Effects Of Different Water Temperatures Research Articles

Effects of water temperature changes on the early life stages (egg and larvae) of walleye Pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) – Laboratory experiments and field applications

The eastern coast of Korea (ECK) is the southern limit of walleye pollock (pollock) distribution in the North Pacific. Since the climate regime shift in the 1980s, pollock catch has decreased sharply, with <1 ton recorded annually since the 2000s. Pollock, a semi-demersal cold-water species, is greatly affected by sea surface temperature changes during its early life stages. This study analyzed the effect of different water temperatures (3.6, 5.1, 7.1, 10.0, 13.3, and 15.1 °C) on the survival and growth of fertilized pollock eggs and larvae to investigate whether the ECK is still suitable for the early life stages development of pollock. The hatching rate of eggs was 82%, 57%, and 4%, and the hatching period was 20.7, 11.6, and 5.6 d at 3.6, 10.0, and 15.1 °C, respectively. The larval size-at-hatch was the highest at 3.6 °C (5.14 mm) and lowest at 15.1 °C (4.24 mm). Above 10.0 °C, the hatching rate decreased rapidly, and the abnormality rate increased. Since the 1980s, the 10 °C isotherm in the ECK has been moving northward in winter, which is the pollock spawning season. Continuous warming of the ECK has thus been unfavorable for the early life stages of pollock. Overall, this study improves our understanding of changes in pollock abundance due to climate change.

Effects of Water Temperature on the Body Color and Expression of the Genes Related to Body Color Regulation in the Goldfish.

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and somatolactin (SL) in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis are associated with body color regulation in teleost fish. Although these hormones' production and secretion respond well to light environments, such as background color, little is known about the effects of different water temperatures. We investigated the effects of water temperature, 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C, on body color and the expression of these genes and corresponding receptor genes in goldfish. The body color in white background (WBG) becomes paler at the higher water temperature, although no difference was observed in black background (BBG). Brain mRNA contents of proMCH genes (pmch1 and pmch2) increased at 30°C and 20°C compared to 10°C in WBG, respectively. Apparent effects of background color and temperature on the pituitary mRNA contents of a POMC gene (pomc) were not observed. The pituitary mRNA contents of the SLα gene were almost double those on a WBG at any temperature, while those of the SLβ gene (slb) at 30°C tended to be higher than those at 10°C and 20°C on WBG and BBG. The scale mRNA contents of the MCH receptor gene (mchr2) in WBG were higher than those in BBG at 30°C. The highest scale mRNA contents of MSH receptor (mc1r and mc5r) on BBG were observed at 20°C, while the lowest respective mRNA levels were observed at 30°C on WBG. These results highlight the importance of temperature for the endocrinological regulation of body color, and darker background color may stabilize those endocrine functions.

Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Disk Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) Caused by Water Temperature and pH Changes.

Ocean warming and acidification can induce oxidative stress in marine species, resulting in cellular damage and apoptosis. However, the effects of pH and water temperature conditions on oxidative stress and apoptosis in disk abalone are poorly understood. This study investigated, for the first time, the effects of different water temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C) and pH levels (7.5 and 8.1) on oxidative stress and apoptosis in disk abalone by estimating levels of H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the apoptosis-related gene caspase-3. We also visually confirmed apoptotic effects of different water temperatures and pH levels via in situ hybridization and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays. The levels of H2O2, MDA, SOD, CAT, and caspase-3 increased under low/high water temperature and/or low pH conditions. Expression of the genes was high under high temperature and low pH conditions. Additionally, the apoptotic rate was high under high temperatures and low pH conditions. These results indicate that changes in water temperature and pH conditions individually and in combination trigger oxidative stress in abalone, which can induce cell death. Specifically, high temperatures induce apoptosis by increasing the expression of the apoptosis-related gene caspase-3.

Improvement the Hatchery Seed Production Strategy on Embryonic Development and Larval Growth Performance and Development stages of Green Tiger Prawn, Penaeus semisulcatus Using Environmental Aspects

This investigation aimed to improve the hatchery seed production strategy in terms of chronologies of embryonic and larval development as well as hatching, growth and survival rates, and rearing water quality of green tiger prawn, Penaeus semisulcatus by the integration effects of different water temperatures (23 °C, 26 °C, 29 °C, 32 °C) and probiotic as water additives. The best and shortest chronologies of embryonic development stages were in favor of 32 °C with probiotic. The best hatching rate was in favor of 29 °C with probiotics. The fastest larval development and greatest larval growth as total length until PL1 stage was promoted by 32 °C with probiotic but the best survival rate was recorded at 26 °C with probiotic followed by 29 °C with probiotic treatment. During larval development, the lowest value of NH4–N was recorded under the effect of 26 °C and probiotic. Therefore, probiotics as water additives at 29 and 32 °C water temperatures have a beneficial impact on the hatchery seed production strategy and quality of P. semisulcatus. Our findings could apply to rearing larvae in shrimp hatchery to decrease the chronology of embryonic and larval development, while increase the hatching rate, growth performance, and survival rates as well as improving the water quality.

Solar disinfection – An appropriate water treatment method to inactivate faecal bacteria in cold climates

Solar disinfection (SODIS) is an inexpensive drinking water treatment method applied in tropical and sub-tropical low-income countries. However, it has been unclear whether it functions adequately also in colder climates. To investigate this issue, SODIS experiments were performed in the humid continental climate of Finland by exposing faecally contaminated drinking water to natural solar radiation at different water temperatures (8–23 °C) and UV intensities (12–19 W/m2) in polyethylene (PE) bags. To establish an adequate benchmark, SODIS experiments with the same experimental design were additionally conducted in the Mediterranean climate of Spain in typical conditions of SODIS application (~39 °C and 42 W/m2).Out of all experiments, the highest coliform and enterococci inactivation efficiencies in terms of lowest required doses for 4-log disinfection (25 Wh/m2 and 60 Wh/m2, respectively) were obtained in humid continental climate at the lowest studied mean water temperature (8–11 °C). Despite the low mean UV irradiance (~19 Wh/m2), 4-log disinfection of coliforms and enterococci were also reached fast in these conditions (1 h 27 min and 3 h 18 min, respectively). Overall, the doses required for disinfection increased as the water temperatures and UV intensities of the experiments rose. Disinfection of 4-logs (> 99.99%) of both bacteria was reached in all SODIS experiments within 6 h, suggesting SODIS could be a sufficient household water treatment method also in colder climates, unlike previously thought.The effects of different water temperatures on bacterial inactivation were also tested in the absence of sunlight. Together the obtained results indicate that while water temperatures below or close to the optima of coliforms and enterococci (~10 °C) alone do not cause inactivation, these temperatures may enhance SODIS performance. This phenomenon is attributed to slower bacterial metabolism and hence slower photorepair induced by the low water temperature.

Mathematical model for predicting oxygen concentration in tilapia fish farms

The main aim of this research is to develop a mathematical model to predict the dissolved oxygen in recirculating aquaculture system. The oxygen consumption of the model through the fish respiration and nitrification and the oxygen addition of the model through oxygen generator and water pumping. The effect of different water temperatures (24, 26, 28, 30 and 32 °C) on the dissolved oxygen consumption through fish respiration, biofilter and nitrification and fish growth were studied. An experiment to measure oxygen consumed by fish respiration and biofilteration and fish growth with the growth period and to validate the model results was carried out. The oxygen consumption predicted by the model was in a good agreement with those measured by the system. The oxygen consumption by fish respiration ranged 12.04 to 47.53 g O2 m−3 h−1 experimentally, while it was from 12.01 to 46.06 g O2 m−3 h−1 theoretically. The predicted and measured oxygen consumption through biofilteration values ranged from 0.43 to 21.91 and 0.45 to 23.09 g O2 m−3 h−1, respectively. The individual fish weight from the system ranged from 3.00 to 209.52 g experimentally while it was from 3.00 to 226.25 g theoretically during the whole period.

Nutrient Solution Temperature Affects Growth and °Brix Parameters of Seventeen Lettuce Cultivars Grown in an NFT Hydroponic System

Nutrient solution temperature in a hydroponic system affects °Brix and yield of lettuce; thus, it is important to maintain the water temperature within an appropriate range. Nutrient-film technique (NFT) trials were conducted to investigate the effects of different water temperatures (18.3 °C, 21.1 °C, and ambient) on growth and °Brix of 17 cultivars from five different types (Loose leaf, Romaine, Butterhead, Salanova, and Batavian) of lettuce. The average daily water temperature for ambient treatment was recorded to be 20 to 26.5 °C. The study was conducted in a split-plot design with three replications over time. Results indicated that water temperature affected root and shoot fresh and dry weight, plant width, and °Brix for lettuce. Lettuce grown at 21.1 °C were 15% greater for shoot fresh weight than plants grown at ambient conditions. All the growth and quality parameters of lettuce were found to be affected by cultivars, with “Coastal Star” showing the best results in both growth and °Brix parameters. All the cultivars of the Romaine type showed greater growth and °Brix, while Salanova lettuce did not perform well in all treatments compared to other lettuce types. For CO2 assimilation, the interaction between water temperature and cultivars was significant, with “Parris Island” having the greatest rate at ambient water temperature. These results suggested that maintaining water temperature at 21.1 °C produced lettuce with greater growth and biomass but had 26% lower °Brix than lettuce grown at 18.3 °C.

Temperature-Dependent Residue Depletion Regularities of Tiamulin in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Following Multiple Oral Administrations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different water temperatures (19, 25, and 30°C) on tissue residue depletion of tiamulin in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after five consecutive days of oral administration at the dose of 20 mg/kg body weight and to calculate the corresponding elimination half-life (T1/2) and withdrawal times (WTs). After oral administration at scheduled 11 time points (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days), samples of plasma and tissues (muscle plus skin, liver, kidney, and gill) were collected. Tiamulin concentration in samples were determined by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). T1/2 was calculated by the equation: T1/2 = ln2/k. WT 1.4 software was used to calculate WT. The results showed that tiamulin was widely distributed in all tissue samples with the highest concentration in liver. At three different water temperatures, the T1/2 were calculated as 2.76, 2.13, and 1.64 days in plasma, 2.71, 1.85, and 1.31 days in muscle plus skin, 2.27, 1.70, and 1.50 days in liver, 2.84, 2.32, and 1.94 day in kidney, and 3.16, 2.42, and 1.74 days in gill, respectively. At 19°C, the order of WT is kidney (11.88 days) > liver (10.41 days) > gill (10.77 days) > plasma (8.83 days) > muscle plus skin (7.14 days). The WT for tiamulin at 25°C was in the following order: kidney (8.40 days) > liver (8.21 days) > gill (8.07 days) > plasma (7.24 days) > muscle plus skin (4.05 days). At 30°C, the WT dropped and shown as follows: gill (6.99 days) > kidney (6.51 days) > liver (6.29 days) > plasma (3.27 days) > muscle plus skin (2.92 days). The present investigations indicated that increasing the temperature from 19 to 30°C shortened T1/2 and WT of tiamulin in tilapia. To ensure the safety of fish consumption, the longest WT of tissues is suggested for tiamulin in Nile tilapia at the corresponding water temperature; i.e., WTs were 12 days at 19°C, 9 days at 25°C, and 7 days at 30°C, respectively. Overall, we intended to provide a theoretical basis for tissue residue depletion kinetics of tiamulin in fish and improve our understanding of the influence of the temperature on tissue residue depletion kinetics of tiamulin in fish.

The effects of different water temperatures on survival and growth rate of juvenile invasive apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) under controlled environment

Invasive apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata is one of the major mollusc pests affecting rice production in Malaysia. This pest not only gives fatal effects to rice but also decreases the water quality in the ecosystem due to the use of pesticides to control it. With the unpredictable changes on global climatic in Malaysia, it is important to have knowledge on the effect of water temperature on growth and survival rate of P. canaliculata in water bodies, in order to avoid loss in paddy field and its adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. Water temperature is one of the most important environmental factors influencing the survival, growth rate, reproduction and behaviour of freshwater snails. The aim of this study is to evaluate the growth and survival rate of juvenile P. canaliculata at different temperature regimes. Growth and survival of juvenile P. canaliculata were evaluated at different constant water temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C). Our findings show, at 30° C the growth rate of P. canaliculata is higher compared with the other temperatures, however had low survival rate. Meanwhile, at room temperature (21 - 24°C), a higher survival rate (100%) was recorded. The results showed that different water temperatures affect the growth and survival rate of P. canaliculata and it is an important indicator for predicting and understanding the changes of water temperature when controlling this pest.

Effects of temperature on the whole body fatty acid composition and histological changes of the gills in blue swimmer crabs, Portunus pelagicus

As water temperatures rise due to the effects of climate change, the effects of temperature on the physiological processes of aquaculture species must be studied. This study evaluates the effects of different water temperatures on the fatty acid (FA) composition and histological development of the gills in the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus. Three levels of water temperature (24 °C, 28 °C, and 32 °C) were used to determine their effects on the first 119 days of the crabs’ development after C8 stage in a recirculating aquaculture system. The study showed that the FA analysis in crabs in water with a temperature of 28 °C showed greater FA composition in their whole body compositions than in crabs kept at 32 °C. The results of the histological gill analysis showed that the number of hemocytes in the anterior gills of the crabs increased proportionately with the increases in temperature. In summary, temperature affects the Omega-3 and omega-6 concentrations and the histological conditions of the structure of the gills of the P. pelagicus.

Year‐round natural spawning, early development, and the effects of temperature, salinity and prey density on captive ornate gobyIstigobius ornatus(Rüppell, 1830) larval survival

Natural spawning, early development and larviculture of the ornate goby Istigobius ornatus in captivity were studied for the first time. I. ornatus spawned 46 times from 31 October 2013 to 31 October 2014. Fecundity ranged from 246 to 10,214 eggs per clutch, with an average hatching rate of 77.8% ± 9.9% (M ± SEM). Fertilized eggs (1.31–1.54 × 0.46–0.50 mm in diameter) were adhesive demersal and oval-shaped. Embryonic development lasted 84 hr at 27.5 ± 0.5°C. Newly hatched larvae [2.12 ± 0.04 mm in total length (TL)] transformed to the juvenile stage completely when TL was 7.79 mm. Effects of different water temperatures (24, 28 and 32°C) and salinities (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 g/L) on per cent survivals (%) and survival activity indices (SAIs) were tested. Survival was not significantly different under different temperatures; SAIs was significantly higher at 28°C. Larvae showed the significantly higher survival and SAIs at salinities 10–30 g/L than at 35 and 40 g/L. Effect of different prey densities on survival was significantly higher in 7 days post hatch larvae fed 20 and 30 rotifers/ml. These findings could guide future programs in captive breeding technology development and commercial production of other marine ornamental gobies.

&lt;b&gt;Performance of fat snook juveniles reared at different temperatures

We aimed at evaluating the effects of different water temperatures on the zootechnical performance of fat snook. The experiment lasted for 60 days, which was conducted in water recirculation systems, and was randomly designed with three treatments and three replicates each, corresponding to three water temperatures (25, 28 and 31°C). A total of 225 fat snook juveniles with a mean weight of 6.45 ± 0.58 g were used, which were fed daily until apparent satiety. Zootechnical parameters were assessed and feeding rates were registered for each tested temperature. Survival rates varied from 96 to 100% among treatments. Higher values of standard and total length, and weight gain were found in 28 and 31°C (p &lt; 0.05). With regard to final weight, final biomass, feed conversion and specific growth rate, no significant differences were observed (p &gt; 0.05). Feeding rates did not differ among evaluated temperatures. The results show that the used temperatures did not negatively affect zootechnical performance of fat snook juveniles.

Effect of water temperature and light intensity on swim bladder inflation and growth of red sea bream Pagrus major larvae

This study aimed to examine the effect of different water temperatures and light intensities on swim bladder inflation (SBI) and growth of red sea bream Pagrus major larvae to improve rearing techniques for this species. Two sets of experiments were conducted: different rearing temperatures were used in experiment 1 (19, 21, 23, and 25 °C), and different light intensities in experiment 2 (250, 1000, 4000, and 16,000 lx). Water temperature did not affect SBI frequency, but SBI initiation was accelerated at higher temperature, i.e., it was initiated on 3 days post-hatching (dph) at 25 °C and on 6 dph at 19 °C, suggesting that the promotion period for SBI, which needs a surface skimmer to be run, also accelerated with increasing temperature in red sea bream larviculture. A higher temperature also significantly promoted larval growth, although the notochord of larvae at SBI initiation was shorter at higher temperatures. Light intensity had no effect on either the initiation or the frequency of SBI. However, light intensity of 250 lx significantly reduced early larval growth compared to light intensities higher than 1000 lx. These results indicate that light at an intensity greater than 1000 lx at the water surface is suitable for the early larviculture of red sea bream.

Effect of thermal stress on metabolic and oxidative stress biomarkers of Hoplosternum littorale (Teleostei, Callichthyidae)

The present study aimed to investigate in Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828) the effects of different water temperatures (10°C, 25°C-control group- and 33°C) on physiologic and metabolic traits following acute (1day) and chronic (21days) exposures. We analyzed several biomarker responses in order to achieve a comprehensive survey of fish physiology and metabolism under the effect of this natural stressor. We measured morphological indices, biochemical and hematological parameters as well as oxidative stress markers. To evaluate energy consumption, muscle and hepatic total lipid, protein and glycogen concentrations were also quantified. Extreme temperatures exposures clearly resulted in metabolic adjustments, being liver energy reserves and plasma metabolites the most sensitive parameters detecting those changes. We observed reduced hepatosomatic index after acute and chronic exposure to 33°C while glycogen levels decreased at both temperatures and time of exposure tested. Additionally, acute and chronic exposures to 10°C increased liver lipid content and plasma triglycerides. Total protein concentration was higher in liver and lower in plasma after chronic exposures to 10°C and 33°C. Acute exposition at both temperatures caused significant changes in antioxidant enzymes tested in the different tissues without oxidative damage to lipids. Antioxidant defenses in fish failed to protect them when they were exposed for 21days to 10°C, promoting higher lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney and gills. According to multivariate analysis, oxidative stress and metabolic biomarkers clearly differentiated fish exposed chronically to 10°C. Taken together, these results demonstrated that cold exposure was more stressful for H. littorale than heat stress. However, this species could cope with variations in temperature, allowing physiological processes and biochemical reactions to proceed efficiently at different temperatures and times of exposure. Our study showed the ability of H. littorale to resist a wide range of environmental temperatures and contributes for the understanding of how this species is adapted to environments with highly variable physicochemical conditions.

Effect of different water temperatures on growth of aquatic plants Salvinia natans and Ceratophyllum demersum

Effect of different water temperatures on growth of aquatic plants Salvinia natans and Ceratophyllum demersum

사육 수온에 따른 쏘가리(Siniperca scherzeri) 치어의 성장 및 체조성 변화

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different water temperatures on growth, survival, biochemical composition, and blood physiological parameters of juvenile mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri. Feed-trained juvenile fish were subjected to four water temperatures (20, 23, 26 and 29&...

The Effect of Different Water Temperatures on Retention Loss and Material Degradation of Locator Attachments

To examine the changes in Locator attachments after exposure to different water temperatures and cyclic loading. Four groups of pink Locator attachments (3.0 lb. light retention replacement patrix attachments; 10 per group) were soaked for the equivalent of 5 years of use in distilled water at the following temperatures: 20°C, 37°C, 60°C. One group was kept dry to test the effect of water. A universal testing machine was used to measure the retention force of each treated attachment during 5500 insertion and removal cycles, simulating approximately 5 years of use. The results were compared using Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA by ranks. Surface changes of tested attachments were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The exposure to 60°C water significantly increased the percentage of retention loss in Locator attachments (p < 0.05) compared to the 20°C water group and significantly reduced the final retention force compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). SEM examinations revealed severe cracking and material degradation in Locator attachments after exposure to 60°C water and cyclic loading, which were not evident in other groups. Cracking was observed after exposure to 60˚C water before cyclic loading. Exposure to 60°C water, potentially similar to denture cleansing procedures, could cause cracking in Locator attachments. Cracking is associated with hydrolytic degradation of nylon at 60°C. The change in structure could result in a significant loss of retention.

Effects of temperature on growth, survival and physiological parameters in juveniles ofLophiosilurus alexandri,a carnivorous neotropical catfish

This study aimed to analyse the effects of different water temperatures on the growth, survival and blood physiological parameters of Lophiosilurus alexandri. Juveniles measuring 12.6 ± 0.5 cm and weighing 30.6 ± 3.6 g were subjected to four water temperature regimes: 23, 26, 29 and 32°C with four replicates. The animals were fed twice daily with formulated diet. The experiment lasted for 35 days. Survival was 100% at all water temperatures, and the best temperature for growth was estimated to be 27.8°C using a quadratic regression model. The estimated temperatures for the best feed conversion and highest feed consumption rates were 26.2 and 28.8°C respectively. The fat visceral-somatic index was highest at 32°C. The highest haemoglobin and haematocrit values were 29.4 and 32.1°C respectively. For plasma protein and cholesterol, the lowest values estimated were 23.9 and 24.1°C respectively. Glucose and liver nitrogen content increased with rising temperature. Higher values of total ammonia in the water were observed at higher temperatures. No effects of temperature were seen on the amounts of muscle dry matter, nitrogen, energy content and triglycerides or on the hepatosomatic index. Water temperature has an important role in the developmental and blood physiological parameters of juvenile L. alexandri, and the quadratic regression model showed that the appropriate temperature for growth is between 27 and 28°C.

Effect of different water temperatures and pH on the growth, specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency of spawn to fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio

A study was conducted on Cyprinus carpio spawn (0.002 ± 0.00 g) to determine optimum water temperature and pH. For this purpose, four water pH (5.5, 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5) were selected and each one exposed to three water temperatures (26, 28 and 30°C) for 91 days. The maximum weight gain (3.279 ± 0.84 g), Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) (86.49 ± 0.64%) and survival (97 ± 3.85%) were recorded with pH 7.5 at water temperature 26°C. However, growth at 7.5 pH under temperatures 26, 28 and 30°C was statistically insignificant indicating that water temperature does not have much influence on the growth of C. carpio fry and they can adopt temperature variations.

Efecto de la temperatura y salinidad del agua en la incubación de huevos de botete diana Sphoeroides annulatus

The effects of different water temperatures (22, 25, 28 and 31oC) and salinities between 0 and 60 psu (with intervals of 5 psu) on egg incubation of the bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus) were evaluated in this study. The embryos could not develop at 22oC and the highest hatching rate for normal larvae was observed at 28oC. At 0, 50, 55 and 60 psu larvae were unable to develop. Highest hatching rates were obtained at 25, 30 and 35 psu. It was concluded that water temperature and salinity affects the incubation period, embryo development stage and larval survival of the bullseye puffer.