Effect Of Different Orientations Research Articles

Orientation-Dependent Photocatalysis of Imine-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks Based on Thienothiophenes for Oxidation of Amines to Imines.

Toward visible light photocatalysis, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have recently garnered growing attention. The effect of different orientations of imine of imine-linked COFs on photocatalysis should be elucidated. Here, two COFs are developed with 2,5-diphenylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DPTT) and 1,3,6,8-tetraphenylpyrene (Py) linked by imine, affording DPTT-Py-COF and Py-DPTT-COF, respectively. Distinctly, DPTT-Py-COF and Py-DPTT-COF have high crystallinity and porosity, paving the way to highly efficient photocatalysis. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that both DPTT-Py-COF and Py-DPTT-COF are of similar bandgaps but of varied energy positions due to the different orientations of imine. Besides, characterizations disclose that DPTT-Py-COF delivers more enhanced charge separation and transfer than Py-DPTT-COF. Probed by the oxidation of amine to imine, DPTT-Py-COF exhibits a blue light photocatalytic performance superior to that of Py-DPTT-COF. DPTT-Py-COF, a highly recyclable photocatalyst, enables the oxidation of various amines to imines with oxygen. This work highlights that tuning the microenvironment of COFs unravels tenable performances in photocatalysis.

The effects of ply clustering positions and orientations on multi‐directional composite laminates' low velocity impact resistance

AbstractIn this paper, nine different carbon fiber laminates containing clusters are designed using the ant colony ACO algorithm, which have similar equivalent bending stiffnesses and B‐matrices, with the differences being the fiber orientation of the clusters and the position of the clusters in the laminates. The dynamic mechanical characterization of laminates for low velocity impact (LVI) at three different energies was carried out by means of a falling weight impact experiment. The experimental results show that the main form of failure of the laminate is delamination failure at low energy impacts, and shear fracture becomes more and more obvious with the elevation of the impact energy, which was observed in detail by the stereo microscope and electron microscope. The damage area of the laminate and the force and displacement curves after 30 J energy impact were compared by x‐ray scanning to derive the effects of the angle of the ply cluster fibers and the different positions of the ply clusters in the laminate on the impact resistance of the laminate. In conclusion, when designing the laminate, consideration should be given to designing 45° clusters on the impacted side and 90° clusters in the middle layer of the laminate to obtain the best impact resistance.Highlights Designed 9 types of laminates with different laminate structures based on ACO algorithm. Different laminates have similar equivalent bending stiffnesses and the B matrix as close to 0 as possible. LVI tests at three energies were performed on 9 types of laminates. The effects of different orientations of the clusters and the position of the clusters in the laminate on the impact resistance of the laminate were investigated.

Investigation of mechanical, tribological and magnetic properties after plasma nitriding of AISI 316L stainless steel produced with different orientations angles by selective laser melting

In this study, AISI 316L stainless steel samples were produced with different orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°) using selective laser melting (SLM). In addition, plasma nitriding of the samples produced with SLM was performed at 400 °C for 4 h. The effect of different orientation on the structural, mechanical, tribological, and magnetic properties of 316L stainless steel was investigated. The same measurements also were made after the plasma nitriding process. The results showed that the phase composition and microstructure of the non-nitriding and nitridied samples were affected from the built orientation. Especially the XRD peaks shifted to the left with a decrease in the orientation angle. It was obtained that the highest modified layer thickness was measured from the samples produced with an angle of 0°. It was observed that the surface hardness, residual stress, wear resistance and antimagnetization tendency values of nitridied samples were higher than the non-nitriding samples. Furthermore, these values tended to increase with the decrease in build orientation angles.

Effects of optic axis rotation on the sensing properties of nematic liquid crystal based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor

The effect of different orientations of the optic axis (OA) in the liquid crystal (LC) UCF-1 in two dimensions on the surface plasmon (SP) mode excited along the surface intermediate between a thin silver film and the LC at different temperatures is theoretically studied using the prism coupling technique and a TM-polarized, monochromatic laser with λ = 5890 Å. The shifts in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) dip angle at different temperatures for varying alignments of the OA in a plane are determined. Changes in the SPR resonance angles with temperature are found to be significant and linear in a major part of the entire anisotropic phase of UCF-1 for the homeotropic orientation. A linear fit is obtained for the variation of SPR angle of resonance with the molecular order parameter over the entire anisotropic range of UCF-1. The effect of deviations of the OA of the LC from the homeotropic orientation in two dimensions on the temperature sensitivity of the SPR angle of resonance in the linear response temperature range is studied, and its influence on the accuracy of measurement by SPR corresponding to a fixed value of the molecular order parameter is investigated.

Steady state performance of molten salt natural circulation loop with different orientations of heater and cooler

Molten salts are proposed as a coolant and sensible heat storage medium for Solar Thermal Power Plant (STPP) as well as fuel and coolant for Molten Salt Reactor (MSR). The objective of the present study is to investigate the steady state behavior of molten salt in natural circulation flow condition along with effect of different orientations of heater and cooler on the steady state mass flow rate. For which a Molten Salt Natural Circulation Loop (MSNCL) has been setup with molten nitrate salt (mixture of Sodium Nitrate and Potassium Nitrate in 60:40 ratio by wt.) as working fluid. Steady state experiments in four different orientations of heater and cooler [Horizontal Heater Horizontal Cooler (HHHC), Horizontal Heater Vertical Cooler (HHVC), Vertical Heater Horizontal Cooler (VHHC) and Vertical Heater Vertical Cooler (VHVC)] have been performed and data generated are compared with the steady state correlations available in open literature which are derived considering either standard friction factor correlations or friction factor correlations deduced from their experiments and theoretical studies. Based on the deviations observed in the experimental values and correlation predictions, an improved formulation has been derived. The steady state formulation has been improved by incorporating Wall Thermal Inertia (WTI) effect and Heat Loss (HL) effect considering the importance of WTI & HL in dealing with high temperature molten salt loop. The improved formulation has been compared with the experimental results for different orientations of heater and cooler. Further, a new friction factor correlation has also been deduced from the experiments for vertical heater orientation. Description of MSNCL along with validation studies performed for different steady state correlation against experimental data generated in MSNCL, are reported in this paper.

Packed bed combustion of binary mixtures of wood particles of different shapes and sizes

• Combustion of binary mixtures of particles of different sizes and shapes. • Experiments compared with numerical model. • Mean particle size and sphericity make model agree well with experiment. • Model must include particle overlap and wood grain orientation. This paper presents the results of experiments and numerical modelling on the quasi-steady overfeed combustion and gasification of binary mixtures of fuel particles of different sizes and shapes in a fixed bed. The particles used comprised six different parallelepipedal shapes cut from wood, which were combined to give various binary mixtures. Physically appropriate definitions of average quantities for a packed bed are the volume surface or Sauter mean diameter and a related average sphericity, and the main objective of the work was to determine whether these could be used to model bed combustion of a particle mixture. Measured gas concentration and temperature profiles in the burning bed are compared with a one-dimensional numerical model, which is shown to give good predictions using these mean quantity definitions. Samples of bed solids taken after the conclusion of each experiment give insight into the variation of particle mass, size and sphericity during combustion, and the averages of these also agreed with model predictions, with the caveat that the model can only calculate the average particle size, and is not able to reproduce the individual burning histories of different sizes of particles. The effects of different orientations of the wood fibres in the particles are evident from the experimental data. The results show the importance of including these effects as well as the reduction in bed specific surface area due to particle overlap in calculations.

Study on self heating effect of enhancement-mode Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> vertical MOSFET

<p indent="0mm">In this paper, a vertical enhanced Ga₂O₃ MOSFET is designed. Due to the low thermal conductivity of gallium oxide material, the output characteristics of the device under different crystal orientation materials, different thermal resistance and different temperature are studied. The thermal characteristics of Ga₂O₃ MOSFET are analyzed based on the temperature distribution characteristics of the device. The thermal conductivity model studies the effect of different orientation of gallium oxide on the output characteristics and temperature distribution of the device, and it is found that the thermal conductivity of [010] orientation is the best. When <italic>T</italic>=<sc>300 K,</sc> the thermal conductivity is about <sc>0.1 W/cm K,</sc> which is higher than that of other crystal directions, and the corresponding output saturation current is the largest under the same voltage (<italic>V</italic>_gs=<sc>3 V, </sc><italic>I</italic>_dsat&gt;<sc>400 A/cm²).</sc> Furthermore, the output characteristic curves of different crystal directions under different temperature and different thermal resistance are studied. With the decrease of thermal resistance, the heat dissipation capacity at the device boundary is improved. Thus, the influence of self-heating effect is suppressed and the drain saturation current increases. The normal operation of the device can be ensured when the boundary thermal resistance is <sc>0.01–0.005 cm² K/W.</sc> All of these provide reliable methods and reference value for optimizing device performance in the future.

Mental Rotation of Tactic Board Instructions in Basketball: Domain-Specific Expertise Improves On-Court Performance

ABSTRACT Purpose: In basketball, tactical instructions are presented on tactic boards under temporal constraints (e.g., time-outs). Based on the disparity in the orientation of the tactic board and the players’ egocentric on-court visual perspective, there are high affordances in visual-spatial transformation (e.g., mental rotation), which impede information processing and decrease execution accuracy. The aim of this study was to scrutinize how the effect of different orientations of visual tactical displays on information processing demands and execution accuracy is affected by expertise in basketball.Methods: In a mixed-factors-design with two factors, 48 participants were assigned to a group of experienced basketball players (n = 24) and novices (n = 24). They were instructed to execute basketball playing patterns, which were presented on a virtual tactic board in five different spatial disparities to the players’ on-court perspective.Results: The self-controlled time for watching the instructions before execution was significantly shorter and spatial accuracy in pattern execution was significantly higher for lower disparities between instruction perspective and on-court perspective. Experienced basketball players displayed shorter observation times as well as higher accuracy as a global effect, being independent of stimulus orientation. Moreover, the effect of orientation on observation times was lower in the experienced group as compared to the novices.Conclusion: Extensive experience over several years with visuo-spatial transformations of tactical instructions reduced, but not eliminated, the effects of model-observer disparity. Accordingly, coaches should align their tactic boards to their players’ on-court viewing perspective to enable fast processing and errorless execution of tactical instructions.

Dynamics of tilted atmospheric vortices under asymmetric diabatic heating

Päschke et al. (J Fluid Mech, 2012) studied the nonlinear dynamics of strongly tilted vortices subject to asymmetric diabatic heating by asymptotic methods. They found, inter alia, that an azimuthal Fourier mode 1 heating pattern can intensify or attenuate such a vortex depending on the relative orientation of the tilt and the heating asymmetries. The theory originally addressed the gradient wind regime which, asymptotically speaking, corresponds to vortex Rossby numbers of order unity in the limit. Formally, this restricts the applicability of the theory to rather weak vortices. It is shown below that said theory is, in contrast, uniformly valid for vanishing Coriolis parameter and thus applicable to vortices up to low hurricane strengths. An extended discussion of the asymptotics as regards their physical interpretation and their implications for the overall vortex dynamics is also provided in this context. The paper’s second contribution is a series of three-dimensional numerical simulations examining the effect of different orientations of dipolar diabatic heating on idealized tropical cyclones. Comparisons with numerical solutions of the asymptotic equations yield evidence that supports the original theoretical predictions of Päschke et al. In addition, the influence of asymmetric diabatic heating on the time evolution of the vortex centerline is further analyzed, and a steering mechanism that depends on the orientation of the heating dipole is revealed. Finally, the steering mechanism is traced back to the correlation of dipolar perturbations of potential temperature, induced by the vortex tilt, and vertical velocity, for which diabatic heating not necessarily needs to be responsible, but which may have other origins.

RETRACTED: Influence of Different Rotations of Organic Formamidinium Molecule on Electronic and Optical Properties of FAPbBr3 Perovskite

Hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskites (HOIPs) have recently represented a material breakthrough for optoelectronic applications. Obviously, studying the interactions between the central organic cation and the Pb-X inorganic octahedral could provide a better understanding of HOIPs. In this work, we used a first-principles theoretical study to investigate the effect of different orientations of central formamidinium cation (FA+) on the electronic and optical properties of FAPbBr3 hybrid perovskite. In order to do this, the band structure (with and without spin–orbit coupling (SOC)), density of states (DOS), partial density of states (PDOS), electron density, distortion index, bond angle variance, dielectric function, and absorption spectra were computed. The findings revealed that a change in the orientation of FA+ caused some disorders in the distribution of interactions, resulting in the formation of some specific energy levels in the structure. The interactions between the inorganic and organic parts in different directions create a distortion index in the bonds of the inorganic octahedral, thus leading to a change in the volume of PbBr6. This is the main reason for the variations observed in the electronic and optical properties of FAPbBr3. The obtained results can be helpful in solar-cell applications.

Interphase effects on elastic properties of polymer nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanocones

In this paper, interfacial and elastic properties of polymer-based nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanocones (CNCs) are investigated. The CNCs are transitional structures from graphene to carbon nanotubes and, depending on their apex angles, show either more graphene or more nanotube behavior. Due to the importance of the interphase layer and its impact on the elastic properties of nanocomposites, the molecular dynamics method is used to investigate the behavior of polyethylene polymer in the interface of the CNCs. The MD simulation results reveal that there are two distinct interphase layers, i. e. the inner interphase region inside the CNCs and the outer interphase region outside the CNCs. While the outer interphase regions are the same in all cases, the size and properties of the inner interphase depend on the geometries of CNCs. Using the results of MD simulations, the finite element method is used to simulate CNC-reinforced polyethylene nanocomposites in larger dimensions. In finite element modeling, the effects of different orientations of nanofillers, various volume fractions, and geometrical parameters of the CNCs are studied.

Experimental studies on space heating using phase change material

AbstractThis paper deals with the experimental investigation of convection heating of air inside an experimental chamber similar to a room prototype. A solid‐liquid phase change material (PCM) is used for space heating of the room. A PCM carrier made up of aluminum is placed at various locations in the experimental chamber. The PCM is heated in a water bath and the water in the bath can be heated via solar energy. A theoretical insight highlighting the usage of the current heating system involving the water bath and solar energy is also briefly discussed. The analysis is carried out for various temperatures representing mild winter temperatures in most of the regions in India. Temperature measurements were performed inside the air cavity as well as near the PCM carrier during the air heating process. Three different PCM carriers with different aspect ratios have been used to test the effect of different orientations on space heating. Further, the PCM carrier was kept at two different locations inside the chamber to observe the effect of location on space heating. A new dimensionless temperature has been defined to compare the effect on room air with each PCM configuration.

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Stacking Sequences Effects in Composite Mechanical Joints under Impact Loadings

Composite structures in the field of advanced and modern structures in engineering design and according to high specification of composite materials such as high strength to weight ratio use in various industries such as aerospace, marine. One of the most important fields that Researchers have paid less attention to that is to investigate the effect of stacking sequence on the strength of mechanical joints under impact loading. In view of changing the mechanical properties of composite materials by changing the arrangement of layers, in this study, the effect of different orientation of layers on the strength of pin joints in glass-epoxy composites under low-velocity tensile impact has been investigated. Using the Abaqus software and the finite element method, the impact simulation and the force applied to the mechanical joint were analyzed. To evaluate the simulations, the results of the finite element method have been compared with the experimental results. By observing the results, the introduced finite element model is well-considered and is well-matched with the result of the experimental dataset, which made it a valuable tool for predicting the strength of multi-layer composite materials under impact loadings. Using the results of the model, one can analyze the distribution and type of stress and strain in each layer of composite.

A stakeholder‐centric paradigm bids well for the “business case” ‐ An investigation through moderated‐mediation model

AbstractThis study examines the effect of responsible governance on a firm's financial performance and corporate reputation using the lens of stakeholder theory and signaling theory. We believe that no single theory fully underpins all the hypothesized relationships. This study also investigates the indirect effect of responsible governance on a firm's financial performance and corporate reputation via corporate social responsibility (CSR). Further, drawing on contingency perspective and using the lens of upper echelon theory, we test the moderating effect of different orientations of responsible leadership on the relationship between responsible governance and CSR. After, adopting a multi‐wave research design and using a survey method, we find that responsible governance significantly improves a firm's financial performance and reputation. Further, we find that CSR mediates the relationship between responsible governance and firm‐level outcomes. Moreover, moderating results reveal that the orientation of a traditional economist and an opportunity seeker strengthen the relationship between responsible governance and CSR whereas the orientation of an integrator and an idealist weaken this relationship. The study concludes with its implications and directions for future research.

Mental rotation and performance in basketball: effects of self-controlled and externally controlled time constraints on the processing and execution of tactic board instructions with varied orientations

PurposeIn sports games, tactical instructions are mostly presented on tactic boards under temporal constraints determined by the length of time outs (e.g., 20–60 s time outs in basketball) and coaches’ instructional behavior. Thus, instructions should be presented in a way that enables fast and errorless information processing. High affordances in visual–spatial transformation (e.g., mental rotation processes) might both impede information processing and decrease execution performance. The aim of this study was to scrutinize the effect of different orientations of visual tactical displays on observation time under self-paced conditions as well as to compare the effects on execution performance to those of externally paced conditions. According to the self-determination theory, self-control over observation time is assumed to increase performance.MethodsIn a mixed-factors design with two factors, 48 participants were instructed to execute a basketball playing pattern, which was presented on a virtual tactic board in one of five different spatial disparities to the players’ on-court perspective. The Self-Paced Group determined the observation time in a self-controlled manner, whereas in the Yoked Group observation times were externally controlled, i.e., the observation time was constrained to match that of the Self-Paced Group..ResultsThe self-controlled time for watching the pattern before execution was significantly shorter and spatial accuracy in pattern execution was significantly higher for low disparity between instruction perspective and on-court perspective. Self-control over observation time did not affect execution accuracy.ConclusionThe orientation effects might be explained by interfering mental rotation processes that are necessary to transform the instructional perspective into the players’ egocentric perspective. According to these results, coaches should align their tactic boards to their players’ on-court viewing perspective.

Effects of Different Orientations of Cage Implantation on Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) via a fusion cage is widely carried out to treat degenerative lumbar spinal disease, and cage implantation plays a pivotal role in buttressing the vertebrae and promoting fusion. Clinically, the cage implantation is commonly placed in 2 different orientations: oblique and traverse. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of different orientations of cage implantation on lumbar interbody fusion. From January 2016 to January 2018, a retrospective study of 98 patients with lumbar degenerative disease who were treated with lumbar interbody fusion with at least 2-year follow-up was performed. According to the different positions of cage implantation, the patients were divided into 2 groups: oblique group (OG) and traverse group (TG). The clinical and radiographic outcomes were compared preoperatively, postoperatively, and at last follow-up evaluation. Radiographic measurements included the height of intervertebral (HOI) disk, segment lordosis (SL), lumbar lordosis (LL), the distance between the posterior of cage and vertebrae postoperatively (D1), the distance at final follow-up (D2), and the distance of cage move (D3). Radiographic evaluation of fusion integrity was performed based on the Bridwell interbody fusion grading system at the final follow-up. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of sex, age, surgical levels, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, time to ambulation, and length of hospital stay (P > 0.05). The HOI disk, SL, and LL in the 2 groups were noticeably improved postoperatively compared with preoperatively (P > 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). However, at the final follow-up, HOI disk, SL, and LL in the TG were larger than those in the OG (P < 0.05). D1 and D2 in the TG were larger than those in the OG, and there was a significant difference between the 2 groups (P < 0.05). D3 in the OG was larger than that in the TG (P < 0.05). All patients achieved grade I fusion at the final evaluation. The traverse cage implantation in TLIF had the same clinical effect as oblique cage implantation, but is superior in improving sagittal alignment. Therefore, we advise that the cage should be placed in traverse orientation in TLIF.

Effect of alkali-silica reaction on the fracture properties of confined concrete

Alkali-silica reaction (ASR), which was recently discovered in nuclear power plant structures commonly without shear reinforcement, has previously been shown to induce anisotropic expansion in confined concrete. The fracture properties (strength, stiffness, and specific fracture energy) of ASR-induced anisotropically-damaged concrete specimens were quantified by varying both the damage level and relative direction of the ASR-induced cracking orientation against the loading direction corresponding to the fracture propagation. The effect of different orientations (0, 45, and 90° relative to the notch of the specimen) of expected ASR-induced cracks on the fracture properties was investigated using a wedge-splitting test (WST). Specimens without ASR expansion generally showed the highest fracture properties; however, the specific fracture energy was highest for ASR-affected specimens in which the expected orientation of ASR-induced cracks was perpendicular to the WST specimen notch. Specimens in which the ASR-induced cracks were parallel to the notch exhibited the lowest strength and fracture energy.

Tensile behavior and failure model of Ti–6Al–4V under different orientation and strain rate

In this paper, the objective was to investigate the coupling effect of different orientation and strain rate on the failure behavior of Ti–6Al–4V. The measurement was completed with the quasi static and dynamic tensile test under different orientation of 0°–90° and strain rate ranging from 0.0001–3500 s−1. The strain rate term of the Johnson-Cook(J-C) failure model that considered the coupling effect of different orientation and strain rate was modified. The simulation was accomplished with the modified J-C failure model. The results indicated that the model provided a practicable method to describe the failure behavior under different orientation and strain rate. Finally, the failure form of specimen tested under different orientation and strain rate was analyzed in detail by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

A Robotic Glenohumeral Simulator for Investigating Prosthetic Implant Subluxation.

Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is an effective treatment for glenohumeral (GH) osteoarthritis. However, it still suffers from a substantial rate of mechanical failure, which may be related to cyclic off-center loading of the humeral head on the glenoid. In this work, we present the design and evaluation of a GH joint robotic simulator developed to study GH translations. This five-degree-of-freedom robot was designed to replicate the rotations (±40 deg, accuracy 0.5 deg) and three-dimensional (3D) forces (up to 2 kN, with a 1% error settling time of 0.6 s) that the humeral implant exerts on the glenoid implant. We tested the performances of the simulator using force patterns measured in real patients. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of different orientations of the glenoid implant on joint stability. When simulating realistic dynamic forces and implant orientations, the simulator was able to reproduce stable behavior by measuring the translations of the humeral head of less than 24 mm with respect to the glenoid implant. Simulation with quasi-static forces showed dislocation in extreme ranges of implant orientation. The robotic GH simulator presented here was able to reproduce physiological GH forces and may therefore be used to further evaluate the effects of glenoid implant design and orientation on joint stability.

Fibrous Orientation Effects on the Deformation and Stress of an Insect-like Flapping-wing Micro Aerial Vehicle Based on ACP

This paper examines the effect of different orientation of composite material on the deformation and stress of dragonfly-like flapping-wing micro aerial vehicles (FWMAVs). After billions of years of evolution, insects employing flapping-wing tend to have excellent flight capabilities. To understand the bionic wings will be helpful to design high performance aircrafts. FEM analysis of flapping wing structure simulating dragonfly wings having three layers Epoxy carbon composite material and resin epoxy is glue for adhesive two layers. In the process, the flapping wing model was created in ANSYS Workbench ACP (pre), ACP (post) and then the loading of the flapping wing in each phase will be calculated. Finally, the graphs showing the changes of the maximum deformation displacement and maximum stress can be worked out. It can be known that for the first principle stress, -35° is the best performance because -35° stresses is lowest stress and +35° is the worst performance because this angle is the highest stress. For the second principle stress the -25° is the best performance because -25° have the lowest stress. For the third principle stress, -45° is the worst performance because -45° is the highest stress, +45° is the best performance because here stress is the lowest and 0° is the worst because here stress is the highest. The findings are helpful in answering why insect wings are so impeccable, thus providing possibility of improving the design of flapping wing aerial vehicles. This paper will found why insect wings are impeccable.