Effects Of Different Training Programs Research Articles

The effects of different training programs on agility performance in female handball players

The effects of different training programs on agility performance in female handball players

How to Improve the Reactive Strength Index among Male Athletes? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

The reactive strength index (RSI) describes the individual’s capability to quickly change from an eccentric muscular contraction to a concentric one and can be used to monitor, assess, and reduce the risk of athlete’s injury. The purpose of this review is to compare the effectiveness of different training programs on RSI. Electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science from database inception to 11 February 2022. This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). The search returned 5890 records, in which 39 studies were included in the systematic review and 30 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Results from the randomized studies with the control group revealed that plyometric training improved RSI in adult athletes (0.84, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.32) and youth athletes (0.30, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.47). Evidence withdrawn from randomized studies without a control group revealed that resistance training also improved the RSI (0.44, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.79) in youth athletes but not in adults. Interventions with plyometric training routines have a relatively large, statistically significant overall effect in both adult and youth athletes. This supports the implementation of this type of interventions in early ages to better cope with the physical demands of the various sports. The impact of resistance training is very low in adult athletes, as these should seek to have a more power-type training to see improvements on the RSI. More interventions with sprint and combined training are needed.

The Science of Handcycling: A Narrative Review.

The aim of this narrative review is to provide insight as to the history, biomechanics, and physiological characteristics of competitive handcycling. Furthermore, based upon the limited evidence available, this paper aims to provide practical training suggestions by which to develop competitive handcycling performance. Handbike configuration, individual physiological characteristics, and training history all play a significant role in determining competitive handcycling performance. Optimal handcycling technique is highly dependent upon handbike configuration. As such, seat positioning, crank height, crank fore-aft position, crank length, and handgrip position must all be individually configured. In regard to physiological determinants, power output at a fixed blood lactate concentration of 4mmol·L-1, relative oxygen consumption, peak aerobic power output, relative upper body strength, and maximal anaerobic power output have all been demonstrated to impact upon handcycling performance capabilities. Therefore, it is suggested that that an emphasis be placed upon the development and frequent monitoring of these parameters. Finally, linked to handcycling training, it is suggested that handcyclists should consider adopting a concurrent strength and endurance training approach, based upon a block periodization model that employs a mixture of endurance, threshold, interval, and strength training sessions. Despite our findings, it is clear that several gaps in our scientific knowledge of handcycling remain and that further research is necessary in order to improve our understanding of factors that determine optimal performance of competitive handcyclists. Finally, further longitudinal research is required across all classifications to study the effects of different training programs upon handcycling performance.

Effect of different training models on motoric and swimming performance in prepubescent swimmers

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different training programs on the improvement of motoric and swimming performance prepubescent swimmers.
 Material and Methods. Forty-five children between the ages of 9 -11 years with at least 2 years of training experiences, participated in the study. Three different [(1) dry-land with elastic resistance band group + swimming (ERB); (2) dry-land without elastic resistance band (DL) + swimming and (3) swimming group (SG) with swimming training alone] training group were formed. And a 12-week training program was implemented thought the study. Biceps, chest, waist, hip, thigh body circumference measurements were taken from all participants. Vertical jump (VJ), flexed-arm strength (FAS), speed, upper body strength (UBS), Standing horizontal jump (SHJ), flexibility, aerobic endurance (AE), balance, and 50 m freestyle swimming (FS) score were tested on the participants. As statistical analysis, normality and homogeneity of variance assumption were checked (Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively). A non-normal distribution was found. The values of each variable were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and median. The training effects within the groups were evaluated using analyses of Friedman for repeated measures and the level of significance was set at p<0.05 for all tests.
 Results. There was a significant difference in SHJ, UBS, FAS, speed, and FS score among the assessment times 1-3 and 1-4 in both of ERB and DL training groups (p<0.05). ERB and DL training were significantly effective compared to the SG on VJ, FAS, speed, UBS, and freestyle swimming performance (p<0.05).
 Conclusions: The study findings showed that DL training more effected relatively on motoric performance.

The Effect of Two Methods of Aerobic and Parallel Training on Selected Blood Biomechanical Variables in Bilateral Femoral Artery in the 40-65-Year Old Patients After Coronary Angioplasty

Background and Aims: Considering the exclusive effects of different training programs on structural, functional, and physiological responses of heart, vessels, and blood, cardiac rehabilitation programs have rehabilitated and therapeutic usage after heart attacks or angioplasty to reduce the rate of deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases. The research aims to examine the effects of two methods, aerobic and parallel exercises, on selected biomechanical variables of blood in the bilateral femoral artery in patients 40-65 years old after coronary angioplasty. Methods: The research method is semi-experimental and prospective. The research was performed as pretest-posttest, with 90 male and female patients with coronary heart disease who had undergone angioplasty divided into three experiments (aerobic and parallel) and control groups. Forty minutes of aerobic exercise based on the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines followed by 20 minutes of resistance training twice a week was performed in the parallel exercise group. The Mean±SD was used for data description, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used for reviewing data distribution, Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric and Mann–Whitney post hoc test were used for abnormal variables, and ANOVA, Welch’s test, and Tukey post-hoc test were used for standard variables at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results showed a significant difference in diastolic blood pressure of the left femoral after performing aerobic and parallel exercises. A significant difference was also seen in the velocity of blood flow in the left femoral’s diastole phase and blood pressure of the left femoral in the systole phase after performing parallel exercises. Comparing the effect of two training methods on selected biomechanical variables of blood, no significant difference was observed between the two methods. Conclusion: It is recommended to use the beneficial effects of aerobic and parallel exercises to improve biomechanical variables of blood with appropriate intensity and duration in patients 40 to 65 years old following coronary angioplasty.

Suspension vs. Plyometric Training in Children's Explosive Strength.

Marta, C, Alves, AR, Casanova, N, Neiva, HP, Marinho, D, Izquierdo, M, Nunes, C, and Marques, MC. Suspension vs. plyometric training in children's explosive strength. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different training programs, that is, 8 weeks of suspension training (ST) or plyometric training (PT), on measures of strength and power in untrained healthy children. One hundred eighteen children (57 boys and 61 girls) aged 10-11 years (mean ± SD: 10.84 ± 0.46 years) were randomly assigned into PT (19 boys and 22 girls), ST (20 boys and 18 girls), and control (CT) (18 boys and 21 girls; no training program) group. Experimental groups were trained twice a week for 8 weeks. Countermovement jump, standing long jump, medicine ball throw, and 20-m sprint were measured at baseline and after intervention. The results showed a significant group effect on training-induced responses (F = 10.26; p < 0.01; ηp2 = 0.33), with clear improvements from pre- to posttraining in PT and ST. Regardless of training group, no differences were found in boys and girls (F = 0.70; p = 0.62; ηp2 = 0.03). After 8 weeks of training, PT and ST showed increased performances in 1-kg (mean ± CI 95%; 0.18 ± 0.05 and 0.19 ± 0.05 m) and 3-kg (0.12 ± 0.08 and 0.12 ± 0.09 m) medicine ball throws and 20-m sprints (-0.08 ± 0.03 s and -0.04 ± 0.04 s) compared with CT (p < 0.05; d > 0.60). Standing long jump was significantly increased after ST when compared with CT (0.07 ± 0.04 m; p < 0.01; d = 0.88). Plyometric training showed higher improvements than ST in sprint (0.04 ± 0.03; p = 0.01; d = 0.71). It is suggested that 8 weeks of ST or PT seems to be effective to improve strength- and power-related variables in healthy untrained children. These could be considered as alternatives to traditional resistance training and be applied in school-based programs.

Defining the surgical footprint in cataract surgery: patient-related outcomes dependent on the experience of the surgeon.

To investigate which patient-related outcomes are dependent on the experience of the cataract surgeon. The study was designed as a prospective observational study. Novice (<150 surgeries performed) and experienced (>1000 surgeries performed) cataract surgeons from the Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup and Nordsjaellands Hospital - Hillerød were included in the study. Patients operated by the included surgeons were examined preoperatively, 1day, 3days, and 3weeks after standard, noncomplicated cataract surgery. Primary outcomes were change in central corneal thickness and endothelial cell loss. Secondary outcomes were best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, aqueous flare, central macular thickness, and surgical complications. Surgery performed by novice surgeons resulted in significantly lower visual acuity (mean -3.6 letters (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)); 95% CI: -7.3; -0.4, p=0.03) and greater corneal thickness (mean 26.7µm; 95% CI: 6.8; 46.6, p=0.01) on the first day postoperative than surgery performed by experienced surgeons. The experience of the cataract surgeon affected visual acuity and central corneal thickness in the immediate postoperative period. In the future, these patient-related outcomes may be used to assess the technical proficiency of surgical trainees and investigate the effect of different training programs.

The Effect of Different Training Programs on Patients With Chronic Diseases

The Effect of Different Training Programs on Patients With Chronic Diseases

Effectiveness of Different Training Programs for Physical Performance Maintenance under the Condition of Low Motor Activity

Investigations made by the World Health Organization have shown that lack of physical activity and sedentary lifestyle are among ten major causes for death and disability. Typically, studies of the negative effects of reduced physical activity and their prevention face difficulties of providing standard conditions. These issues were obviated successfully in the Mars-500 experiment on simulation of a space exploration mission. The sample of subjects consisted of six volunteers from Russia, France, Italy, and China, who were isolated in a limited space for 520 days. To prevent the negative effects of low physical activity, the volunteers performed resistive and cyclic exercises in different periods of isolation. The study was designed with two pauses in the training program. Physical performance was evaluated with an incremental loading test, maximal voluntary effort test (Russian–Austrian MDS resistive exercise system), and PWC-170 (bicycle ergometer). The level of physical performance of the subjects in this experiment never degraded to below baseline values. The proposed training system comprising different kinds of exercise ensured stability or improvement physical performance as compared with the baseline level.

The effect of different training programs on throwing accuracy of elite female handball players

The aim of this study is to examine the acute effect of different training programs applied to elite female handball players on throwing accuracy. 14 elite female players were participated in the study. The mean age of the participating players was 28.64 ± 9.88 (years), the mean height length was 176.50 ± 4.86 (cm), the mean body weight was 68.07 ± 2.12 (kg) and the mean sport age was 14.36 ± 4.89 (years). On different days, a technical training program, maximal strength training program, strength endurance training program and speed power training program have been implemented to the participating players in the research. Before and after training, the players throwing the ball from their area to the specific points of goal and the percentage of accuracy was determined. As a result; there was a significant difference between before and after maximal strength training the mean values of throwing accuracy (p&lt;0,05) but there was no significant difference before and after other training programs (p&gt; 0,05). This result indicates that acute maximal strength training has a negative effect on throwing accuracy.

Radiographers supporting radiologists in the interpretation of screening mammography: a viable strategy to meet the shortage in the number of radiologists.

BackgroundAn alternative approach to the traditional model of radiologists interpreting screening mammography is necessary due to the shortage of radiologists to interpret screening mammograms in many countries.MethodsWe evaluated the performance of 15 Mexican radiographers, also known as radiologic technologists, in the interpretation of screening mammography after a 6 months training period in a screening setting. Fifteen radiographers received 6 months standardized training with radiologists in the interpretation of screening mammography using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) system. A challenging test set of 110 cases developed by the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium was used to evaluate their performance. We estimated sensitivity, specificity, false positive rates, likelihood ratio of a positive test (LR+) and the area under the subject-specific Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for diagnostic accuracy. A mathematical model simulating the consequences in costs and performance of two hypothetical scenarios compared to the status quo in which a radiologist reads all screening mammograms was also performed.ResultsRadiographer’s sensitivity was comparable to the sensitivity scores achieved by U.S. radiologists who took the test but their false-positive rate was higher. Median sensitivity was 73.3 % (Interquartile range, IQR: 46.7–86.7 %) and the median false positive rate was 49.5 % (IQR: 34.7–57.9 %). The median LR+ was 1.4 (IQR: 1.3-1.7 %) and the median AUC was 0.6 (IQR: 0.6–0.7). A scenario in which a radiographer reads all mammograms first, and a radiologist reads only those that were difficult for the radiographer, was more cost-effective than a scenario in which either the radiographer or radiologist reads all mammograms.ConclusionsGiven the comparable sensitivity achieved by Mexican radiographers and U.S. radiologists on a test set, screening mammography interpretation by radiographers appears to be a possible adjunct to radiologists in countries with shortages of radiologists. Further studies are required to assess the effectiveness of different training programs in order to obtain acceptable screening accuracy, as well as the best approaches for the use of non-physician readers to interpret screening mammography.

Youth Training Programs and Their Impact on Career and Spell Duration of Professional Soccer Players

A unique data set of post-war English trained soccer players is used to study the impact of the youth training program they attended on their career and spell duration. Duration models in the spirit of Abbring and van den Berg are employed to estimate local treatment effects of different training programs on players — survival in the top European leagues. The results indicate that the duration patterns of players are dependent on the youth academy they attended. Certain clubs, with a well-established reputation in developing youth talent, outperform others in terms of producing and evaluating the ability of their youth players to succeed in top European leagues. The spell analysis outlines the nature of the competitive environment in which smaller clubs have a chance to keep up with the larger ones in terms of producing and holding on to homegrown talent. Finally, the results of both analyses addressed unobserved heterogeneity, allowed for nonlinearity of covariates using the cubic spline methodology, and were tested for endogeneity bias using a split sample test.

CD34+ circulating progenitor cells after different training programs.

Circulating progenitor cells (CPC) are bone marrow-derived cells that are mobilized into the circulation. While exercise is a powerful mediator of hematopoiesis, CPC levels increase, and reports of their activation after different types of exercise are contradictory. Moreover, few studies have compared the possible effects of different training programs on CPC concentrations. 43 physically active healthy male subjects (age 22±2.4 years) were assigned to 4 different training groups: aerobic, resistance, mixed and control. Except for the control group, all participants trained for 6 weeks. Peripheral blood samples were collected through an antecubital vein, and CPC CD34(+) was analyzed on different days: pre-training, post-training, and 3 weeks after finishing the training period. While no significant differences in CPC were observed either within or between the different training groups, there was a tendency towards higher values post-training and large intra- and intergroup dispersion. We detected an inverse linear relationship between pre-training values and % of CPC changes post-training (p<0.001). In the CPC values 3 weeks after training this inverse relationship was maintained, though to a lower extent (p<0.001). No changes in CPC CD34(+) were detected after 6 weeks of different training groups, or after 3 weeks of follow-up.

Specific Neck Training Induces Sustained Corticomotor Hyperexcitability as Assessed by Motor Evoked Potentials

Experimental investigation of short-term and long-term corticomotor effects of specific neck training, coordination training, and no training. To determine the effects of different training programs on the motor neurons controlling the neck muscles as well as the effects of training on muscle strength and muscle fatigue, and the correlations between corticomotor control and motor learning. Training is usually recommended for unspecific neck pain and consists of neck and upper body coordination, strengthening, and endurance exercises. However, it is unclear which type of training is the most effective. No studies have previously investigated the neural effect of neck training and the possible differential effect of specific versus coordination training on corticomotor control. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and electromyography were used to elicit and monitor motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the trapezius and thumb muscles before and 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 7 days after training. Parameters measured were MEP amplitude, MEP latency, strength, learning effects, and muscle fatigue. Only specific neck training yielded a 67% increase in MEP amplitudes for up to 7 days after training compared with baseline (P < 0.001). No significant changes were seen after coordination training, no training, and in the within-subject control muscle. The mean muscle strength increased immediately after specific neck training from 56.6 to 61 kg (P < 0.001). No subjective or objective measures of fatigue were observed. Specific neck training induced a sustained hyperexcitability of motor neurons controlling the neck muscles compared with coordination training and controls. These findings may prove valuable in the process of developing more effective clinical training programs for unspecific neck pain.

Performance Factors in Women's Team Handball

Team handball is an Olympic sport played professionally in many European countries. Nevertheless, a scientific knowledge regarding women's elite team handball demands is limited. Thus, the purpose of this article was to review a series of studies (n = 33) on physical characteristics, physiological attributes, physical attributes, throwing velocity, and on-court performances of women's team handball players. Such empirical and practical information is essential to design and implement successful short-term and long-term training programs for women's team handball players. Our review revealed that (a) players that have a higher skill level are taller and have a higher fat-free mass; (b) players who are more aerobically resistant are at an advantage in international level women team handball; (c) strength and power exercises should be emphasized in conditioning programs, because they are associated with both sprint performance and throwing velocity; (d) speed drills should also be implemented in conditioning programs but after a decrease in physical training volume; (e) a time-motion analysis is an effective method of quantifying the demands of team handball and provides a conceptual framework for the specific physical preparation of players. According to our results, there are only few studies on on-court performance and time-motion analysis for women's team handball players, especially concerning acceleration profiles. More studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of different training programs of women's team handball players' physiological and physical attributes.

The effect of different training programs on antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes

We compared the effects of 12 weeks of 3 different exercise types on type 2 diabetic (T2DM) male and female human subjects, randomly divided into 4 groups: aerobic training (AT; n = 11), strength training (ST; n = 10), combined training (CBT; n = 10), and no training (NT; n = 12). Metabolic control, anthropometric parameters, lipid and hematological profiles, kidney and liver function markers, hormones, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress markers were assessed prior to and after the training programs. At baseline, fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A(1c) in the ST group were higher than in the NT group; after the training, we no longer observed differences in these groups, suggesting an improvement on these parameters. In the AT group, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, nitrite concentration, levels of sulfhydryl groups, and peak rate of oxygen consumption were elevated after the training (p < 0.05). No changes were observed in antioxidant enzymes or oxidative stress markers in the ST group. The levels of sulfhydryl groups diminished in the NT group (p < 0.01) and increased in the CBT group (p < 0.05). These data demonstrate that the AT program for the T2DM subjects provided important upregulation in antioxidant enzymes and increased nitric oxide bioavailability, which may help minimize oxidative stress and the development of the chronic complications of diabetes. We propose that the beneficial effects observed in the metabolic parameters of the ST group occurred in response to the poor baseline metabolic health n this group, and not necessarily in response to the training itself.

The effect of two-, four- and six- week detraining after a period of plyometric training on postural control in male students

Introduction: Postural control is regarded to as a critical element in physical activities and as an important factor in performing athletic skills. Previous studies have reported controversial results about the effects of different training programs and also of detraining on the postural control. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two-, four-, and six-week detraining after a period of plyometric training on postural control in male students. Materials and methods : Twenty students (mean age 23.2 ± 3.35 yr, mean height 171.5 ± 5.44 cm, and mean weight 74.48 ± 7.75 kg) with no history of injury in past two years participated in this study. To estimate dynamic balance of the subjects, the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) was applied. Once they undertook pre-test assessments and were explained on how to do exercises, the subjects executed plyometric training three days per week for six weeks. At the end of training period, first post-test SEBT was conducted. For the following six weeks there was no regular training and the other three post-test SEBTs were conducted at two-week intervals. Descriptive statistics, repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc Tokay test (p ≤ 0.05) were used for the statistical analysis of data. Results: Study results showed that plyometric training period had a significant effect on dynamic postural control (p≤0/001). Detraining effects on reducing reaching distance in SEBT were significant only in the fourth post-test (after six weeks of detraining) (p≤0.01). Conclusion: Increased postural control after the training period can be associated with an increase in speed of nerve conduction, muscle strength and increased coordination between the agonist and antagonist muscles. Similarly, decreased postural control after the detraining period might be due to a decrease in muscle strength and muscle coordination. Key words: Postural control, Plyometric training, Detraining

The Impact on the Level of Anxiety and Pain of the Training before Operation Given to Adult Patients

Aim: The aim oh this study was to detrmine the effects of different training programs implemented before inguinal hernia operation on the pre- and post-operation anxiety level of and pain level the patient. Material and method: This quasi experimental study was carried out with inguinal hernia patients 18 - 60 years who were hospitalized in the General Surgery Clinic of Hospital of Ataturk University and Suleyman Demirel Medical Centre in Erzurum for inguinal hernia operation. The study data were collected between November 2007-May 2008 from a total of 90 patients. 30 patients were in the control group, 30 were in the video (VCD) training group, and 30 were in the booklet training group. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire about the patients and the inventory of state anxiety fort he adult. In collecting data, patient introduction form and Spielberger’in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and visual analogue scale (VAS) were used. In data assessment, T-test, Pearson correlation test, Mauchly’s variance analysis, Anova for repeated measures tests and Bonferroni Correction Analysisi were used. Results: In control, booklet and VCD groups, In group Situational Constant Anxiety score average was found significant in each three time periods (p < 0.001). When the pain situations of the patients after operation was considered, the distinction in Visual Analogue Scale and Verbal Rating Scala values of two groups in all measurement times was found significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: In the conclusion of the study, it was found out that the given education effective on level of pain and anxiety score for experimental groups of patients.

Physical and Physiological Attributes of Female Volleyball Players-A Review

The main objective of this article was to review a series of studies (n = 31) on physical attributes, physiological attributes, and on-court performances of female volleyball players. Empirical and practical knowledge emerging from studies on training-related issues in volleyball, such as body mass, fat-free mass, aerobic profile, strength, and agility and speed, should be integrated and applied when planning annual training programs for volleyball players. Based on our review, it was found that (a) players of a higher skill level are taller, somewhat heavier, and have higher vertical jump values than players of a lower level; (b) the aerobic profile of female volleyball players is similar to that of female basketball players; (c) ballistic resistance training can increase vertical jump values in female volleyball players; and (d) preseason conditioning should be conducted to prevent fatigue and reduced performance at the beginning of the season. Among the research concerns discussed in the article are that there is a lack data for on-court performance and time-motion analysis in female volleyball players and that more experimental/manipulative studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of different training programs on physiological attributes of female volleyball players. Two practical implications are suggested for volleyball and strength and conditioning coaches: (a) functional and nonfunctional overreaching should be carefully monitored when planning strength and conditioning programs, and (b) volleyball programs should include ballistic-type training.

The Effect of Different Training Programs on Eccentric Energy Utilization in College-Aged Males

The Eccentric Utilization Ratio (EUR), which is the ratio of countermovement jump (CMJ) to squat jump (SJ) performance measures, is a useful indicator of training status in elite athletes and their utilization of the stretch-shortening cycle. This investigation sought to determine if EUR was sensitive to different types of resistance training in untrained college-aged males. Twenty-nine college-aged males completed 8 weeks of training and were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 training programs: weight training (n = 10), plyometrics (n = 10), or weightlifting (n = 9). Testing occurred 3 times (pre, mid, post) with a CMJ and SJ conducted on a force plate integrated with a position transducer. Height, weight, and a 1RM (repetition maximum) squat also were measured. Weightlifting significantly (p < 0.05) helped subjects jump higher and produce more power than plyometrics for height and power for both CMJ and SJ results. This investigation indicated EUR did not significantly change, suggesting that this type of performance indicator may not be useful in a recreationally active population. Alternatively, an 8-week training program might not be a long enough time period to see changes in this group of participants. Results did indicate that high-velocity and high-force training programs, consisting of weightlifting and plyometrics, improved lower-body performance, especially in the areas of jump height and power.