Effects Of Different Training Intensities Research Articles

Effects of High and Low-To-Moderate Intensity Exercise During (Neo-) Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Muscle Cells, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Muscle Function in Women With Breast Cancer: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

(Neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer is effective but has deleterious side effects on muscle tissue, resulting in reduced skeletal muscle mass, muscle function, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Various exercise regimens during cancer treatment have been shown to counteract some of these side effects. However, no study has compared the effect of high-intensity training versus low-to-moderate intensity training on muscle tissue cellular outcomes and physical function in patients with breast cancer during chemotherapy. The aim of this substudy within the Physical Training in Cancer (Phys-Can) consortium is to evaluate and compare the effects of high and low-to-moderate intensity exercise on muscle cellular outcomes, muscle function, and cardiorespiratory fitness in women with breast cancer undergoing (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy. We further aim to investigate if the effects of chemotherapy including taxanes on muscles will be different from those of taxane-free chemotherapy. Eighty women recently diagnosed with breast cancer scheduled to start (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy will be randomized to a combination of strength and endurance training, either at high intensity or at low-to-moderate intensity. Testing of muscle function and cardiorespiratory fitness and collection of muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle will be performed before the first cycle of chemotherapy (or after 1 week, when not possible) (T0), halfway through chemotherapy (T1), and after completion of chemotherapy (T2). It is estimated that approximately 50% of the participants will be willing to undergo muscle biopsies. To separate the effect of the treatment itself, a usual care group with no supervised training will also be included, and in this group, testing and collection of muscle biopsies will be performed at T0 and T2 only. This study is funded by Active Against Cancer (Aktiv mot kreft) (May 2013) and the Norwegian Cancer Society (December 2018). Inclusion started in December 2016 and the last participant is expected to be recruited in December 2022. As of June 2022, we enrolled 38 (19 with biopsies) participants to the high-intensity training group, 36 (19 with biopsies) participants to the low-to-moderate intensity training group, and 17 (16 with biopsies) participants to the usual care group. Data analyses will start in fall 2022. The first results are expected to be published in spring 2024. This study will generate new knowledge about the effects of different training intensities for women with breast cancer during chemotherapy treatment. It will give further insight into how chemotherapy affects the muscle tissue and how physical training at different intensities may counteract the treatment side effects in muscles. The results of this study will inform the development and refinement of exercise programs that are effective and compatible with the multidisciplinary management of breast cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05218876; https://tinyurl.com/ysaj9dhm. DERR1-10.2196/40811.

Effects of different training intensities in high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on maximal aerobic velocity, hematological and muscle-damage markers in healthy young adults

This study aimed to examine the effects of two high-intensity interval training programs (HIIT) on maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), hematological variations and muscle damage markers in young healthy adults. Twenty-nine male physical education students, aged 20.3 ± 3.3 years, volunteered to participate in this study, and were randomly assigned to a control group (CG, n = 9) or two intervention groups (group 1 or 2). Intervention group 1 (n = 10) exercised at 100% of their MAV (EG100) while group 2 (n = 10) exercised at 110% MAV (EG110). Before and after the eight week training program, blood samples were drawn at rest, before, and after an intermittent exercise. Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), C reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase (CK) concentrations and hematological parameters (white blood cells [WBC], monocytes [MO], lymphocytes [LY], neutrophil [NE]) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. Post-hoc tests showed that MAV was significantly higher in EG110 compared to EG100 after HIIT (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.05), whilst ALAT, ASAT, and CPR were significantly lower (p < 0.01; 0.02 < ηp2 < 0.11) in EG110 compared to EG100. Moreover, post-hoc tests indicated that LY decreased significantly (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.21) only for EG110. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations for both EG100 and EG110 between MAV and ALAT (r = 0.66, p = 0.044 and r = 0.64, p = 0.041 respectively), CK (r = 0.67, p = 0.031 and r = 0.86, p = 0.030, respectively), LDH (r = 0.74, p = 0.014, and r = 0.071, p = 0.021, respectively). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation for both, EG100 and EG110 between MAV and LY (r = 0.79, p < 0.01; r = 0.72, p < 0.05, respectively). Concerning the relationship between MAV and NE, there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.66; p < 0.05) only for EG110. Findings from this study revealed that HIIT at 110% MAV was more efficient to improve MAV and reduce muscle damage. In addition, we observed significant associations between performance improvements (MAV) and markers of muscle damage.

Effects of Different Hangboard Training Intensities on Finger Grip Strength, Stamina, and Endurance.

Climbing-specific training programs on hangboards are often based on dead-hang repetitions, but little is known about the real intensity applied during such effort. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the effects of different training intensities (maximal, high submaximal, and low submaximal intensities) on the fingers' physiological capabilities using a hangboard fitted with force sensors. In total, 54 experienced climbers (13 women and 41 men) were randomly divided into four groups, with each group following different training intensity programs: maximal strength program performed at 100% of the maximal finger strength (MFS; F100), intermittent repetitions at 80% MFS (F80), intermittent repetitions at 60% MFS (F60), and no specific training (control group). Participants trained on a 12 mm-deep hold, twice a week for 4 weeks. The MFS, stamina, and endurance levels were evaluated using force data before and after training. Results showed similar values in the control group between pre- and post-tests. A significantly improved MFS was observed in the F100 and F80 groups but not in the F60 group. Significantly higher stamina and endurance measurements were observed in the F80 and F60 groups but not in the F100 group. These results showed that a 4-week hangboard training enabled increasing MFS, stamina and endurance, and that different improvements occurred according to the level of training intensity. Interestingly, the different intensities allow improvements in the targeted capacity (e.g., stamina for the F80 group) but also in the adjacent physiological capabilities (e.g., MFS for the F80 group).

The Effect of Different Training Intensities on Oxidatively Generated Modifications of Nucleic Acids: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Neutrophils are elevated in critically ill patients during the systemic inflammatory response to trauma and sepsis. The neutrophil-derived enzyme myeloperoxidase generates reactive oxygen species which can react with host tissue resulting in cell damage and dysfunction. Thus, elevated myeloperoxidase in the circulation may be associated with adverse patient outcomes.Circulating myeloperoxidase concentrations were measured in a cohort of 44 critically ill patients, 55% of whom were diagnosed with septic shock, and 44 healthy controls. Intensive care mortality prediction scores (SOFA, SAPS, APACHE) and ICU and hospital mortality were obtained from the patients’ clinical notes. Hematological and biochemical assessments included blood cell counts, lactate, alanine transaminase, creatinine, bilirubin, C-reactive protein, and PaO2. Myeloperoxidase was measured using a commercial ELISA kit and cell free DNA was detected using SytoxGreen™ fluorescence staining.Myeloperoxidase concentrations were significantly higher in critically ill patients than control samples (234 ± 30 ng/ml versus 15 ± 4 ng/ml, p < 0.001), and were elevated in septic shock relative to non-septic patients (302 ± 42 ng/ml versus 156 ± 38 ng/ml, p = 0.02), despite neutrophil counts being comparable between the two subgroups (p = 0.6). Myeloperoxidase correlated with SOFA scores in the critically ill patients (r = 0.395, p = 0.02), and with markers of tissue dysfunction and injury such as lactate (r = 0.572, p < 0.001), log10 alanine transferase (r = 0.392, p = 0.016) and log10 cell free DNA (r = 0.371, p = 0.03). The subgroup of patients with higher than mean APACHE III scores (i.e. >78, n = 16) exhibited significantly elevated myeloperoxidase concentrations in the non-survivors compared with survivors (416 ± 59 ng/ml versus 140 ± 33 ng/mL, p = 0.001). Hospital mortality for the whole cohort was 27%; mortality in the high APACHE III subgroup was 38%, and when combined with higher than mean myeloperoxidase (i.e. >234 ng/mL), mortality increased to 71%.Myeloperoxidase is associated with markers of tissue injury and systemic organ failure, particularly in septic patients. The enzyme is also associated with mortality in patients with higher APACHE III scores, and thus has potential as an additional diagnostic marker to improve mortality prediction.

Effects of different training intensities on lipotoxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling pathway of skeletal muscle in high-fat

Effects of different training intensities on lipotoxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling pathway of skeletal muscle in high-fat

Individualised training duration induces similar physiological and performance benefits at different intensities

Background: When comparing the effects of different training intensities, studies often standardise for energy expenditure. These studies tend to suggest that high intensity training (HIT) provides greater or similar benefits as moderate intensity training (MOD). However, the time (and energy expenditure) that an individual can sustain at the same relative intensity is highly variable. The possible impact of this variability on response to training has been largely ignored. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three different exercise intensities; HIT, MOD and a combination of the two (MIX) when the training duration is individualised. Methods: Participants were sedentary and recreationally active males and females training 0.590) and a significant increase in cycling efficiency for the MIX group only (P=0.009). Inter-individual differences in training responses were high for all variables. Discussion: When training durations are tailored to each individual, similar improvements are found in VO2max, maximal minute power and time-to-exhaustion, despite a substantially greater time spent training at MOD intensity. A significantly greater increase in cycling efficiency following MIX training warrants further investigation, with research suggesting that training based on a polarised distribution might be more beneficial, avoiding training monotony (Neal et al., 2013: Journal of Applied Physiology, 144 (4) 461-471). Conclusion: These findings support the contention that individualised HIT and MIX are time-efficient training strategies inducing similar changes when compared to MOD.

THE ACUTE EFFECT OF TRAINING FREQUENCIES AND NUMBER OF SETS OF WHOLE BODY VIBRATION ON KNEE JOINT PROPRIOCEPTION

Whole body vibration affects neuromuscular systems through the stimulation of receptors in muscles and tendons. This study investigated the acute effects of different training intensities of WBV on knee joint proprioception. A total of 18 untrained males participated in this study. Joint position sense was tested as an index of joint proprioception ability. Frequencies of 20, 35, and 50 Hz with two mm of displacement vibration training were tested. Each frequency was tested in different numbers of sets (four, six, eight, and ten sets). As it turned out, the results indicated a significant improvement in active JPS at 35 Hz for all testing sets, and only at 20 Hz with ten sets. As for passive JPS, significant improvements were obtained only at 35 Hz with ten sets of training. WBV training affected knee joint proprioception in active JPS with shorter vibration exposure at lower frequencies and amplitude. Coaches, athletes and physical therapists should consider using WBV training for its potential benefits in warm-ups and rehabilitation.

Abstract P2-13-01: Effects of 12-Week Resistance Training on Strength, Fatigue Syndrome and Quality of Life with Breast Cancer Patients during Chemotherapy

Abstract Introduction: Up to 100% of all breast cancer patients are suffering from fatigue during chemotherapy [Mock 2001, Jacobsson 1998, Irvine 1994]. Causality as well as the treatment of this non-uniform symptom complex is yet unclear. Exercising studies show a positive effect of endurance training on the development of fatigue [Dimeo 2003]. The study situation regarding feasibility and efficiency of pure resistance training with breast cancer patients with fatigue is still unsatisfactory [De Backer 2009, Courneya 2007]. Methods: In this prospective, controlled, randomized study 32 female patients were recruited 6 weeks after operation. 20 probands (IG) accomplished a 12-week resistance training (2 x per week, 60 min each with 75% of the maximum voluntary capacity) during adjuvant chemotherapy. The control group (CG, n=12) did not train. The measurements took place before and after the intervention and maximally isometric and isocinetic strength was tested with the Isomed 2000. Quality of life was evaluated with the EORTC QLQ-C30 inclusive module BR23 and fatigue symptoms by the MFI questionnaires. Results: No exacerbations could be observed during the study. Strength (p=0.029), fatigue (p=0.048) and different ranges of the quality of life significantly improved in IG, while in CG fatigue and quality of life worsened. 4 out of 5 ranges of the fatigue diagnostic (f.e. General Fatigue, p=0.01) as well as nearly all ranges of the quality of life evaluation were significantly different between IG and KG. In addition, muscle strength (of the arm concerned) showed significant differences between the groups (p=0.032). Discussion: It could be shown for the first time, that maximum strength testing as well as resistance training with breast cancer patients were feasible already 6 weeks post-OP. Positively, the increase in muscle power, the reduction of fatigue symptoms and the improvement of the quality of life occurred despite concurrent cytotoxic treatment. We rate the high acceptance of the training program as a success. Based on the positive results and the past studies [De Backer 2009, Courneya 2007] we recommend the integration of strength training into the early rehabilitation of breast cancer patients. We note that this study will be completed by December 2010 yet further studies have to be conducted, in order to better understand the effects of different training intensities. Literature: Courneya et al.: JCO 2007; 25: 4396-4404 Dimeo et al.: Sup Care in Canc 2003; 11:S623-628 Irvine et al. Cancer Nurs 1994; 17: 367-378 Jacobsson et al. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999;18 (4): 233-242 Mock V. Cancer Suppl 2001; 92 (6): 1699-1707 Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-13-01.

Effects of different training intensities on 24-hour blood pressure in hypertensive subjects.

It is generally accepted that physical training decreases blood pressure in hypertensive subjects, but the importance of training intensity has not been established. This study compared the effects of endurance training at different intensities on ambulatory blood pressure and on blood pressure load (percentage of readings above 140/90 and 120/80 mm Hg during the waking and sleeping periods, respectively). Previously sedentary subjects with mild to moderate hypertension were evaluated in a crossover fashion according to a Latin square after a sedentary control period and after training at low and at moderate intensity corresponding to 50% and 70% of maximal oxygen uptake, respectively. Each period lasted 10 weeks. After training at moderate intensity, a higher maximal oxygen uptake was found compared with sedentary values but not after training at low intensity. Both training intensities exerted a similar antihypertensive effect of about 5 mm Hg for systolic and diastolic 24-hour blood pressures. However, training at low intensity reduced blood pressure exclusively during the walking hours, whereas training at a moderate intensity reduced blood pressure only during the evening and sleeping hours. Waking blood pressure load decreased from 66% to 49% after training at low intensity, whereas sleeping blood pressure load decreased from 61% to 34% after training at moderate intensity (both P < .05). Low- and moderate-intensity training produce similar 24-hour blood pressure reductions, but each training intensity may interfere with different pathogenic effects associated with different blood pressure profiles.

The Effect of Training Intensity on Voluntary Isometric Strength Improvement

The effect of different training intensities on maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength was examined in a three week voluntary isometric exercise programme. Eighteen healthy university students were randomly assigned to one of three training groups: Low Intensity (LI), High Intensity (HI) and Maximal Effort (ME) groups. The LI and HI groups trained by producing voluntary isometric knee extension torques equivalent to 25% and 50% of MVIC strength, respectively. The ME group produced maximal effort contractions during training. Only the HI and ME groups demonstrated significant (p <.05) isometric strength gains. The HI group produced the greatest strength gain (45.8% of MVIC), followed by the ME group (31.3%) and the LI group (22.3%). No significant strength retention, cross transfer or isokinetic strength improvement were seen in any group. The strength improvements were of the same magnitude as those previously obtained using electro-motor stimulation at equivalent training intensities.

The Effect of Different Electro-Motor Stimulation Training Intensities on Strength Improvement

The effect of different training intensities of electro-motor stimulation (EMS) on strength gains produced in the quadriceps femoris muscle group was investigated. Twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Control (C), Low Intensity (LI) trained at 25% of their maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and High Intensity (HI) trained at 50% of MVIC. Results indicated a significant strength improvement in both training groups (p<0.01) following a three-week EMS training program. The HI group showed significantly greater strength gains (48.5%) than the LI group (24.2%) (p<0.01). A significant carry-over effect was also demonstrated in a three-week follow-up period, specifically in the HI group. Positive isokinetic strength changes in the concentric mode were observed in both training groups. In addition, a significant cross transfer effect was demonstrated in the contralateral homologous muscle group (p<0.01) for both HI and LI groups.

Changes in VO2 max Resulting from Bicycle Training at Different Intensities Holding Total Mechanical Work Constant

Abstract Effects of different training intensities on VO2 max were determined. Sixteen male Ss (ages 16–18) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 training groups or a control group. The training groups trained 3 days/wk on bicycle ergometers at different intensities (85%, 75%, or 65% of HR max) with all groups doing the same total mechanical work (12,000 kpm per training session). Measurement of VO2 at each of the 3 workloads in 2 anthropometrically similar individuals revealed a similar O2 cost needed to accomplish 12,000 kpm of mechanical work. Analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference (p < .01) in VO2 max between the groups. Significant differences (p < .01) were found between both the 85% and 75% groups and the control. No significant differences were found between the 65% group and the control or between the 75% and the 85% group. Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that when comparing between training intensities while holding mechanical work constant it is necessary to w...