Effects Of Different Nitrogen Levels Research Articles

Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels and Herbicides on Growth Indices of Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2022 and 2023 at Agronomy research farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj, Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh, (India). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with thrice replications. Taking three nitrogen levels 80 Kg/ha, 120 Kg/ha and 160 Kg/ha in main plot and five weed management practices Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP @ 20g a.i/ha (PE) at 0-3 DAT, Bispyribac sodium 10 % SC @ 25g a.i/ha (PoE) at 25 DAT, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP @ 20g a.i/ha (PE) at 0-3 DAT fb Bispyribac sodium 10 % SC @ 25g a.i/ha (PoE) at 25 DAT, Weed free and Weedy check in subplot. Results revealed that significantly higher crop growth rate, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate and grain yield was recorded in 160 Kg N ha-1 and Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP @ 20g a.i/ha (PE) at 0-3 DAT fb Bispyribac sodium 10 % SC @ 25g a.i/ha (PoE) at 25 DAT which was comparable to weed free during both the years of investigation on transplanting rice.

Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels on Water and Nitrate Distribution in Aeolian Sandy Soil under Drip Irrigation

Understanding the distribution of water and nitrate nitrogen in the soil profile is crucial for the reasonable operation of fertigation, and it is also fundamental for controlling and regulating nitrate nitrogen in the root zone, thereby meeting a crop’s requirements. The application rates of fertilizer and water directly influence this distribution of water and nitrate nitrogen. However, the effects in Aeolian sandy soil, a type of developing soil bordering deserts, remain ambiguous. In this study, field experiments for different drip fertigation treatments in Aeolian sandy soil were conducted to investigate the soil water distribution, as well as that of nitrate nitrogen. A completely randomized experimental design was implemented, encompassing three levels of irrigation amount: low (W1), medium (W2), and high (W3), and three levels of nitrogen application rate: low (F1), medium (F2), high (F3). After the completion of each irrigation treatment, soil samples were extracted at 10–20 cm intervals. The soil water and nitrate nitrogen contents in the profiles of these samples were measured. The experimental results revealed that increasing the nitrogen application rate facilitated the retention of greater amounts of water and nitrate nitrogen in the soil profile. However, with an increase in the nitrogen application rate, both soil water and nitrate nitrogen exhibited a radial tendency to move away from the drip emitter. Some moved upward and accumulated in surface soil near a ridge furrow, while some moved downward and remained in a deeper area approximately 30 cm horizontally from the emitter at depths of 40–60 cm. The uniformity of the water distribution decreased with increasing nitrogen application under low water conditions, with a reversal of this trend observed in medium and high water treatments. The effect of nitrogen application level on the uniformity of the nitrate nitrogen distribution was not significant. There was no significant correlation between the average soil water content and nitrate nitrogen content along the horizontal direction, however, a positive correlation existed in the vertical direction. In the whole profile, increasing the nitrogen application enhanced the correlation under low water conditions, but under medium and high water conditions, this trend was the opposite. This implies that, to avoid nitrate nitrogen leaching or limiting in a specific area, a moderate nitrogen application level is advisable. Under low water conditions, nitrogen application showed a positive effect on the nitrate nitrogen content, and a higher application is recommended. In cases of substantial water irrigation or rainy years, the nitrogen application rate should be decreased.

Physiological and Transcriptional Characteristics of Banana Seedlings in Response to Nitrogen Deficiency Stress

Nitrogen is a crucial element for the growth and development of plants, directly affecting crop growth and yield. To investigate the physiological and molecular mechanism of nitrogen-deficiency stress, we conducted an investigation into the effects of different nitrogen levels on the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and gene transcription levels of banana seedlings. Compared with the control group with normal nitrogen levels (NN), the height of plants receiving Reduced-N (NR), Low-N (LN), and N-Free (NF) treatments was decreased by 0.45 cm, 2.5 cm, and 3.25 cm, respectively. Their dry weight was reduced by 1.63 g, 2.99 g, and 2.88 g, respectively. Conversely, the dry weight of the underground plant part in the LN and NF treatment groups exhibited an increase of 0.13 g and 0.16 g, respectively. Regarding photosynthetic characteristics, the Specialty Products Agricultural Division (SPAD) values of the NR, LN, and NF treatments showed reductions of 15.5%, 30.4%, and 35.9%, respectively, compared with those of the control treatments. The values of maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), actual photosynthetic efficiency (Y(Ⅱ)), and relative electron transfer (ETR) of the banana seedlings decreased to different degrees after NR, LN, and NF treatment, and their values were positively correlated with N levels. Gene transcription analysis showed that N transport-related proteins, including NRT1.7, NRT2.3a, NRT2.3b, and NRT2.5, were significantly up-regulated to increase the nitrogen absorption capacity of plant roots. On the other hand, various transcription factors including GRAS, MYB, and WRKY were notably up-regulated, facilitating root growth and the expanding root absorption area, thereby enhancing nitrogen uptake. Furthermore, genes associated with endogenous hormone metabolic pathways such as gibberellin (GA), strigolactone (SL), and brassinosteroids (BR) were activated in banana plants subjected to low nitrogen stress, enhancing the plant’s ability to adapt to nitrogen-deficient conditions. These findings offer valuable insights into understanding the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms governing banana responses to low nitrogen stress and breeding new varieties with improved nutrient utilization.

Optimizing Banana Crop Productivity: Effects of Nitrogen Levels and Plant Growth Regulators on Chlorophyll Dynamics in Ney Poovan Cultivar

The present study highlights the Effect of different nitrogen levels and plant growth regulators on Total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index of banana cv. Ney Poovan. A field experiment in banana cv. Ney Poovan was conducted with various levels of nitrogen and plant growth regulators at Orchard, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The experiment was laid out in the complete Randomized Block Design with four main plot and eight sub plot treatments which are replicated thrice. Significant differences among the different treatments in growth and physiological parameters was observed. The results reveled that application of various levels of nitrogen and plant growth regulators 200 g N plant-1 (60g + 100g + 40g N plant-1 at 3,5 and 7 MAP respectively + Urea 2% foliar spray + Salicylic acid (SA) 100 ppm @ 3,5 and 7 MAP respectively i.e. M4S5 recorded the highest chlorophyll content (1.40 mg g-1) and chlorophyll stability index (72.58) which was on par with the M3S5 : 200 g N plant-1 (60g + 100g + 40g N plant-1 at 3,5 and 7 MAP respectively)+ Salicylic acid (SA) 100 ppm @ 3,5 and 7 MAP.

Influence of Nitrogen Levels and Zinc Application on Morphological and Physiological Attributes of Rice Varieties

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif and Rabi, 2018 at the College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to study the effect of different nitrogen levels and zinc application on growth and development in paddy. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three varieties as main plots, and six nutrient levels as sub plots and replicated thrice. Among the varieties Kunaram Sannalu has recorded lowest Plant height and Telangana Sona has recorded highest Plant height (63.3, 98.8 and 103.3 cm at vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages respectively), with maximum stem thickness 5.37, 6.09 and 6.17 mm at vegetative, flowering and grain filling stage respectively), Crop growth rate (13.451 25.77 and 8.86 g m-2 day-1 at vegetative, flowering and grain filling stage respectively), Total dry matter (2959, 7585 and 8909 kg ha-1 at vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages respectively) and had taken more number of days to panicle initiation (67), flowering (86) and maturity (122). Tella Hamsa has recorded less stem thickness, Crop growth rate, total dry matter and has taken less number of days to panicle initiation (64), flowering (83) and maturity (118). Application of 25% higher than RDN + 0.5% ZnSO4 foliar spray resulted in maximum plant height, stem thickness, crop growth rate, and total dry matter.

The effect of different nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of maize in the northern region of Afghanistan

The effect of different nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of maize in the northern region of Afghanistan

Effects of Different Nitrogen Levels on Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production and Gene Expression under Straw-State Cultivation in Stropharia rugosoannulata.

Stropharia rugosoannulata has been used in environmental engineering to degrade straw in China. The nitrogen and carbon metabolisms are the most important factors affecting mushroom growth, and the aim of this study was to understand the effects of different nitrogen levels on carbon metabolism in S. rugosoannulata using transcriptome analysis. The mycelia were highly branched and elongated rapidly in A3 (1.37% nitrogen). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism; nitrogen metabolism; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; the MAPK signaling pathway; hydrolase activity on glycosyl bonds; and hemicellulose metabolic processes. The activities of nitrogen metabolic enzymes were highest in A1 (0.39% nitrogen) during the three nitrogen levels (A1, A2 and A3). However, the activities of cellulose enzymes were highest in A3, while the hemicellulase xylanase activity was highest in A1. The DEGs associated with CAZymes, starch and sucrose metabolism and the MAPK signaling pathway were also most highly expressed in A3. These results suggested that increased nitrogen levels can upregulate carbon metabolism in S. rugosoannulata. This study could increase knowledge of the lignocellulose bioconversion pathways and improve biodegradation efficiency in Basidiomycetes.

Effect of different nitrogen levels on growth and yield of radish under the agro-climatic condition of district Bajaur

Effect of different nitrogen levels on growth and yield of radish under the agro-climatic condition of district Bajaur

Effect of Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Hybrid Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different Nitrogen levels on the yield performance of four rice hybrid in two consecutive Monsoon Season of 2020 and 2021. The experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj Ayodhya (U.P.). The experiment was conducted in factorial randomized block design with three replication which comprised of 4 levels of nitrogen viz. 0% RDN, 50% RDN, 75% RDN and 100% RDN and 4 hybrid varieties viz. Arize-6444 Gold, Ankur-7576, 27P31 and Shahi-Dawat. Results revealed that significantly higher yield contributing characters and yield was obtained at 100% of RDN (150 kg N ha-1) which is at par with 75 % RDN (112 kg N ha-1) and significantly superior over 0% of RDN and 50% of RDN (75kg N ha-1). The growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were recorded significantly higher with Ankur-7576 variety except length of panicle (cm) and test weight (g). Ankur-7576 gave good response in low doses of nitrogenous fertilizer and showed good efficiency in utilization of available and applied nitrogen to the crop and best suitable for obtaining higher yield of hybrid rice.

Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels on Yield of Marvel Grass (Dichanthium-Annulatum L) in Irrigated Condition Under N-W Agro Climatic Zone

The experiment was undertaken during Kharif season of 2019, 2020 and 2021 at Regional Research Station, S. D. Agricultural University, Kothara (Gujarat). The treatments comprised of three levels of nitrogen (N1: 10 kg N/ha, N2: 20 kg N/ha and N3: 30 kg N/ha) and three levels of phosphorus (P1: 0, P2: 20, P3: 40 kg P2O5/ha) was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Effect of different nitrogen levels on Marvel green forage yield was found significant in pooled analysis. Application of 30 kg nitrogen/ha (N3) recorded significantly the highest plant height (135.68 cm), effective tillers/tussock (47.44), green and dry forage yield @ 811.18 and 347.87 q/ha, Crude fibre content (38.36 %) and Crude protein content (5.21 %), while application of phosphorus has no impact significantly on yield of marvel grass in pooled as well as individual year of analysis.

Effect of different nitrogen levels on yield and yield attributes of different rice varieties in DDSR condition at Kanchanpur, Nepal

An experiment on the effect of different nitrogen levels on yield and yield attributes of different rice varieties was conducted in Kanchanpur, Nepal, from March 2021 to July 2021. The experiment was laid in randomized complete block design with two factors: nitrogen levels and rice varieties, each factor having three levels (Nitrogen: 60kg/ha, 120kg/ha, and 180kg/ha and rice varieties: Hardinath 1, Hardianth 3 and Chaite 5) resulting in nine treatment combinations. Rice seeds were sown directly in experimental plots under the dry condition on March 24, 2021. The plant spacing was 20x20cm^2. Growth parameters, grain yield, and yield attributing traits of rice were recorded. The statistical results revealed significant differences between the treatments regarding agronomical parameters, yield attributing characters, and grain yield. The results indicated that the 180 kg/ha level of N application contributes to the higher plant height (74.502 cm), the number of tillers (1101.667), effective tillers (577.222), filled grain per panicle (116.490), panicle length (25.241 cm), grain yield (4.7 ton/ha) and straw yield (10.564 ton/ha). Among the varieties, Hardinath 3 produced significantly higher plant height (79.68 cm), panicle length (25.68cm), sterility percentage, and 1000 grain weight (24.60g) as compared to Hardinath 1 and Chapter 5, respectively. However, yield and yield attributing characters like grain yield, straw yield, effective tillers, and filled grains per panicle were significantly higher in Chaite 5. Therefore, a nitrogen level of 180 kg/ha and variety Chaite5 may be used for better productivity in Kanchanpur, Nepal.

Optimization of a wheat small red bean double cropping system in South Korea

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and small red bean [Vigna angularis (Willd. Ohwi & Ohashi)] are the main ingredients of walnut-shaped “Hodugwaja”. An innovative wheat small red bean double cropping system was evaluated in a rice field in the Cheonan region (Korea) to determine its effect on land use. The effects of different nitrogen levels, sowing dates, and density on growth, yield, and quality of wheat and small red bean were also investigated using selected wheat (‘Keumgang’, ‘Sooan’, and ‘Goso’) and small red bean (‘Hongeon’, ‘Chungju’, and ‘Arari’) varieties. The effect of different fertilizer treatments [N1 (50%, 6.6 kg/10a), N2 (100%, 8.8 kg/10a), and N3 (200%, 13.2 kg/10a)] were investigated for wheat, while the effect of sowing date and density were investigated for the small red beans. Our findings revealed that the best variety, sowing date, and nitrogen level combination for wheat small red bean double cropping system in Cheonan area is ‘Goso’ sown on October 26, N3 nitrogen application, and ‘Chungju’ sown on July 10 with high ridge cultivation, at a density of 60 × 15 cm. This system was the most ideal yielding 521.6 kg/10a (1000 m2) and 275 kg/10a of ‘Goso’ and ‘Chungju’, respectively. This pioneering research provides a reliable cultivation plan and theoretical basis for implementing the double cropping system of wheat small red beans in central Korea. Undeniably, this study also provides a basis for future field experiments on wheat planting patterns and small red bean fertilization.

Effect of different nitrogen levels on the yield and oil quality with economic parameters of mint (Mentha arvensis L.)

Effect of different nitrogen levels on the yield and oil quality with economic parameters of mint (Mentha arvensis L.)

Effect of nitrogen levels on yield of rice varieties during kharif in South Odisha

A field experiment was conducted at Experimental Farm of M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Paralakhemundi during kharif season of 2021 in south Odisha to study the effect of different nitrogen levels on the rice varieties. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three rice varieties, namely MTU 7029 (Swarna), BPT 5204 (Samba Mahsuri) and BPT 3291 (Sona Mahsuri) in main plots and four levels of N (0, 50,100 and 150 kg N/ha) in sub plots. The plant height and dry matter, yield attributes and grain yield were significantly higher in variety MTU 7029 (Swarna) over BPT 5204 and BPT 3291 (Sona Mahsuri). Application of 100 kg N/ha recorded significantly higher yield over 0, 50 and 150 kg N/ha. Application of 100 kg N/ha to variety BPT 5204 was found suitable for getting higher yield in southern Odisha in kharif season.

Response of maize productivity to nitrogen management and mulching practices

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen levels and mulch practice on days to physiological maturity, plant height, mean leaf area, mean weeds population, weeds fresh weight, weeds dry weight of maize at Agriculture Research Station Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during summer 2019. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Data was recorded on six quantitative traits i.e. days to physiological maturity, plant height, mean leaf area, mean weeds population, weeds fresh weight, weeds dry weight. Results indicated that Days to physiological maturity, plant height, mean leaf area, mean weeds population, weeds fresh weight, weeds dry weight was significantly altered due to applied treatment. The treatment nitrogen level (N4-150 g.) give high results for the Days to physiological maturity, plant height, mean leaf area, mean weeds population, weeds fresh weight, weeds dry weight as compared to other level of nitrogen, (N1-control), (N2-50g), (N3-100g), (N5-200g). And similarly organic mulch (crop residue) show high result for the Days to physiological maturity, plant height, mean leaf area, mean weeds population, weeds fresh weight, weeds dry weight as compared to inorganic mulch (plastic mulch). It was observed that the nitrogen level (N4-150g) valuable fertilizer and organic mulch show better result as compare to other nitrogen level and inorganic mulch.

Effect of Nitrogen Levels on the Growth and Yield of Spring Maize

The research entitled the "Effect of different nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of spring maize" was conducted in the agriculture research farm of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara. Three different doses of nitrogen was used at different concentrations from lowest to highest. The doses of Nitrogen are denoted as N1, N2 and N3 viz 80kgN2ha-1, 120 kg N2ha-1and 160 kg N2ha-1 respectively. All the doses of nitrogen are compared with each other for the measurement of morphological parameters like plant height, the number of leaves and dry weight accumulation. In yield parameters, the grain yield, test weight, stover yield and shelling percentage was calculated. From the experiment, it was observed that the highest results were found in the treatment with the highest nitrogen dose with 160 Kg N/ha. The morphological parameters like plant height, number of leaves per plant and dry weight accumulation were found highest in N3 which is 160Kg N/ha. The yield parameters like grain yield, shelling percentage, stover yield and test weight are also found high in the treatment with the application of the highest amount of nitrogen that is 160Kg N/ha. From this research, the best results are provided by N3 which is 160 Kg N/ha, after that the moderate results are provided by N2 which is 120Kg N/ha and the least results were provided by N1 which is 80Kg N/ha.

Untangling the Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Composition and Response of Soil Physiochemical Properties to Different Nitrogen Applications in Sugarcane Field

Minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers and investigating an appropriate ecofriendly level of nitrogen fertilizer is the key to sustainable agriculture. Sugarcane is the main cash crop of China, especially in the Guangxi region. Information regarding the effect of different nitrogen levels on sugarcane rhizosphere microbiota is still limited. In this study, we evaluated the effect of four different levels of nitrogen fertilizers on rhizosphere bacterial composition using high throughput sequencing, along with soil physiochemical properties, sugarcane agronomic and yield performance. The four treatment combinations were CK (no fertilizers), L (Low, 100 kg ha–1), M (Medium, 150 kg ha–1), and H (High, 200 kg ha–1). The results showed that M nitrogen application significantly altered the rhizosphere bacterial community, soil properties, and sugarcane yield. The richness and evenness of the bacterial community were higher in M treatment than CK. In M treatment important bacterial phyla Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria increased by 47 and 71%, respectively; and at genus level, Acidothermus and Bradyrhizobium increased by 77.2 and 30.3%, respectively, compared to CK. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis further confirmed the level of differences among the treatments. The PCA analysis explained 80% of the total variation among the treatments. Spearmen correlation heatmap showed that environmental factors such as pH, AP (available phosphorous), AK (available potassium), and SCAT (soil catalase) were the key factors impacting sugarcane rhizosphere microbiome composition. The H and L nitrogen application alter the bacterial community and sugarcane performance but the M nitrogen application appears to be ecofriendly, productive, and an appropriate nitrogen application rate that could be further used in the Guangxi region.

RESPONSE OF YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS TRAITS FOR FOUR PROMISING GENOTYPES OF WHEAT TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen levels on four promising bread wheat genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the farm of Field Crops Dept., College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok in winter season 2020-2021. The experimental units laid out in factorial experiment with (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. Four genotypes were used (Bora, Jehan-99, AApast-36 and AApast-26) and four levels of nitrogen (0,75,150 and 200kg ha-1). The result revealed that the growth parameters respond significantly to nitrogen fertilizer. Application of nitrogen levels in combination increase yield, gave the highest grain yield 219.1 (g) at 200kg ha-1 nitrogen, also the highest grain (231 g) was recorded from AApast-36 genotypes. Among the interaction of nitrogen levels and wheat genotypes produced the highest grain yield (266.6g) per plant at 200kg N ha-1 and Apast-36 genotypes. The Apast-36 genotype was superior in flag leaf area 48.14 cm2, Number of seed per plant 42.8, weight of seed spike 1.88g and 1000-seed weight (43.73 g). So that this genotype can be considered an advanced line and can be placed in a breeding program. Most of the studied traits are highly correlated with yield such as 1000-seed weight (0.91), spike length 0.52 and number of seeds per spike 0.45 and it can be said that these traits are the important effective components in seed yield.

The Effects of Different Nitrogen Levels and Irrigation Intervals on Yield and Water Productivity of Cotton Grown in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of nirogen levels and irrigation intervals applied with drip system on cotton yield, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in the East Mediterranean Transitional Zone Agricultural Research of Institute Located in Kahramanmaras, Turkey during 2012 and 2013. In the experiment, 3 different nitrogen levels (N0:0, N15:150, N30: 300 kg ha-1) and 2 different irrigation intervals (I5: 5 and I10:10 days) were investigated on Erşan-92 cotton variety. The amount of irrigation water was estimated by replenishment of soil water deficit in 60 cm root-zone depth to the field capacity in the irrigation intervals of 5 and 10 days. The experimental design was split-plots with three replications. The amount of irrigation water applied to treatments in the research years varied between 511.9-633.8 and 498-611 mm respectively. Cotton yield values in the research years for irrigation and nitrogen applications ranged between 2520-3360 and 2360-3540 kg ha-1 respectively. Higher yields were obtained with 5-day irrigation frequency compared with irrigation every 10 days. The effects of different irrigation intervals and nitrogen application of interaction on yield, Water use efficiency (WP) and Irrigation water use efficiency (IWP) were found to be statistically significant at 1% level. I5 N15 generated the highest net income and the lowest income was found in I10 N0. As a result of the experiment, 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen dose in 5 days irrigation interval was recommended for cotton production in the region.

Effects of nitrogen application on phytochemical component levels and anticancer and antioxidant activities of Allium fistulosum.

BackgroundAllium fistulosum L. has good nutritional value and is cultivated worldwide as an efficacious traditional medicinal plant. Its biological activities are attributable to its phytochemicals. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development; however, the effect of nitrogen levels on the level of active components in this species is not well understood.MethodsIn this study, using urea fertilizer, we investigated the effects of different nitrogen levels (N0, N1, and N2 at 0, 130, and 260 kg/ha, respectively) on the phytochemical constituents , and antioxidant and anticancer properties of A. fistulosum.ResultsThe results suggested that nitrogen fertilizers have a significant effect on the level of total phenols and flavonoids. The analysis of the antioxidant capacity revealed that the lowest IC50 values corresponded to plants treated with the highest nitrogen concentration. Anticancer activity was investigated against cancer cell lines (HeLa and HepG2), and the extracts of A. fistulosum treated with a high nitrogen level showed the highest antiproliferative effect. Collectively, our results suggest that nitrogen fertilizer application enhanced the quality of A. fistulosum, particularly its health benefits.