Effect Of Distance Research Articles

The interfacial charge change enhanced by Pr0.6Sm0.4Co0.8Mn0.2O3 activated peroxymonosulfate was used for the efficient degradation of tetracycline under the nanoscale domain limiting and distance effect

In this work, an improved sol-gel method was used to prepare a series of Co-infused PrSmMnO3 perovskites (Pr0.6Sm0.4Co1-XMnXO3, PSCM) to rapidly activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for efficient degradation of tetracycline (TC). The experimental results showed that the degradation efficiency of the PSCM-82/PMS system for TC in the pH 2-11 range was close to 100%. The nanoscale domain-limiting and distance effect of PSCM under different activators were discussed, and the catalytic mechanism of the non-radical electron transfer pathway in the PSCM-82/PMS system was proposed. After the optimization of the DFT calculation, it can be seen that the dCo-Mn-Co range of the PSCM-82 material is 9.8 - 9.9 Å. The molecular size of PMS is 9.9 Å, which precisely matches the dCo-Mn-Co range of the material. Moreover, the distance between molecular sizes was relatively minimal, and the interface charge transfer was enhanced by both the confinement and distance effects. This promotes a fast catalytic reaction and an optimal degradation rate. During this process, PMS molecules were adsorbed by the active metal sites on the surface of PSCM-82, resulting in a large amount of interfacial charge transfer. This allows a strong coupling between the PMS and the catalyst, resulting in a reaction surface with high redox potential. According to the results of density functional theory (DFT) calculation, quenching experiment, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiment and electrochemical research, it can be concluded that the main degradation pathway of TC is realized through the direct electron transfer process.

The effect of fire-wall distance on the flame attachment characteristics and flame height of near-wall fires

Near-wall fires happen frequently in buildings and may ignite the solids on the wall, leading to a rapid spread of fire. A series of experiments and numerical simulations were conducted on near-wall and free (the same as that of near-wall fire source after mirroring) fires using propane and methane as the fuel to investigate the effect of the wall on flame attachment properties and flame height. The presence of a wall decreases the degree of turbulence for downstream flame and influences the velocity and temperature evolutions due to the no-slip and impermeability conditions. Due to the asymmetric evolution of vortices, intermittent flame attachment emerges at a certain downstream location and is intensified with decreasing fire-wall distance. The upper attachment limit increases with the heat release rate, however, the dependence of the lower attachment limit on the heat release rate is related to the fire-wall distance. The flame attachment probability increases with the aspect ratio of the gap between the fire source and the wall. Grashof number is a suitable parameter to correlate the flame attachment parameters of near-wall fires, including flame attachment limit, length and probability. The flame height increases with decreasing fire-wall distance and is 17.8%∼46.5% higher than that of free fires. By defining a dimensionless heat release rate incorporating the flame attachment probability, a unified model was built to predict the flame height of near-wall and free fires. The data and models are expected to be useful for evaluating the risk of early-stage near-wall fires.

Thermal performance analysis of a novel letter-type fin liquid cooling plate based on the field synergy principle and the second law of thermodynamics

In order to expand more forms of liquid-cooled plate fin construction, based on the traditional geometric fins and letter-type fins, a new idea of constructing a new type of letter-type fins by the geometric expansion method is proposed, and then a fin structure design with better heat transfer performance than the traditional geometric fins is explored. Firstly, the validity of the CFD model and method is verified by heat dissipation experiments. On this basis, the flow behavior and heat transfer performance of 6 letter-type fin structures at different Reynolds numbers are numerically investigated, and the synergism and thermal irreversibility of the flow and temperature fields are discussed and analyzed. According to the findings, the field synergy of the new letter-shaped fins is more significant and effectively reduced the irreversibility of heat transfer. In addition, the combined thermal performance analysis shows that the combined heat performance of C-type fins is better when the Reynolds number range is between 49.85–199.4 (HTPF = 1.098–1.57), and the combined thermal performance of T-type fins is better when the Reynolds number range is 249.25–398.8 (HTPF = 1.03–1.07). Secondly, in order to improve the liquid-cooled plate’s heat performance the paper discussed and optimizes the combination mode of C- and T-type letter fins. To further improve the liquid-cooled plate’s thermal performance, on the basis of the optimal combination of fins, we discuss the effect of fin break distance on the liquid-cooled plate’s thermal performance. Finally, secondary fins are introduced to further optimize the liquid-cooled plate’s thermal performance. It is found that a reasonable setting of secondary fins can effectively reduce the pressure drop of the liquid cooling plate and improve the comprehensive heat dissipation performance (18.71 %∼32.09 %).

How to get rid of imaginary frequencies within ONIOM geometry optimizations: A DFT study on the effect of basis set and link atom distances in Cu-ZSM-5

Two extended clusters representing different portions of Cu-ZSM-5 were treated within a two-layer ONIOM approximation, employing DFT calculations both for the real and for the model system. Despite a two-step optimization procedure successfully employed in previous work, a consistent number of imaginary and anomalous frequencies appeared after the vibrational analysis. These artefacts depend both on the basis set assigned to link atoms and on an improper setting of the OH distances, where H are the link atoms at the boundaries of the model system. The latter problem, revealed for the first time in the present study, originates from the default scale factor (g = 0.529) employed by the ONIOM routine within Gaussian-09. Once basis set and g scale factor are properly set, all imaginary and anomalous frequencies disappear. The present findings may represent an interesting and practical solution to an annoying computational problem, whenever it occurs in the framework of ONIOM calculations.

Experiments on the effect of wall distances for bubble collapse characteristics

At present, the energy released by bubble collapse can be used for the surface treatment of workpieces and can also be used to degrade pollutants. However, the mechanism of action between bubble collapse and a nearby wall has yet to be accurately explained. In order to grasp the relationship between the wall distance and collapse characteristics, the methods of spark discharge, high-speed photography, and pressure acquisition are used to study bubble shapes and the dynamic variation during pressure release with different wall distances in this paper. The results show that with the increasing of the distance L, the shape of a bubble changes from oblate to spherical and its collapse time shortens. The proportion of the total collapse time consumed by the slow collapse stage shows an increasing trend. In an experiment with two contractions, the time proportion of the slow collapse stage of the first contraction is much larger than that of the second contraction. The existence of the wall delays the collapse of the bubble. As the distance L increases, the bubble goes from undergoing one collapse to two collapses and then to one collapse again. The proportion of the duration of the slow collapse stage of the first contraction decreases rapidly, and the proportion of the slow collapse stage of the second contraction increases slowly, but the time proportion of second contraction decreases. When the distance L increases from 4.5 mm to 11 mm, the pressure received by the wall gradually decreases 28.19 MPa to 18.01 MPa. With an increase in the distance S from 0 to 8 mm, the maximum pressure received by the wall gradually decreases from 19.77 MPa to 9.37 MPa. The relationship found between the slow collapse stage (ta), the second contraction (tb), and the distance (L) can provide guidance for the effective application of the energy released by bubble collapse.

A theoretical demonstration on the independence of distance and incidence angle effects for small-footprint hyperspectral LiDAR: Basic physical concepts

A theoretical demonstration on the independence of distance and incidence angle effects for small-footprint hyperspectral LiDAR: Basic physical concepts

Unveiling the Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Leadership and Radical Innovation Performance of China Internet SMEs: Resource-based View

This paper explores the interconnection between entrepreneurial leadership and the radical innovation performance of SMEs in China’s web development industry. Applying RBV theory and a quantitative research design with Smart PLS analysis results in an inquiry of entrepreneurial leadership’s impact on innovative outcomes. A quantitative research design was chosen, using SmartPLS 4.0, with the sample population being Chinese internet industry employees working for SMEs. The sample was made up of 268 employees working in Internet related SMEs in China. The study has demonstrated a notable and positive link between entrepreneurial leadership and radical innovation performance, thus highlighting the crucial role of this function in promoting innovation among the highly competitive Chinese Internet possessions. This study highlights the most important moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation which is its being a mental bridge between entrepreneurial leadership and radical innovation outcomes. The research further gives an insight into the rising relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and entrepreneurial orientation as a result of the moderating effect of power distance within Chinese internet SMEs. Thus, this research provides important information for Chinese Internet small and medium-sized enterprises that intend to increase their radical innovation capacity. It is a blueprint for organizational development and leadership which are the key factors needed to foster the sustainable growth of the internet industry in this dynamic environment.

Two paths of news frames affecting support for particulate matter policies in South Korea: The moderating roles of media exposure and psychological distance.

This study examined the paths through which the news frames of particulate matter (PM) influence support for governmental policies aiming to address PM. It also explored the mediating effects of anxiety and risk perception in the relationship between news frames and policy support, as well as the moderating effects of media exposure and psychological distance on the PM news framing effect. Based on an experimental design (N=676), two groups of news frames were prepared for comparison: a narrative frame group and a numerical frame group. The results showed no significant differences in anxiety or risk perception between the two groups. Further, no significant mediating effects of anxiety or risk perception were found in the process through which PM news frames influence support for governmental policies. However, media exposure significantly moderated the effect of the narrative frame: With high (low) media exposure, the narrative frame positively (negatively) influenced policy support through risk perception. Moreover, when the level of psychological distance was low, the narrative frame positively influenced policy support through risk perception. This study contributes to the literature on news framing of PM by integrating cognitive and emotional mechanisms in forming policy attitudes.

Study on laser ablation characteristics of tree obstacles in transmission lines

IntroductionAs a new and efficient method for obstacle removal, laser clearance has promising applications in eliminating tree obstacles in transmission lines. This paper aims to explore various aspects related to the laser ablation of tree obstacles in transmission lines through simulation and experimentation.MethodsThis paper employs simulation and experimentation to test the ignition time, burn-through time, peak temperature, and basic carbonization rate of various types of tree obstacles in transmission lines. Additionally, it analyzes the effects of tree density, laser power, clearance distance, and tree moisture content on laser ablation characteristics.ResultsThe results reveal that different types of tree obstacles exhibit distinct ablation characteristics. With increasing tree density, both the ignition and burn-through times increase, while the peak temperature and basic carbonization rate decrease. Additionally, laser power and clearance distance significantly influence laser ablation behavior. Higher laser energy density results in greater heat flux density, leading to shorter ignition and burn-through times and higher peak temperatures and carbonization rates. Moreover, the tree obstacle with the highest moisture content (58.4%) had the shortest burn-through time of 46.56 s, whereas the one with the lowest moisture content (14.8%) took the longest at 58.41 s, which demonstrates that increased moisture content enhances the laser ablation rate.DiscussionThese findings provide a basis for the application of laser-based tree obstacle removal in power transmission lines. The understanding of how different factors such as tree density, laser power, clearance distance, and moisture content affect the laser ablation process can help in optimizing the laser clearance operations for more efficient removal of tree obstacles in transmission lines.

DISP-14. THE IMPACT OF DISTANCE IN TREATING GLIOBLASTOMA: A RETROSPECTIVE SINGLE CENTER STUDY

Abstract INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor associated with poor survival. Research shows that patients living in rural areas have poorer outcomes than those in metropolitan areas; however, little is known about how distance between patients and their subspecialist impacts outcomes. We explored the effect of distance from a National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) has on overall survival (OS) and clinical trial enrollment for patients with GBM. METHODS Retrospective data was collected from patients with newly diagnosed GBM per the World Health Organization 2021 who received treatment at Huntsman Cancer Institute (HCI) from 2018 to 2022. Distance was evaluated as a categorical (near: 0-25 miles, intermediate: 25-40 miles, far: >40 miles) and continuous variable for analyses. In addition to univariable models, multivariable models adjusting for known prognostic factors were also performed. RESULTS A total of 167 patients were identified. Baseline characteristics including age, sex, race, and KPS scores were similar across groups. The univariable COX regression model found no significant difference in OS when comparing the near group to the intermediate (p=0.125) and far (p=0.599). However, the multivariable model found poorer OS in the intermediate group that was statistically significant when compared to the near group (HR (95% CI) = 1.55 (1.01, 2.39), p = 0.047). When comparing distances as a continuous variable, patients in the far group had statistically significant lower clinical trial enrollment rates (near group 43%, intermediate 35%, far 18%; p=0.0001). DISCUSSION Patients with GBM seeing a neuro-oncologist at our CCC did have a difference in OS as well as clinical trial enrollment when considering distance traveled. Clinical trials are standard of care for patients with GBM; our data provides evidence that distance from a CCC significantly affects trial enrollment, underscoring the importance of ensuring availability of resources for clinical trial participants.

The effects of target distance on kinematic sequence of the short game in male collegiate golfers

ABSTRACT Golf is an international sport that has become increasingly more popular in recent times. Previous literature has shown that golf approach shots are crucial to the success of elite golfers. However, there is no known publication investigating distances less than 100 yards, known as the short game. The primary purpose of this study was to collect comprehensive data on 3D biomechanical variables of the short game at four target distances in college-aged, male golfers. Participants were instructed to hit five successful shots at each target distance: 30 yards, 50 yards, 70 yards and full swing (maximal distance) yardage. A motion capture system recorded kinematic and temporal parameters of golfer movement, additional to a golf simulator that collected ball carry distance of each shot. Distance did have a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on swing phase timing, angular velocities and motion sequencing. Movement sequencing within the short game displayed irregular patterns across all distances and phases, with a partial proximal-to-distal pattern (pelvis → shoulder girdle → arms → club) at best. The findings of this study show that the short game swing did present its own unique motion patterns that will require practice as its own skill.

Air DNA forensics: Novel air collection method investigations for human DNA identification.

Modern techniques can generate highly discriminatory DNA profiles from minuscule biological samples, providing valuable information in criminal investigations and court proceedings. However, trace and touch DNA samples, due to their nature, often have lower success rates than other biological materials, such as blood. Further, forensically aware criminals can utilize gloves and meticulously clean the crime scene to remove DNA traces of themselves from contacted surfaces. Air sampling offers a novel approach to the collection of human DNA that has the potential to bypass some of these issues. This study reports on the results of research into the prevalence and persistence of human DNA in the air. The ability to collect human DNA from the air was investigated with the use of an AirPrep Cub Sampler ACD220 in different spaces, with and without the presence of individuals for various durations of sample collection. Results of this study demonstrate that level of occupation and sampling duration each have an influence on quantity and quality of DNA recovered from the air whereas the effects of orientation and distance of participants from the collection device as well as sequence of occupation remain unclear and require further investigation.

The effect of distance on audiovisual temporal integration in an outdoor virtual environment

In this study, we explore the influence of stimulus distance on human tolerance for (physical) asynchronies in virtual reality (VR). A repeated audiovisual (AV) stimulus with sound and light bursts was presented to the participants in an outdoor virtual environment (VE) using a head-mounted display (HMD). The investigation focused on quantifying the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) for both visual and auditory stimuli. A synchrony judgment method (SJ-3) was used for 11 stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) and five egocentric distances from 10 m up to 50 m with 10 m increments. The data analysis showed negative PSS values that decreased with distance, resulting in a negative slope (-3 ms/m) of the regression line between PSS values and simulated distances. In contrast to the recent study conducted in the indoor VE, we conclude that the presented study in the outdoor VE does not incorporate a distance compensation mechanism and refutes the hypothesis of an ‘implicit estimation’ of sound-arrival time. The reasons behind the observed contrast are discussed in this paper. Moreover, the negative slope of the regression line (−3 ms/m) is similar to previous research, concluding that there is a temporal integration of auditory-visual information within human neural processes without distance compensation.

The Effect of Institutional Context, Distance, and Routine Complexity on the Transfer of Routines Across Borders

Transferring routines and practices within Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) is a prevalent and, at times, tedious process. New institutional context imposes forces for local adaptation, which disrupts the stability of the routine - stability due to the interplay between ostensive (the codified and/or abstract version of the routine) and performative (the practiced version) aspects of the routine. Change in routines is then needed to ensure local adaptation and the routine reaches a new state of stability. Our study focuses on the micro-processes of the transfer process and the pertinent states of stability and change in the focal routines and practices. We use simulation experiments and examine the effect of intuitional pressures for local adaptation. The local adaptation speed of ostensive routine is shown to matter. Slow enactment of the revised version of the ostensive routine (i.e. implementation of the locally adapted routine) at the subsidiary level can disrupt the stability of the routine.

Effect of electrode size and distance to tissue on unipolar and bipolar voltage electrograms and their implications for a near-field cutoff

Characteristics of electrograms depend on the electrode design and distance to the electric source. Our aim was to assess the impact of electrode design and distance from the myocardial electric source on the unipolar and bipolar electrograms to deduce a far-field cut-off. We retrospectively analyzed left atrial electroanatomical maps of 25 patients acquired using an ablation catheter with a 4.5 mm tip-, mini- and 2 mm ring electrodes. The unipolar and bipolar electrograms were characterized based on peak-to-peak amplitude, signal duration, maximal slope, and relative power of the high frequency spectrum above 50 Hz (HF_rel). The unipolar electrograms of ring electrodes showed an increased amplitude (140%), slope (150%) and HF_rel (16% vs. 11%) compared to the tip- and mini-electrodes. The median amplitude, slope, and HF_rel for the ring electrodes followed a power-law decay with distance with a steep decline up to 4 mm. This near-field cut-off can be identified based on a HF_rel above 10% in unipolar electrograms. In conclusion, we observed a higher unipolar amplitude for small ring-electrodes compared to larger tip-electrodes. The rapid decay of the amplitude, slope, and HF_rel up to a distance of 4 mm is suggestive for near-field cut-off identified based on HF_rel above 50 Hz.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04095559.

Theoretical model construction and static performance analysis of multi-leaf journal foil bearings

Abstract Multi-leaf journal foil bearing (MLJFB) structures are complex, making performance prediction challenging, and the accurate prediction of gas film thickness and pressure distributions is crucial. In this study, COMSOL finite-element software was used to establish an initial foil assembly and structural deformation simulation model for an MLJFB with bump foils. Using MATLAB, a compressible gas lubrication model was established and solved using the finite volume method (FVM). Real-time data transfer between COMSOL and MATLAB enabled a fully coupled fluid-structure interaction simulation. This model meticulously accounts for the pre-tension force in the multi-leaf bearing assembly, contact friction between adjacent foils, and the interaction between the top foil and gas film pressure. The effects of journal movement distance, direction, and top foil overlapping ratio on the bearing capacity as well as the effects of different external load directions on the journal equilibrium position were analyzed based on this model. The results indicate that increasing the top foil overlapping ratio enhances the bearing capacity of the MLJFB. Furthermore, compared to the direction of the top foil overlap position, external loads applied in the direction of the top foil midpoint are more beneficial for bearing operational stability.

Design and implementation of wireless power transfer device

Abstract. Magnetic coupled resonant radio energy transmission (WPT) technology utilizes the coupling of the magnetic fields of the transmitting and receiving coils and wirelessly transmits energy through electromagnetic induction, greatly expanding the applications of power equipment in special environments. The technology uses the magnetic field coupling between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil to realize the wireless transmission of energy through electromagnetic induction. This method breaks the limitation of traditional wire transmission and greatly expands the application potential of power equipment in various special environments. In this paper, an efficient, stable and long-distance wireless charging device is designed and realized. In order to improve transmission efficiency, two-coil configuration with series-series structure is adopted, and its equivalent circuit model is established by circuit theory and Kirchhoff's law. Therefore, a new radio energy transmission device based on single chip microcomputer is designed, including PWM signal generator, level matching circuit, high frequency inverter circuit and other key parts. Expressions for transmission efficiency and output power are derived from equation analysis and power-on experiments performed on a physical device. In addition, the effects of transmission frequency, load impedance and transmission distance on the performance are investigated.

Study of the Stress Distribution and a Calculation Model for the Local Bearing Capacity of Concrete Under Headed Bars

In order to obtain the calculation model for the local bearing capacity of concrete Fl under two headed bars, six pull-out concrete specimens were prepared. The effect of the net distance between two headed bars c on Fl was mainly investigated. The test results show that the local bearing capacity of concrete would first decrease and then increase with the increase in c, and the boundary point of the two stages was c = 40 mm. It is determined that the stress transformation from the local compression state to the axial compression state in the stress distribution model is characterized by the variation rate of the vertical stress under individual headed bars, which would infinitely approach a constant value. The constant value under individual headed bars is used as the limit value. The height of the vertical stress under two headed bars is modified, and then the height of the tensile region of the specimen with different c values is determined. Combined with the experimental phenomena and the results, two stages of calculation models are established, respectively: the integral calculation model and the individual calculation model. The integral calculation model focuses on the interaction of the compression region under two headed bars. The individual calculation model mainly focuses on the interaction of the tensile region under two headed bars. The calculation equations considering the influence of the height of the tensile region are established. Two groups of similar test data regarding the local bearing capacity were collected and verified as the integral calculation model and the individual calculation model. The average value of the ratio between the test value and the calculated value is 1.057 and 1.061, the standard deviation is 0.153 and 0.091, and the coefficient of variation is 0.055 and 0.086. It is proved that the calculation model proposed in this paper has a certain accuracy. It can provide a reference for calculating the local bearing capacity of concrete under multiple headed bars.

Empirical Evaluation and Simulation of the Impact of Global Navigation Satellite System Solutions on Uncrewed Aircraft System–Structure from Motion for Shoreline Mapping and Charting

Uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) and structure-from-motion/multi-view stereo (SfM/MVS) photogrammetry are efficient methods for mapping terrain at local geographic scales. Traditionally, indirect georeferencing using ground control points (GCPs) is used to georeference the UAS image locations before further processing in SfM software. However, this is a tedious practice and unsuitable for surveying remote or inaccessible areas. Direct georeferencing is a plausible alternative that requires no GCPs. It relies on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technology to georeference the UAS image locations. This research combined field experiments and simulation to investigate GNSS-based post-processed kinematic (PPK) as a means to eliminate or reduce reliance on GCPs for shoreline mapping and charting. The study also conducted a brief comparison of real-time network (RTN) and precise point positioning (PPP) performances for the same purpose. Ancillary experiments evaluated the effects of PPK base station distance and GNSS sample rate on the accuracy of derived 3D point clouds and digital elevation models (DEMs). Vertical root mean square errors (RMSEz), scaled to the 95% confidence interval using an assumption of normally-distributed errors, were desired to be within 0.5 m to satisfy National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) requirements for nautical charting. Simulations used a Monte Carlo approach and empirical tests to examine the influence of GNSS performance on the quality of derived 3D point clouds. RTN and PPK results consistently yielded RMSEz values within 10 cm, thus satisfying NOAA requirements for nautical charting. PPP did not meet the accuracy requirements but showed promising results that prompt further investigation. PPK experiments using higher GNSS sample rates did not always provide the best accuracies. GNSS performance and model accuracies were enhanced when using base stations located within 30 km of the survey site. Results without using GCPs observed a direct relationship between point cloud accuracy and GNSS performance, with R2 values reaching up to 0.97.

Experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent psychiatric wards: multi-methods investigation.

Child and adolescent mental health service in-patient beds are unevenly spread throughout England. Where demand outstrips bed availability, young people may be admitted at-distance or to adult psychiatric wards. The COVID-19 pandemic added pressures to already overstretched services. Understanding experiences during this period is vital to inform strategies for future emergencies. To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on admissions to local, at-distance or adult psychiatric units, from the perspectives of young people, parents/carers and healthcare professionals. Multi-methods data were collected from February 2021 to September 2022, as part of the Far Away from Home research programme. A 13-month national surveillance study collected information about admissions to general adolescent units >50 miles from home, out-of-region or to adult psychiatric units. Free-text data from respondents (n = 51) were analysed using content analysis. Interviews with young people (n = 30), parents/carers (n = 21) and healthcare professionals (n = 68) were analysed using thematic analysis. Restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic affected young people's contact with others; the requirement to self-isolate on admission and following overnight leave felt distressing, and visiting was limited. This disincentivised overnight leave, leading to some discharges being delayed and others feeling rushed and high risk. The COVID-19 pandemic also accelerated the introduction of virtual meetings, enabling community teams and families to be more involved in therapies, meetings and decision-making. Restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic were often negatively perceived. However, the increased use of technology was felt to be positive, widening inclusion and mitigating some negative effects of distance on admissions.