0.03V/Å for DC field condition, and E=0.045V/Å - 80ps for rectangular AC field condition. The rectangular alternating current (AC) field is able to merge the droplets farther away from the center of mass, but the two fields are not able to merge when the angle between the center of mass of the droplets and the electric field force is ≥35.54°. For different ion concentrations, t40N < t20N < t60N < t0N in the DC field and t20N < t40N < t0N < t60N in the rectangular AC field, and for the same ion concentration, the rectangular AC field takes longer time to merge.

An ab initio molecular dynamics investigation of the behaviour of amorphous substances in anodic aluminium oxide under electric field

In order to elucidate the diffusion behaviour of ions in alumina during the anodic alumina process, the effects of electric field strength, hydration content, and electrolyte on amorphous alumina and hydrated alumina were studied using ab initio molecular dynamics. The results show that the diffusion rate of ions in alumina increases with the increase in electric field strength, but there is an extreme value. The maximum diffusion rate of Al ions in alumina monohydrate is 21.8 μm2/ms/V, while in alumina trihydrate, it is 16.7 μm2/ms/V. The ionic diffusion rate of hydrated alumina is one to two orders of magnitude larger than that of anhydrous amorphous alumina due to the effect of the drag of H ions, which reduces the migration activation energy. Electrolytes also affect the diffusion rate of alumina through the action of H ions. The increase in H ions will not only enhance the diffusion rate of hydrated alumina but also render the hydrous compound more vulnerable to breakdown.

Study of droplet formation in parallel flow focusing microchannel under electrostatic field control

To achieve efficient preparation of emulsion droplet, this paper uses a two-dimensional mathematical model coupled with the phase field model and the electrostatic field model to calculate the droplet formation in parallel flow focusing multichannel, and analyzed the effect of electric field strength on the droplet formation process. In addition, the effects of different capillary numbers and dispersed phase viscosity on droplet formation were also analyzed. The results show that the emulsion in the channel always generates droplet by dripping regime, and the droplet have the best monodispersity. Applying appropriate electric field strength can realize droplet formation frequency and size regulation. Increasing the dispersed phase viscosity increases the breakup thread of the dispersed phase fluid, and the droplet size obtained gradually decreases, the difference in droplet size can be slowed down by applying the electric field. Increasing the electrostatic force leads to a higher droplet deformation rate. The droplet shape classification is plotted using the capillary number (Ca) and electrostatic number (CaE). It is found that the droplet flow pattern in the channel remains a circle only when Ca and CaE are sufficiently small.

Effects of field strength and frequency on inactivation of Clostridium sporogenes PA3679 spores during ohmic heating

The study explored the effects of electric field strength, temperature, and frequency on the inactivation of Clostridium sporogenes PA3679 spores (a surrogate of Clostridium botulinum) within buffer. The experiments were conducted at three different field strengths (30, 40, and 50 V/cm), temperatures (110, 120, and 130 °C), and frequencies (60, 1000, and 5000 Hz). Ohmic heating resulted in significantly greater reduction of C. sporogenes compared to conventional heating. Electric field strength significantly influenced spore inactivation. It was found that lower frequencies led to quicker rates of inactivation. Given that high field strengths have dual benefits of increasing both heating and spore kill rate, the possibility exists to process foods to sterility without a hold. This is expected to result in improved product quality, reduced process times and increased efficiency.

Optimization of ohmic parameters in enzyme assisted aqueous extraction for better physico-chemical properties of the black cumin seed oil

This study was carried out to optimize the ohmic heating parameters for enhancing physico-chemical properties of oil from enzymatic hydrolyzed black cumin seed. The effect of electric field strength (EFS) including 550, 650,750,850 and 950 V/m, the end point temperatures (EPT) 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 ºC, holding time (HT) 0, 5, 10,15 and 20 min and pH levels 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were optimized for the extraction process. The response in terms of oil yield, refractive index, specific gravity, color, free fatty acids, saponification, and peroxide values of the extracted oil was studied. Statistical analysis and optimization of process parameters were performed using the response surface methodology. The results revealed that 56.54–64.18% of oil yield was obtained in enzymatic aqueous extraction and in combination with ohmic heating, was increased from 64.18% to 85.71%. From the numerical optimization it is observed that, EFS of 718.22 (V/m), EPT of 66.08 (°C), HT of 14.07 (min) and pH of 3.7 facilitates the oil yield, specific gravity, color, free fatty acid, saponification, and peroxide values were 79.12%, 0.798, 46.68, 0.672%, 181.42 mg KOH/g and 1.128 meq O2/kg, respectively. It is confirmed that there is not statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed between the predicted and actual values. Thus, it could be concluded that the optimum conditions of ohmic heating parameters could be enhanced by oil yield and maintaining the natural of physico-chemical properties of enzymatically hydrolyzed black cumin seed oil.

Densification and grain growth in the flash sintering of high-entropy (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)2Zr2O7 ceramics

Preparation of high-entropy ceramics (HECs) requires long duration at high temperatures, which limits their wide application. In this study, high-entropy (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)2Zr2O7 ceramics was prepared at low temperatures of 762–885 °C in very short time of 60 s using the flash sintering. The effects of electric field strength and current limit on the densification and grain growth, as well as the phase transformation were systematically investigated. Both density and grain size were increased with the increase of the electric field strength and current limit. The phase transformation from defective fluorite to pyrochlore occurred at large current limit. The flash-sintered bulks exhibited good mechanical properties. This study demonstrates that flash sintering is an effective method for rapid preparation of HECs at low temperatures. Moreover, the microstructure of HECs can be controlled by adjusting the electric field strength and current limit.

High thermal conductivity composite h-BN/EP obtained by pulsed square-wave electric field induction

Electric fields are effective in inducing the orientation of highly thermally conductive fillers in polymers to improve the thermal conductivity of composites. However, the study of the effect of pulsed square wave electric field on thermal conductivity of composites is relatively rare. In this paper, the effect of electric field strength, frequency, and application time of pulsed square-wave electric field on the thermal conductivity of composites is investigated by utilizing the pulsed square-wave electric field to induce the orientation arrangement of h-BN in epoxy resin (EP). The results show that the thermal conductivity of the composites increases with the increase of the electric field strength and the decrease of the frequency, and does not change significantly with the application time. The highest thermal conductivity of 0.453 W/(m·K), which is 3.24 times higher than that of the epoxy resin, was obtained for the composites by applying a pulsed square-wave electric field of 200 V/mm at 0.001 Hz for 1 h with 10 wt% load. It is 1.94 times higher than that of the sample without electric field induction at the same load. This paper also establishes a mathematical relationship between the degree of orientation of h-BN and the thermal conductivity of the composite material, which expands the scope of application of the thermal conductivity model and increases the accuracy of the model calculation. The method is simple in process and suitable for a wide range of high thermal conductivity composite applications with great potential for development.

A Novel Electrokinetic-Based Technique for the Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells.

The separation of rare cells from complex biofluids has attracted attention in biological research and clinical applications, especially for cancer detection and treatment. In particular, various technologies and methods have been developed for the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood. Among them, the induced-charge electrokinetic (ICEK) flow method has shown its high efficacy for cell manipulation where micro-vortices (MVs), generated as a result of induced charges on a polarizable surface, can effectively manipulate particles and cells in complex fluids. While the majority of MVs have been induced by AC electric fields, these vortices have also been observed under a DC electric field generated around a polarizable hurdle. In the present numerical work, the capability of MVs for the manipulation of CTCs and their entrapment in the DC electric field is investigated. First, the numerical results are verified against the available data in the literature. Then, various hurdle geometries are employed to find the most effective geometry for MV-based particle entrapment. The effects of electric field strength (EFS), wall zeta potential magnitude, and the particles' diameter on the trapping efficacy are further investigated. The results demonstrated that the MVs generated around only the rectangular hurdle are capable of trapping particles as large as the size of CTCs. An EFS of about 75 V/cm was shown to be effective for the entrapment of above 90% of CTCs in the MVs. In addition, an EFS of 85 V/cm demonstrated a capability for isolating particles larger than 8 µm from a suspension of particles/cells 1-25 µm in diameter, useful for the enrichment of cancer cells and potentially for the real-time and non-invasive monitoring of drug effectiveness on circulating cancer cells in blood circulation.

Formation of amyloid fibrils from ovalbumin under Ohmic heating

Ohmic heating (OH) is an alternative sustainable heating technology that has demonstrated its potential to modify protein structures and aggregates. Furthermore, certain protein aggregates, namely amyloid fibrils (AF), are associated with an enhanced protein functionality, such as gelation. This study evaluates how Ohmic heating (OH) influences the formation of AF structures from ovalbumin source under two electric field strength levels, 8.5 to 10.5 and 24.0–31.0 V/cm, respectively. Hence, AF aggregate formation was assessed over holding times ranging from 30 to 1200 sunder various environmental conditions (3.45 and 67.95 mM NaCl, 80, 85 and 90 °C, pH = 7). AF were formed under all conditions. SDS-PAGE revealed that OH had a higher tendency to preserve native ovalbumin molecules. Furthermore, Congo Red and Thioflavin T stainings indicated that OH reduces the amount of AF structures. This finding was supported by FTIR measurements, which showed OH samples to contain lower amounts of beta-sheets. Field flow fractioning revealed smaller-sized aggregates or aggregate clusters occurred after OH treatment. In contrast, prolonged holding time or higher treatment temperatures increased ThT fluorescence, beta-sheet structures and aggregate as well as cluster sizes. Ionic strength was found to dominate the effects of electric field strength under different environmental conditions.

Effect of electric field strength and droplet diameter on droplet–interface coalescence mechanism

Under high-strength electric fields, partial coalescence may occur, thus producing fine secondary droplets, which are undesirable for separating water from oil. In this study, experimental and numerical methods are employed to investigate the coalescence behavior under a DC electric field to comprehensively understand the effect of electric field strength (E) and droplet diameter (D) on coalescence. The Level-set method is employed to capture the moving interface, and the numerical data are validated through experimental tests. The results reveal the easy formation of secondary droplets with increasing E and D values. In particular, the electric field strength suppresses the expansion of the liquid bridge and hinders the vertical collapse of the droplets. The distortion of the electric field at the liquid bridge and the polarized charge both increase with E, thus resulting in stronger electric field repulsion. Moreover, the enhancement in D significantly affects the shrinkage of the liquid bridge and prevents the vertical collapse of the droplet. The pressure gradient at the liquid bridge from the outside to inside decreases as a function of D, thereby inhibiting the contraction speed. Furthermore, the number of polarized charges concentrated on the top of the droplet increases, thus resulting in an enhanced electric field tension. The results obtained herein can potentially act as guide for the design and optimization of electric dehydrators.

Extracting light rare earth elements by applying electric field assisted mining technique

Light rare earth elements are critical raw materials that present several applications, including the use in the manufacturing of high-tech products and green energy production systems. Considering their criticality, there is a need to increase the production of these commodities. The electric field assisted mining is an eco-friendly technique that uses the electrokinetic phenomena to remove metallic species from soils. Considering that electric field strength and electrolyte concentration are key factors that directly influence the species extraction via the electrokinetic process, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of these variables on the removal of the cerium, lanthanum, and neodymium ions. To that end, a full factorial design was conducted to assist in statistical analysis, and response surfaces were built aiming to analyze the rare earths removal. The results showed that the main effects of electric field strength and electrolyte concentration presented individually a positive effect on the removal of the species. In addition, the neodymium removal also presented the interaction effect between the variables in the analysis. The experiment that showed the best performance was conducted using acetic acid at 0.1 mol L−1 and an electric field of 1.0 V cm−1, resulting in a mining efficiency of 78.5% of Ce4+, 47.7% of La3+ and 35.1% of Nd3+, with an energy consumption of 6.5 W h after 240 h of experiment. Regarding these results, and also taking into account the use of weak and organic acid and mild experiments conditions, electric field assisted mining presents itself as a feasible and eco-friendly technique to remove rare earth elements from soils.

DC Electric Field Effect on Conductivity and Interface Charge of Oil-Paper Insulation

Understanding the effect of electric field strength on conductivity and interface charge is very important for the converter transformer design, operation and maintenance. This paper studies the DC electric field effect sensitivity on conductivity and interface charge of “liquid–solid” oil-paper insulation. Firstly, polarization and depolarization current (PDC) and conductivity of mineral oil, oil-immersed pressboard and “liquid–solid” oil-paper insulation is measured. secondly, interface charge characteristics is calculated. Last, the influence mechanism of DC electric field and moisture on interface charge density and conductivity is analyzed. Results show that PDC curve of mineral oil increases with electric field, while mineral oil conductivity decreases and then increases with DC electric field strength. PDC curve and conductivity of oil-immersed pressboard and “liquid–solid” oil-paper insulation increases with moisture content and DC electric field. Nevertheless, “liquid–solid” oil-paper insulation with low moisture content increases rapidly and then tends to be stable, while that with high moisture content keeps increasing exponentially. Interface charge density of “liquid–solid” oil-paper insulation increases with DC electric field strength and decreases with moisture content. Compared with interface charge density calculated by Maxwell-Wagner Equation (M-W Equation), error percentage in low moisture content is high, indicating that interface charge density effect on converter transformer “liquid–solid” oil-paper insulation should be taken into consideration in structure design and operation maintenance.

Breakup of a leaky dielectric droplet in a half-sinusoidal wave electric field

In the numerical simulation of droplet breakup under electric field, the meshless method has inherent advantages, however the enforcement of boundary conditions is challenging. Therefore, a coupling method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) method and finite volume method(FVM) is proposed to investigate the breakup behavior of leaky dielectric droplet under half-sinusoidal wave electric field. The present numerical method is validated and is well consistent with results in the literature. The effects of electric field strength and droplet viscosity on droplet breakup are mainly discussed, and three different modes of droplet breakup are revealed: conical-conical angle breakup, dumbbell-dimple breakup and cylindrical-non tip breakup. The regions of these three breakup modes are plotted in the breakup phase diagram of electric capillary number and viscosity ratio. The numerical experiments also demonstrate that the droplet breakup mode depends on the velocity field and pressure field of the droplet and the surrounding fluid.

Microscopic coalescence mechanism of nanoparticle-laden droplet pairs in the coupling of electric field and flow field: A molecular dynamics study

Electrocoalescence is a time-saving and energy-efficient technology for dehydrating crude oil. The microscopic coalescence mechanism of nanoparticle-laden water droplet pair in the coupling of electric field and flow field was studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The present numerical results agreed well with the experimental work in the literature and the theoretical predictions. The effects of electric field strength and direction, flow field strength and type, droplet intersection angle, and multiple droplets on nanoparticle-laden droplet pair coalescence in the coupling fields were systematically discussed. The results illustrate that four coalescence modes occurred in the coupling of electric field and shearing flow field (E&amp;S coupling fields), and the coalescence efficiencies ranked as: rolling coalescence mode &amp;gt; temporary coalescence mode &amp;gt; stretching mode &amp;gt; slipping mode. Electric fields dominate droplet coalescence, while flow fields enhance droplet coalescence in the coupling fields. Furthermore, parallel direction of electric field and flow field generally leads to high coalescence efficiencies. As to the multiple droplet systems, in the coupling of x-axis electric field and rotating flow field (E&amp;R coupling fields), the coalescence efficiencies ranked as structure I &amp;gt; structure IV &amp;gt; structure III &amp;gt; structure II, whereas, in the y-axis E&amp;R coupling fields, the coalescence efficiencies ranked as structure I &amp;gt; structure III &amp;gt; structure IV &amp;gt; structure II. Finally, the coalescence efficiencies of the E&amp;R coupling fields were always higher than those of the E&amp;S coupling fields. The results will be potentially valuable for optimizing the design of compact and efficient crude oil dehydrators.

Heat transfer enhancement in porous wall mini-channel heat sinks utilizing electric field: An experimental study

This paper takes the heat dissipation problem of linear Fresnel concentrating photovoltaic devices as the research background, this paper conducts an experimental investigation on the boiling flow characteristics of the dielectric liquid R141b, and discusses the enhancement effect of the electric field on the foam metal porous wall microchannel heat sink. In this paper, the effects of electric field strength (applied voltage) on wall temperature, heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux (CHF) of mini-channel heat sink are investigated. The bubble departure diameter and incipience location in the mini-channel heat sink under different electric field strengths are recorded using a high-speed camera. Combined with the theory of electrohydrodynamic (EHD), the behavior of bubbles appearing in mini-channel heat sink under the action of electric field is analyzed. It is observed by visualization that the number of bubbles in the channel increases and the volume of bubbles becomes smaller under the electric field force. Research shows that when the voltage is 200V, the heat transfer coefficient of the mini-channel heat sink increases by a maximum of 178%, and the critical heat flux can be increased by a maximum of 123%. As the applied voltage increases, the wall temperature decreases.

Effect of pulsed electric field parameters on the alkaline extraction of valuable compounds from perilla seed meal and optimization by central composite design approach

Perilla seed meal (PSM) is the by-product of the oil extraction industry and a potential source of bioactive compounds. Pulsed electric field, a non-thermal technology, can be used to recover heat labile bioactive compounds from plant materials such as perilla seed meal. This study found that pulsed electric field (PEF) assisted alkaline extraction influenced the protein content and antioxidant activity of perilla seed meal (PSM). Among all PEF parameters, electric field strength (EFS) and pulse width (PW) were found to be the most significant as judged by F-value. Consequently, a central composite rotatable experimental design was applied to investigate the effect of electric field strength (EFS) and pulse width against protein content, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content (TPC) of PEF treated PSM extract. Compared to conventional alkaline extraction, an increase in the yield of protein content by 10.58%, antioxidant activity by 7.48%, and total phenolic content by 21.59% was recorded at the optimal values of electric field strength (4 kV/cm) and pulse width (120 µs). Moreover, Karl pearson correlational analysis revealed a strong relationship (linear, R2=0.963) between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The validation was done at 95% confidence level for which the predicted values were compared with the actual experimental values, and the means were found to be insignificantly different from each other (p > 0.05). Industrial relevanceNon-thermal extraction techniques such as pulsed electric field used in this study can be used for the recovery of valuable compounds from the food materials especially heat sensitive compounds. PEF treatment increased the extractability of the water-soluble compounds from the perilla seed meal (PSM) samples and increased the recovery of valuable compounds from PSM while maintaining the nutritional and functional viability. Hence, this technology is having the potential to be used as assistant technology for the extraction of heat sensitive components from the plant cells which may find its applications in neutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Molecular Dynamics Study on the Demulsification Mechanism of Water-In-Oil Emulsion with SDS Surfactant under a DC Electric Field.

Application of an electric field is an effective demulsification method for water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. For the W/O emulsions stabilized by anionic surfactants, the microscopic demulsification mechanism is still not very clear. In this work, the coalescence behavior of two droplets stabilized by the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the oil phase under a DC electric field is investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. The effects of electric field strength and oil type on the electrocoalescence of two water droplets are mainly considered. The trajectory snapshots and center of mass of the two water droplets suggest that there is almost no migratory coalescence. The movement of sodium ions and SDS, which is a combined effect of the electric field force and the resistance from the oil phase, is crucial for the deformation and connection of two water droplets. The results of mean square displacement, radial distribution function, hydration number, and interaction energies of Na+-H2O and SDS-H2O indicate that the sodium ion has a stronger ability to carry water molecules for movement than SDS. The stronger electric field strength will result in more severe deformation and shorter coalescence time. Under the higher electric field strength, the two droplets will be elongated into a slender water ribbon. By applying a pulsed DC electric field with suitable amplitude, frequency, and duty ratio, it is possible to achieve full coalescence for the ionic surfactant-stabilized W/O emulsions. The oil phase also plays an important role for the deformation of droplets and the migration of emulsion components. For the different oil phases, a longer time or stronger electric field strength would be needed for the electrocoalescence of droplets in the oil phase with higher density and viscosity. Our results are expected to be helpful for practical application in the petroleum industry and chemical engineering.

Optimising the electroluminescence performance of ZnS: Cu/epoxy composites via exploring the relationship between electroluminescence intensity and filler intrinsic attributes

Electroluminescent composites have considerable potential for applications in photoelectric display, electric field measurement and other fields due to their advantages of simple preparation and uniform luminescence. However, high voltage required by the operation of electroluminescent composites hinders their applications in the electric domain, and research on the relationship between electroluminescence principle of composites and filler intrinsic attributes is insufficient. In this paper, the effects of electric field strength, filler mass fraction and voltage frequency on the electroluminescence intensity of ZnS: Cu/epoxy composites are studied, which are majorly used as the luminescent layer of electroluminescent devices. To enhance the electroluminescence intensity of composites, high-temperature sintered BaTiO3 and zinc oxide whiskers (ZnOw) particles are introduced in the base matrix. The finite element method is applied to verify that the matrix of high dielectric constant is in favour of improving the electroluminescence intensity of composites. The band structure of the ZnS: Cu particle is calculated based on the density functional theory + U method to analyse the intrinsic relationship between electroluminescence and particle electronic structure. This paper provides a basis for the research of high electroluminescence intensity devices and will be conducive to better understanding on the relationship between electroluminescence principle and filler intrinsic attributes.

Effects of Electrostatic Interactions on Kapitza Resistance in Hexagonal Boron Nitride–Water Interfaces

Electrostatic interactions in nanoscale systems can influence the heat transfer mechanism and interfacial properties. This study uses molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the impact of various electrostatic interactions on the Kapitza resistance (Rk) on a hexagonal boron nitride-water system. The Kapitza resistance at hexagonal boron nitride nanotube (hBNNT)-water interface reduces with an increase in diameter of the nanotube due to more aggregation of water molecules per unit surface area. An increase in the partial charges on boron and nitride caused the reduction in Rk. With the increase in partial charge, a better hydrogen bonding between hBNNT and water was observed, whereas the structure and order of the water molecules remain the same. Nevertheless, the addition of NaCl salt into water does not have any influence on interfacial thermal transport. Rk remains unchanged with electrolyte concentration because the cumulative Coulombic interaction between the ions and the hBNNT is significantly less when compared with water molecules. Furthermore, the effect of electric field strength on interfacial heat transfer is also investigated by providing uniform positive and negative surface charges on the outermost hBN layers. Rk is nearly independent of the practical range of applied electric fields and decreases with an increasing electric field for extreme field strengths until the electrofreezing phenomenon occurs. The ordering of water molecules toward the charged surface leads to an increase in the layering effect, causing the reduction in Rk in the presence of an electric field.

The Predictive Value of Individual Electric Field Modeling for Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Induced Brain Modulation.

There is considerable individual variability in the reported effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation. This variability has often been ascribed to differences in the neuroanatomy and resulting differences in the induced electric field inside the brain. In this study, we addressed the question whether individual differences in the induced electric field can predict the neurophysiological and behavioral consequences of gamma band tACS. In a within-subject experiment, bi-hemispheric gamma band tACS and sham stimulation was applied in alternating blocks to the participants’ superior temporal lobe, while task-evoked auditory brain activity was measured with concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a dichotic listening task. Gamma tACS was applied with different interhemispheric phase lags. In a recent study, we could show that anti-phase tACS (180° interhemispheric phase lag), but not in-phase tACS (0° interhemispheric phase lag), selectively modulates interhemispheric brain connectivity. Using a T1 structural image of each participant’s brain, an individual simulation of the induced electric field was computed. From these simulations, we derived two predictor variables: maximal strength (average of the 10,000 voxels with largest electric field values) and precision of the electric field (spatial correlation between the electric field and the task evoked brain activity during sham stimulation). We found considerable variability in the individual strength and precision of the electric fields. Importantly, the strength of the electric field over the right hemisphere predicted individual differences of tACS induced brain connectivity changes. Moreover, we found in both hemispheres a statistical trend for the effect of electric field strength on tACS induced BOLD signal changes. In contrast, the precision of the electric field did not predict any neurophysiological measure. Further, neither strength, nor precision predicted interhemispheric integration. In conclusion, we found evidence for the dose-response relationship between individual differences in electric fields and tACS induced activity and connectivity changes in concurrent fMRI. However, the fact that this relationship was stronger in the right hemisphere suggests that the relationship between the electric field parameters, neurophysiology, and behavior may be more complex for bi-hemispheric tACS.