Effects Of Different Fertilizer Types Research Articles

Rice Production and Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Diverse Forms of Fertilization in Rice-Based Crop Rotation Systems

The rising demand for climate change mitigation has brought attention to agricultural systems focused on carbon farming and reducing emissions. Composting food wastes and livestock manure not only mitigates environmental concerns but also boosts soil fertility and crop yields as an alternative fertilizer. In this experiment, we investigated the effects of different fertilizer types (chemical and organic waste compost) and crop rotations (rice–fallow, rice–Italian ryegrass, and rice–potato) on rice production, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil carbon stocks. In this experiment, soil carbon and nitrogen retention were more influenced by compost nutrient levels than by crop rotation types. Overall, as the nitrogen levels increased, the rice yields improved with both chemical and organic waste fertilizers. Among the crop rotations, the rice–Italian ryegrass rotation showed a higher nitrogen use efficiency. Optimal fertility levels, balancing nitrogen use efficiency, yield, and soil carbon were observed between 523 and 582 kg N ha−1 when combined with specific crop rotations. Moreover, soil total carbon and soil total nitrogen varied among crop rotation systems. Our results indicate that organic waste compost can be a potential alternative to chemical fertilizers, while crop rotations offer a viable approach for maximizing the environmental benefits.

Optimizing co-application of starter ammoniacal-N and K-containing fertilizers for barley in the seed-furrow

It is unclear how seed-placed starter ammoniacal-N-and-K fertilizers influence barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed-crop emergence, and its early establishment, due to salt injury and potential ammonia production and toxicity within the soil profile under different placement rates. Keeping in this view, the study was undertaken to experiment the effects of different fertilizer types, and rates using three different soil types characterized by fine (G1), medium (G2), and coarse (G3) textures when simultaneously placed with barley seed and establish safe-starter fertilizer recommendation models. The fertilizers were applied at varying rates from 0 to 60 kg N ha−1 and 0 to 74 kg K ha−1 alongside barley seeding. Maximum predicted safe starter ammoniacal-N-fertilizer rates were as follows: urea = 15, 35 and 26 kg N ha−1 is safe for G1, G2 and G3 soils, respectively. DAP (Diammonium phosphate), 52 kg N ha−1 is safe for fine textures whilst 12 and 37 kg N ha−1 for medium and coarse textures. MAP (Monoammonium phosphate) is safely placed at 55, 11 and ≥60 kg N ha−1 for G1 – G3 soils. For MOP (Muriate of Potash) and SOP (Sulfate of Potash), 67 and ≥74 kg K ha−1 were ideal for improved barley emergence across all the soil types. Visual appearances including delayed seed emergence, leaf chlorosis, and stubby coleoptiles were observed at varying seed-placed N and K rates. Intricate relationships among various emergence parameters, root architecture, aboveground and root biomass, chlorophyll content, all showing significant interrelationships. Data indicate that cubic model could be used for predicting seed-safe rates for multiple fertilizer types.

Effects of Fertilizers and Conditioners on Chromium Uptake of Maize in Chromium-Polluted Farmland

Using agronomic measures to remediate heavy metal chromium (Cr) on farmland is the main measure to achieve the safe utilization of crops. This study was conducted under field trial conditions using locally formulated fertilizers (urea–ammonium phosphate–potassium chloride) as the control. Different fertilizer-type treatments such as ammonium sulfite, calcium magnesium phosphate, and diammonium phosphate were set up. Biochar and soil conditioner PX5B were chosen to compare the impacts of each to study the effects of different fertilizer types on maize yield, Cr content in each part, the bioconcentration factor, the translocation factor, and the available content of Cr in the soil. The results show that, compared with the formulated fertilizer, all treatments improved pH and soil organic matter and reduced the effective state of Cr content in the soil by 15.05% to 42.66%. The Cr content of maize grains under biochar and soil conditioner PX5B treatments were 0.80 mg·kg−1 and 0.88 mg·kg−1 with a 39.95% and 33.83% reduction, respectively, whereas the Cr content of maize grains under various fertilizer treatments was in the range of 0.82~1.32 mg·kg−1 with a 0.75%~38.19% reduction, respectively. Among the different fertilizer treatments, urea–calcium magnesium phosphate–potassium chloride, urea–diammonium phosphate–potassium chloride, ammonium sulfite–calcium magnesium phosphate–potassium chloride, and ammonium sulfite and urea–calcium magnesium phosphate–potassium chloride treatments reduced the Cr content of maize grains to within the range of the national food safety standard of China (1.0 mg·kg−1). The best reductions in the effective state Cr content of the soil and the Cr content of maize grains were achieved by ammonium sulfite–calcium magnesium phosphate–potassium chloride treatment, which was able to achieve similar reductions to the two conditioners. It also had a reduction effect on the Cr content of maize roots and straws, the aboveground bioconcentration factor (BCF), and the primary translocation factor (PTF). Therefore, the combination of ammonium sulfite and calcium magnesium phosphate is the best fertilizer combination to block the absorption of Cr by maize and has some implications for the fertilization of farmland under acidic soil conditions of Cr contamination.

Evaluation of Different Fertilizer Types in the Suppression of Root Knot Nematode Infection on Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) in Makurdi, Benue State

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi in the 2020/2021 planting season. To evaluate the effects of different fertilizer types in the control of root knot nematode of sweet potato. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The treatments were Liquid fertilizer (Super gro) and poultry dropping and control which were replicated three times. Before the treatments were applied, soil samples were collected for nematode extraction and the nematodes were extracted in the laboratory using the modified Bearmann tray technique. Super gro and geese droppings were applied at 2 weeks interval and 4 weeks interval. The results show a significant (p<0.05) reduction of root gall index, significant increase in root length, weight of roots and number of roots on the plots treated with fertilizer. This research work recommends the application of poultry droppings for the management of root knot nematode in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas).

Effect of Eucalyptus-Wood-Based Compost Application Rates on Avocado (Persea americana Mill) Foliar Nutrient Content and Fruit Yield

Background: The effects of different fertilizer types and their application rates on leaf nutrient content and avocado yield are unclear. An evaluation of eucalyptus-wood-based compost applied at 0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha−1 year−1 on foliar nutrient content, yield, and fruit size distribution (%) was completed at Mooketsi and Politsi, Limpopo Province, South Africa, from 2016 to 2018. Methods: A completely randomized block design with three replicates was used. Data were collected annually, and fruit size was classified as classes; 1 (>275 g), 2 (197–274 g), 3 (148–196 g), and 4 (0–147 g). Results: Leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Na, Cu, and Zn, fruit yield and size distribution (%) were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by compost quantity and proportionally increased with application rates in each year. Compost had cumulative effects on the measured parameters; the highest values were recorded in 2018 under a 15 t ha−1 application rate, which corresponded to the highest yield (19.6 t ha−1) and the largest proportion of fruits in class 1. Conclusions: The ≥10 t ha−1 year−1 application rate can be used, though the compost saturation levels of the soils should be determined to avoid possible danger of nutrient toxicity if high application rates are continuously used for >3 years.

Intercropping and fertilizer type impact seed productivity and secondary metabolites of dragon's head and fenugreek

Intercropping of medicinal plants is a relatively new practice to enhance sustainability in medicinal plant production. However, only a few studies paid attention to response of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants to organic fertilizers and bio-fertilizers in intercropping system. Here, we evaluated the effects of different fertilizer types (bacterial fertilizer, mycorrhizal fungi and vermicompost) plus an unfertilized control, in factorial combination with a monocrop or various intercropping ratios on seed and oil yields, root colonization, nutrient contents and secondary metabolites of dragon's head (DH) and fenugreek (F) in a two-year experiment. Organic and bio-fertilizers were effective in increasing the seed and fixed oil yields of dragon's head and fenugreek, essential oil of dragon's heads and the diosgenin and trigonelline content of fenugreek mainly due to enhanced nutrient uptake and root colonization. Across intercropping systems, bacterial and vermicompost fertilizers resulted in highest values for most parameters, followed by mycorrhizal and unfertilized control. Total land equivalent ratio (LER) for seed yield of DH and F was >1 in all comparisons, implying that intercropping always performed better than monocropping systems of both species. In the comparison among the intercropping systems, the highest seed, fixed and essential oil contents in dragon's head were attained with the 75DH:25F followed by the 60DH:40F intercropping ratios. The highest values of most secondary metabolites and oil compounds were obtained from the intercropping ratio of 60DH:40F with the bacterial biofertilizer. The main fatty acids in DH's oil were saturated palmitic acid and stearic acid and unsaturated oleic and linoleic acids. The main essential oil components of DH were thymol, carvacrol, spathulenol, and caryophyllene oxide. The major fatty acids of F were palmitic, linoleic, oleic, linolenic and stearic acids. The present research suggests that different intercropping system ratios with the application of organic fertilizers and biofertilizers represent an effective strategy to enhance the overall seed and oil yields and the secondary metabolites of dragon's heads and fenugreeks.

Comparative effects of different fertilizer types on proximate composition and pigments concentration of Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) in Southwestern Nigeria

Comparative effects of different fertilizer types on proximate composition and pigments concentration of Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) in Southwestern Nigeria

Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization Management of Seed-sowing Rapeseed in Yangtze River Basin of China.

For cultivation and high yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in China, traditional seedling transplanting is replaced by seed-sowing but, better nitrogen management is crucial and not established yet. This study aimed to adapt N management to the seed-sowing method for the winter oilseed rape and to minimize the N fertilizer-derived pollution potential in the upper reaches of Yangtze River Basin. Three field experiments were conducted to check effect of different doses of N fertilizers, split doses of N and different types of N fertilizers for seed-sowing winter oilseed rape with high plant density in upper reaches of Yangtze River Basin in Sichuan province of China. In first experiment, among four doses (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N ha-1) on average 3.54 t ha-1 was in 180 kg N ha-1 and 3.61 t ha-1 in 270 kg N ha-1 while cultivars dy6 and cn3 produced 3.23 and 3.29 t ha-1 which is significantly higher than zs11. There was no significant difference in N-use efficiency among three cultivars tested and second experiment showed no significant difference in seed yield with split N application. The third experiment compared the effects of different fertilizer types (urea, coated urea, 1:1 mixture of urea and coated urea and compound nitrogen fertilizer) on seed yield and get no significant difference in seed yield. This experiment proved that seed sowing method with higher nitrogen had high yield in the upper reaches of Yangtze River Basin in China, but higher N application may cause environment pollution. So, seed sowing method with nitrogen 180 kg N ha-1 was proved to be more effective.

Fertilizer Types Affect Soil Organic Carbon Content and Crop Production: A Meta-analysis

The mechanism of the effects of different fertilizer types on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and crop yield under different climate conditions is still unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the impacts of different fertilizer types (CK, no fertilizer; F, inorganic fertilizer; S, organic fertilizer; and FS, inorganic combined with organic fertilizer) on SOC content and crop yield in China. Overall, compared with the CK treatment, fertilizer significantly (p < 0.05) increased the SOC content in the 0–20 cm soil depth by 21.5%. In addition, the fertilizer treatments significantly increased the SOC content regardless of the air temperature, and the magnitude of the increase in the SOC content under the fertilizer treatments was lowest at a mean annual temperature of < 10 °C, which was significantly less than that at 10–15 °C. Moreover, fertilizer, especially the FS treatment, significantly improved the crop yield by 119.7%. The magnitude of the increase in crop yield was highest for the experimental duration of 5–15 years under the F and S treatments. Our results suggest that the long-term application of inorganic combined with organic fertilizer may be an appropriate fertilizer treatment for the development of sustainable agriculture by improving SOC content and crop production.

Assessment of Ammonia Volatilization Losses and Nitrogen Utilization during the Rice Growing Season in Alkaline Salt-Affected Soils

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of different fertilizer types and application rates on ammonia volatilization loss and to explore nitrogen distribution and nitrogen use efficiency using the 15N isotope tracing technique in different alkaline salt-affected conditions in the Songnen Plain, Northeast China. The results showed a decreasing trend in ammonia volatilization loss from ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, but not that from urea, as the electrical conductivity gradient increased, whereas the reverse trend was found as the pH gradient increased. Ammonia volatilization loss increased in moderately salt-affected soil compared with that in slightly salt-affected soil, particularly during the tillering stage, regardless of the N fertilizer rate. The percentage of N absorbed by rice plants increased from urea but decreased from the soil as the amount of nitrogen was increased. Interestingly, the N retention rate in soil decreased and rice grain yield and nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased as the amount of nitrogen increased in both salt-affected soil conditions. The nitrogen application amount of highest N physiological efficiency was 225 kg·N/ha. Considering high rice production and a minimal environmental threat, we should fully consider controlling ammonia volatilization losses by adjusting the fertilizer type and the crop stage when the fertilizer is applied.

Comparison of N2O emissions from soils at three temperate agricultural sites: simulations of year-round measurements by four models

Nitrous oxide (N2O) flux simulations by four models were compared with year-round field measurements from five temperate agricultural sites in three countries. The field sites included an unfertilized, semi-arid rangeland with low N2O fluxes in eastern Colorado, USA; two fertilizer treatments (urea and nitrate) on a fertilized grass ley cut for silage in Scotland; and two fertilized, cultivated crop fields in Germany where N2O loss during the winter was quite high. The models used were daily trace gas versions of the CENTURY model, DNDC, ExpertN, and the NASA-Ames version of the CASA model. These models included similar components (soil physics, decomposition, plant growth, and nitrogen transformations), but in some cases used very different algorithms for these processes. All models generated similar results for the general cycling of nitrogen through the agro-ecosystems, but simulated nitrogen trace gas fluxes were quite different. In most cases the simulated N2O fluxes were within a factor of about 2 of the observed annual fluxes, but even when models produced similar N2O fluxes they often produced very different estimates of gaseous N loss as nitric oxide (NO), dinitrogen (N2), and ammonia (NH3). Accurate simulation of soil moisture appears to be a key requirement for reliable simulation of N2O emissions. All models simulated the general pattern of low background fluxes with high fluxes following fertilization at the Scottish sites, but they could not (or were not designed to) accurately capture the observed effects of different fertilizer types on N2O flux. None of the models were able to reliably generate large pulses of N2O during brief winter thaws that were observed at the two German sites. All models except DNDC simulated very low N2O fluxes for the dry site in Colorado. The US Trace Gas Network (TRAGNET) has provided a mechanism for this model and site intercomparison. Additional intercomparisons are needed with these and other models and additional data sets; these should include both tropical agro-ecosystems and new agricultural management techniques designed for sustainability.