Effects Of Dry Storage Research Articles

Effect of Dry Storage on Seed Germination of <i>Ephedra monosperma</i> (Ephedraceae)

Abstract—Effects of dry storage under ambient laboratory conditions on germination and survival was tested for seeds of rare species Ephedra monosperma. The seeds without pregermination treatment were placed in Petri dishes with a moistened filter paper at room temperature 20 ± 3 °C. Seeds maintain high germination when dry stored for 5 years (mesobiotic), further storage leads to a sharp decrease in germination. At the same time, dry storage of seeds does not change the time of the beginning of germination, the duration of germination and the curve of seed germination. Freshly harvested seeds and seeds stored at room temperature germinate 2–4 days after seeding, 50% of seeds – in 7 days, and 98–100% – within 2 weeks. The seed germination curve has two peaks; the highest one is the first, which is observed on the 3rd day from the start of germination.

Effects of pre-treatments in relation to breaking of dormancy of endemic Hypericum adenotrichum Spach. seeds

Hypericum adenotrichum Spach. (Hypericaceae, Clusiaceae) is an endemic species to Turkey, which is one of the commonly used species in pharmacological research. We studied seed germination characteristics. The effects of dry storage (3, 9, 12 month), moist chilling (3, 6, 9, 12 month), scarification (H2SO4, sand paper), tap water, hormone (250, 500, 1000 ppm GA3), different temperature (15/10, 20/10 and 25/15 °C) and light (photoperiod, darkness) treatments on seed germination of H. adenotrichum seeds collected from subalpine belt of Uludağ Mountain were examined. Favourable germination temperature for H. adenotrichum is 20/10 °C and no light is required for the seed germination. Seeds of species have physiological dormancy. GA3 without any other treatment was not successful enough to break the dormancy status alone. Scarification by sulphuric acid and 1000 ppm GA3 combination is the most effective way for germination of H. adenotrichum seeds. Germination requirements of H. adenotrichum have not been studied previously and the data obtained could be used in the ex-situ protection of H. adenotrichum.

Effects of Dry Storage and Resubmersion of Oysters on Total Vibrio vulnificus and Total and Pathogenic (tdh+/trh+) Vibrio parahaemolyticus Levels

Vibrio vulnificus (Vv) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) are the two leading causes of bacterial illnesses associated with raw shellfish consumption. Levels of these pathogens in oysters can increase during routine antifouling aquaculture practices involving dry storage in ambient air conditions. After storage, common practice is to resubmerge these stored oysters to reduce elevated Vv and Vp levels, but evidence proving the effectiveness of this practice is lacking. This study examined the changes in Vv and in total and pathogenic (thermostable direct hemolysin gene and the tdh-related hemolysin gene, tdh+ and trh+) Vp levels in oysters after 5 or 24 h of dry storage (28 to 32°C), followed by resubmersion (27 to 32°C) for 14 days. For each trial, replicate oyster samples were collected at initial harvest, after dry storage, after 7 days, and after 14 days of resubmersion. Oysters not subjected to dry storage were collected and analyzed to determine natural undisturbed vibrio levels (background control). Vibrio levels were measured using a most-probable-number enrichment followed by real-time PCR. After storage, vibrio levels (excluding tdh+ and trh+ Vp during 5-h storage) increased significantly (P < 0.001) from initial levels. After 7 days of resubmersion, Vv and total Vp levels (excluding total Vp in oysters stored for 5 h) were not significantly different (P < 0.1) from levels in background oysters. Vv and total and pathogenic Vp levels were not significantly different (P > 0.1) from levels in background oysters after 14 days of resubmersion, regardless of dry storage time. These data demonstrate that oyster resubmersion after dry storage at elevated ambient temperatures allows vibrio levels to return to those of background control samples. These results can be used to help minimize the risk of Vv and Vp illnesses and to inform the oyster industry on the effectiveness of routine storing and resubmerging of aquaculture oysters.

Variation of seed heteromorphism in Chenopodium album and the effect of salinity stress on the descendants

Chenopodium album is well-known as a serious weed and is a salt-tolerant species inhabiting semi-arid and light-saline environments in Xinjiang, China. It produces large amounts of heteromorphic (black and brown) seeds. The primary aims of the present study were to compare the germination characteristics of heteromorphic seeds, the diversity of plant growth and seed proliferation pattern of the resulting plants, and the correlation between NaCl stress and variation of seed heteromorphism. The phenotypic characters of heteromorphic seeds, e.g. seed morphology, seed mass and total seed protein were determined. The effects of dry storage at room temperature on dormancy behaviour, the germination response of seeds to salinity stress, and the effect of salinity on growth and seed proliferation with plants derived from different seed types were investigated. Black and brown seeds differed in seed morphology, mass, total seed protein, dormancy behaviour and salinity tolerance. Brown seeds were large, non-dormant and more salt tolerant, and could germinate rapidly to a high percentage in a wider range of environments; black seeds were salt-sensitive, and a large proportion of seeds were dormant. These characteristics varied between two populations. There was little difference in growth characteristics and seed output of plants produced from the two seed morphs except when plants were subjected to high salinity stress. Plants that suffered higher salinity stress produced more brown (salt-tolerant) seeds. The two seed morphs of C. album exhibited distinct diversity in germination characteristics. There was a significant difference in plant development and seed proliferation pattern from the two types of seeds only when the parent plants were treated with high salinity. In addition, seed heteromorphism of C. album varied between the two populations, and such variation may be attributed, at least in part, to the salinity.

Effects of Dry Storage and Water Submersion on Seed Germination of 21 Herbaceous Species Indigenous to the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

Effects of Dry Storage and Water Submersion on Seed Germination of 21 Herbaceous Species Indigenous to the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON SOME SENESCENCE PARAMETERS DURING DRY STORAGE OF CUT FLOWERS OF GERBERA 'SUZANNE'

Gerbera flower is one of the most popular cut flowers in the world but longevity can be shorter than desired by consumers, mainly for those that are drystored. The effect of dry storage was investigated on one of Brazil’s most popular Gerbera cultivars, the orange-petaled Suzanne. Fresh cut flowers were packed in micro-perforated plastic and dry stored for 7 days under different conditions: 2°C, 85% RH; 4°C, 83% RH; 6°C, 80% RH or before transfer to 20°C, 70% RH. Every 3 days thereafter respiration rate, loss of fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content of the petals, water uptake, petal color, and both soluble and reductive carbohydrates were measured. The appearance, percentage stem break and longevity of the flowers was also recorded. Low temperatures, between 2 and 6°C, during dry storage, were effective for keeping postharvest quality of Gerbera ‘Suzanne’, with appearance and decorative quality best retained with storage at 2°C. Flowers kept at 20°C had an average longevity of 8.6 days, whilst at low temperatures it reached a maximum of 13.8 days (2°C).

COMPARISON OF SILVER THIOSULFATE WITH 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE ON 19 CUT FLOWER TAXA

The effects of silver thiosulfate (STS; AVB) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP; Ethylbloc) were determined on 14 commonly-grown cut flower species, represented by one to three cultivars per species. Stems were unpacked, sorted, and placed in either deionized water (DI) and subjected to 1-MCP (740 nL L') or ambient air for 4 h or DI plus STS at either 0.1 mM (Alstroemeria) or 0.2 mM (all other species) for 4 h. After treatment, stems were removed, placed in polyethylene sleeves and stored either wet in DI water or dry in plastic-lined floral boxes at 5°C in the dark for 4 days. After storage bunches were placed in DI water under 12 h (76 to 100 μmol m -2 s -1 ) light per day. Flowers were monitored daily to determine the end of wholesale vase life, which was designated as the first day a change was noticed in the flower or inflorescence that would typically prevent it from being sold by a wholesaler or retailer. The consumer vase life was also recorded for each stem and was designated as the day a typical consumer would dispose of it. The 19 cut flower taxa could be organized into four groups based on effectiveness of STS and 1-MCP: (1) Both STS and 1-MCP increased vase life but STS was more effective: Dianthus caryophyllus (all three cultivars), Bouvardia, Lilium (Asiatic), and Lathyrus odorata. (2) Both STS and 1-MCP prevented the negative effects of dry storage: Freesia (both cultivars) and Chamelaucium (one cultivar). (3) STS increased vase life while 1-MCP did not: Alstroemeria, Delphinium, Matthiola, and Gypsophila. (4) STS and 1-MCP either had no effect or a negative effect: Consolida, Eustoma, Ranunculus, Antirrhinum, and Chamelaucium (one cultivar).

Dry storage effects on germinability of Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium) cypselas

Abstract Effects of dry storage under various conditions and durations were determined on the germinability of Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium) cypselas. Freshly-matured cypselas of O. acanthium were collected from four and two populations in 1996 and 1997, respectively, and germinated at 25 °C for 14 h in light and 10 °C for 10 h in darkness. Cypselas from the 1996 collection were stored dry under laboratory conditions (20–25 °C) and tested for germination as above after periods of 5, 50, 97, 109 and 170 days. At the end of each germination test, remaining non-germinated cypselas were tested for viability. Cypselas from the 1997 collection were stored dry under laboratory conditions (20–25 °C), outside in an unheated shed (–16 to 33 °C), in a seed room (5 °C) and in a freezer (–20 °C) and then tested for germination under alternating light/dark conditions as above and in constant darkness (25 °C for 14 h and 10 °C for 10 h) after 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days. In both years, germination percentages increased with storage duration, with the maximum percentage after 97 days in 1996 and after 56 days in 1997. There were differences in germination percentage and coefficient of germination rate among populations in both years. In 1996, the coefficient of germination rate increased with storage duration until 97 days and then decreased, while in 1997, it decreased with increased storage duration. More than 98% of the cypselas were viable in both years.

A comparative study of the seed germination biology of a narrow endemic and two geographically-widespread species ofSolidago(Asteraceae). 5. Effect of dry storage on after-ripening and survivorship

AbstractThe effect of dry storage under ambient laboratory conditions on after-ripening and survivorship was tested on seeds of the geographically-widespreadSolidago altissimaand S.nemoralisand the narrow-endemicS. shortii. Freshly-matured seeds ofS. altissimacollected in 1991 and in 1992 germinated to low or moderate percentages in light at 15/6, 20/10 and 25/15°C and to high percentages at 30/15 and 35/20°C, whereas those ofS. nemoralisandS. shortiigerminated to low percentages over the range of temperature regimes. After 0.8–1.8 years of storage, 1991 seeds ofS. altissimaincubated in light germinated to high percentages at 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C, those ofS. nemoralisdid so at 30/15 and 35/20°C and those ofS. shortiiat 20/10, 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C; 1992 seeds of all three species germinated to high percentages at 20/10, 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C. Freshly-matured 1991 and 1992 seeds of the three species germinated to low percentages in darkness over the range of temperature regimes, and only seeds ofS. shortiigerminated to high percentages after 0.8–1.8 years of storage. Compared with cold stratification, dry storage was only moderately effective in breaking dormancy in these three species. The primary difference in after-ripening of seeds of the three species was that seeds of the narrow endemic germinated to higher percentages in darkness than those of its two geographically-widespread congeners. Survivorship curves for 1991 and 1992 seeds ofS. altissimaandS. nemoralisand for 1992 seeds ofS. shortiiwere of Deevey Type I; the survivorship curve for 1991 seeds ofS. shortiiwas closest to Type II. Longevity of 1991 seeds ofS. altissima, 1992 seeds ofS. nemoralisand 1991 and 1992 seeds ofS. shortiiwas &lt;4.0 years, whereas that of 1991 seeds ofS. nemoraliswas &lt;2.3 years; 5% of 1992 seeds ofS. altissimawere viable after 4.0 years.

Effect of dry storage on scape bending in cut Gerbera jamesonii flowers

The effect of dry storage on scape bending in cut flowers of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus was investigated in nine cultivars (Cora, Donatella, Liesbeth, Mickey, Nikita, Regina, Rosamunde, Simonetta and Terrafame). Freshly cut flowers placed in water for 14 days showed no bending, except in Cora and Liesbeth. During the summer, dry storage (4 days at 1°C) had no effect on most cultivars, but in winter it increased bending in all cultivars investigated. At the end of the dry storage treatment, both in summer and in winter, the scapes of most cultivars were bent and intervarietal differences were mainly based on the recovery during the first day of vase life. Among the cultivars tested no differences were found in water potential after dry storage nor in the water balance during vase life. The scape curvature after dry storage in winter was not correlated with fresh weight of the flower head or the uppermost 12 cm of the scape, nor with scape diameter at 12 cm from the flower head. The percentage dry weight of the scapes, however, was lowest in Cora and Liesbeth, which may explain why they are apt to bend.

Effect of Dry Storage on Bacterial Counts in Stems of Cut Rose Flowers

The number of bacteria in the basal 5 cm of the stems of cut rose flowers (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Sonia) stored in water for 1 to 4 days was positively correlated with the number of bacteria in the water. Subsequent dry storage of the flowering rose stems resulted in an increase in the number of bacteria in the stems, similar to that occurring in stems that were held in water. Low temperatures during dry storage (SC) reduced the reproduction rate of bacteria in the stems. Use of aluminum sulfate (0.8 g-liter-`) during the rehydration period before dry storage limited the number of bacteria in the stems and prevented their subsequent increase during dry storage.

Comparative study of epinephrine and an epinephrine-like substance obtained from autolyzing adrenal glands.

SummaryA bluish-violet color stable for 24 hours in a pH range of 5.5 to 8.0 results from addition of a solution of ferric ammonium oxalate to a solution of epinephrine or of suprarenal gland extracts. The transmittancy of the solution is determined at a wavelength of 555 mμ. The presence of ascorbic acid, uric acid or other naturally occurring substances found in adrenal glands does not interfere with the determination. This method is not applicable for the determination of epinephrine in blood or in drugs. The procedure is extremely simple and rapid and is capable of an accuracy of less than 1% to 5% as the greatest variation. The bluish-violet color that is obtained from minced autolyzing adrenal glands has been shown to be caused by a reaction between an epinephrine-like substance and iron products from the food chopper. A comparison of the specific extinction of various epinephrine standards and a note on the effects of dry storage is made (Fig. 1).

EFFECT OF STORAGE AND CHANGING SEA WATER ON CONTAMINATED OYSTERS

IN THE February issue of the JOURNAL, our experiments on the effect of chlorination on oysters contaminated with typhoid bacilli were reported. Through the exigencies of time and available JOURNAL space the collateral experiments on the effect of changing sea water alone were not presented. These as well as observations on the effect of dry storage were held for report at this time. When the increase of typhoid fever occurred during the latter part of 1924, it was noticed coincidently in inland as well as seaboard cities. When investigations showed that this increase of typhoid fever was attributable to contaminated oysters it indicated that B. typhosus must persist in dry, stored oysters for some time. Experiments were undertaken, therefore, to determine the time of survival of B. typhosus under storage conditions. Oysters for these observations were dredged at West Sayville, Long Island, and sent immediately to the laboratory. The water was obtained from Great South Bay, Long Island. Two lots of about 80 oysters were contaminated by suspending the oysters in wire crates in tanks containing about 8 gallons of contaminated sea water: Lot A, shown in Table I, in sea water contaminated by the addition of a suspension of feces containing B. tvlphosus; Lot B, shown in Table II, in water contaminated with freshlv isolated cultures of B. tvpShosus. The tanks were kept overnight at room temperature (18 to 22° C.). The oysters drank actively. Thev were then removed from the tank for storage. The storage conditions approximated in temperature that of the colder months (February and March) of the oyster season. The oysters were kept out-of-doors in a small shed on the north side of a building which was covered with snow. When snow was no longer available they were transferred to an icebox.

Effect of Dry Storage on the Antirachitic Potency of Cod Liver Oil

Effect of Dry Storage on the Antirachitic Potency of Cod Liver Oil

Effect of Dry Storage on the Antirachitic Potency of Cod Liver Oil

Effect of Dry Storage on the Antirachitic Potency of Cod Liver Oil