Effect Of Different Feeding Regimes Research Articles

A Preliminary Study on the Effect of Different Feeding Regimes on the Milk Chemical Composition of the Maltese Goat Breed During the Early Stage of Lactation

The Maltese goat is a breed of goats which is sparsely found in a few countries and also progressively being eradicated due to the Maltese goat being bred with other goat breeds, thus reducing the breed population. This research sets to understand how the effect of different feeding regimes affects the physiochemical characteristics of the Maltese goats’ milk. The researcher collected 112 milk samples from 112 Maltese goats, kept on 17 farms. The milk samples were categorised into four different feeding regimes. After collection, milk was stored and tested in the lab utilising an ultrasonic milkanalyser and a pH meter. Values for the content of fat, protein, salts, lactose, solid-not-fats, freezing point, density, and pH were recorded and tabulated. The results show that feeding regime three, consisting of high levels of protein (11% to 13%) and low levels of rich-quality fibre (12% to 20%), yield milk rich in protein (4.23%), fat (3.86%), lactose (4.09%), and salts (0.66%). The results also conclude that feeding regime one, consisting of low protein (7% to 10%) and low content of rich-quality fibre (12% to 20%), yields the highest milk fat content (4.23%), but the lowest levels of protein (3.82%), salts (0.59%), and lactose (3.62%). Consequently, feeding regime three results as being the ideal feed to obtain a high content of the indicated physio-chemical characteristics.

Effects of different feeding regimes on growth, cataract development, welfare, and histopathology of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.)

To develop specific recommendations on the feeding strategies for farmed lumpfish, four duplicate groups (n = 70; N = 280) of lumpfish with a mean ± SD start weight of 30.4 ± 5.3 g were distributed among eight sea cages (5 × 5 × 5 m) each stocked with 220 one year old Atlantic salmon with a mean (± SD) weight of 1485.9 ± 213.2 g. The fish were fed either pelleted feed at 3% BW−1 or with feed blocks at 1.5%, 2% and 3% BW−1 respectively for 66 days. There were clear differences in growth performance between the four treatment groups with lumpfish fed with pelleted feed attaining the highest weight gain. There were only minor histopathological changes observed between the dietary treatments with mainly mild focal and multifocal inflammation observed in sampled tissues. There were no significant differences in liver vacuolisation between the dietary groups and baseline samples with most of the livers evaluated appeared to be vacuolized within what is regarded as normal range for all four treatment groups. Only minor differences in welfare score between the four treatment groups were found. The incidence of cataracts varied between the treatment groups and was correlated to differences observed in growth between the four groups. Lumpfish fed once daily from automatic feeders with pelleted feed had the highest incidence and severity of cataracts. This study suggests that feeding lumpfish with moderate amounts of feed blocks (≤ 2% BW−1) may be advantageous for maintaining slow growth and good welfare in salmon cages, and this should be further tested in large scale studies in commercial salmon farms.

Effects of Different Feeding Regimes on Growth Performance, Survival Rate, Carcass Composition, Fatty Acids Profile, and Digestive Enzyme Activities of Great Sturgeon (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae

Six different feeding regimes (FR) were tested from 7 to 38 days post hatching (dph). Five thousand four hundred larvae (7 dph, 0.048 g) were randomly stocked in 18 fiberglass tanks contained 100 L fresh water (300 larvae per each tank). In larvae fed with FR-B, includes Artemia nauplii (AN) + Artemia biomass (AB) + microdiet (MD), the body weight (BW) at the end of trail (38 dph) similar the FR-D (AN + CHL + AB + MD), and E (AN + CHL + AB), was at high level. Survival rate was higher in larvae fed FR-A includes AN + chironomid larvae (CHL) + MD, but had a lower BW ( p < 0.05 ). Moderate BW and survival rate were detected in larvae fed FR-C (AN + DP + MD). Larvae fed only MD (FR-F), had the lowest survival and the highest BW ( p < 0.05 ). Different FR had a significant effect on crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), ash, and dry weight ( p < 0.05 ). The larvae fed FR-C and D had the highest CP ( p < 0.05 ). The highest CF and ash in larvae were detected in FR-F and C, respectively ( p < 0.05 ). Larvae from FR-A and B had higher levels of n−3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in comparison with others FR ( p < 0.05 ). The use of AB and CHL can increased the weight and survival rate of larvae, respectively. At the end of trail, the activity of pepsin, trypsin, lipase and α-amylase enzyme levels were lower in FR-B and F than others FR. Totally, by using a combination of AN + CHL + AB + MD had better results than others and ordered to H. huso larvae feeding. Using MD alone, can cause lesser development of the digestive system and little attractiveness, therefore it can cause starvation, and the empty digestive tract of larvae.

The Effects of Different Feeding Regimes on Body Composition, Gut Microbial Population, and Susceptibility to Pathogenic Infection in Largemouth Bass.

This study investigated the effects of dietary commercial feed (n = 50,025 in triplicate, named group PF for soil dike pond, sampling n = 7; n = 15,000 in triplicate, WF for water tank, n = 8), iced fish (n = 50,025 in triplicate, PI, n = 7), and a combination of both (n = 50,025 in triplicate, PFI, n = 8) on different metabolic parameters of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (0.67 ± 0.09 g, culture period from June 2017 to July 2018). Throughout the experimental period, different areas of water (including input water of the front, middle of the pond, and from the drain off at the back) and their mixed samples were simultaneously analyzed to find the source of the main infectious bacteria. Various feeding strategies may differentially affect body composition and shape the gut microbiota, but the mode of action has not been determined. Results showed that no significant differences were found in the growth performance except for the product yield using a different culture mode (PFI vs. WF). For muscle composition, the higher ∑SFA, ∑MUFA, ∑n-6PUFA, and 18:3n-3/18:2n-6 levels were detected in largemouth bass fed with iced fish, while enrichment in ∑n-3PUFA and ∑HUFA was detected in largemouth bass fed with commercial feed. For the gut microbiota, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes were the most dominant phyla among all the gut samples. The abundance of Firmicutes and Tenericutes significantly decreased and later increased with iced fish feeding. The relative abundance of species from the Clostridia, Mollicutes, Mycoplasmatales, and families (Clostridiaceae and Mycoplasmataceae) significantly increased in the feed plus iced fish (PFI) group relative to that in the iced fish (PI) group. Pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and the digestive system were enriched in the commercial feed group, whereas infectious bacterial disease resistance-related pathways were enriched in the iced fish group, corresponding to the higher rate of death, fatty liver disease, and frequency and duration of cyanobacteria outbreaks. Feeding with iced fish resulted in more activities in the digestive system and energy metabolism, more efficient fatty acid metabolism, had higher ∑MUFA, and simultaneously had the potential for protection against infectious bacteria from the environment through a change in intestinal microbiota in the pond of largemouth bass culturing. Finally, the difference in feed related to the digestive system may contribute to the significant microbiota branch in the fish gut, and the input and outflow of water affects the intestinal flora in the surrounding water and in the gut, which in turn affects growth and disease resistance.

Effects of feeding regimes and dietary energy on the production performance, plasma immune parameters and expression of genes involved in the TOR/S6K1 pathway of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)

The aim of this research was to assess the effects of different feeding regimes on growth performance, plasma immune indices and related genes' expression of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) juveniles fed two dietary energy levels. A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was designed including three feeding regimes (two meals a day, one meal a day, one meal every two days; designated as 2 M, 1 M, 2DM) and two dietary available energy levels (3.4 and 3.6 kcal/g; designated as E3.4, E3.6), with three replicates per treatment. Juvenile hybrid grouper (average initial body weight: 19.39 ± 0.04 g/fish) were cultured for 6 weeks in 18 floating cages (125 cm × 80 cm × 40 cm) placed in six concrete ponds sharing the same water source. Results revealed that the 2 M and 1 M treatments had significantly higher weight gain rate (WGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), expression of hepatic IGF-1, TOR, and S6K1 than the 2DM treatment (P < 0.05), whereas feed conversion ratio (FCR) displayed an opposite trend (P < 0.05). No significant differences in the above parameters were found between the 2 M and 1 M groups. As the feeding frequency decreased, the total feed intake (FI) per fish was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while feed intake per meal (FIM), stomachic index (SI) and expression of hypothalamus agouti related neuropeptide (AgRP) were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The 2 M treatment supported higher plasma lysozyme contents than the 1 M and 2DM treatments (P < 0.05). The E3.6 treatment had higher intraperitoneal fat ratio and intestinosomatic index, but lower plasma lysozyme and immunoglobulin M contents than the E3.4 treatment (P < 0.05). Based on our results, a feeding regime of two meals/day of a diet containing 3.4 kcal DE/g of dry matter is recommended for the culture of juvenile hybrid grouper with an initial size of 19.39 g.

Growth Rates, Carcass Traits, Meat Yield, and Fatty Acid Composition in Growing Lambs under Different Feeding Regimes.

A total of 75 male Awassi (mean BW 23.5 ± 2.0 kg; 3 months old) were used in an 84-day trial to investigate the effects of different feeding regimes on productive performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality, and the fatty acid profile of growing lambs. Animals were randomly allocated into 3 groups of 25 lambs each. The dietary treatments were as follows: (1) whole barley grain (60%) plus alfalfa hay (40%; GB-AH; the basal diet); (2) a concentrate pelleted diet plus alfalfa hay (CP-AH); and (3) a complete pelleted diet (CPD). Feed intake was measured weekly, and all lambs were weighed every two weeks for an evaluation of the productive parameters. Blood samples were collected from all lambs for the measurement of biochemical and enzymatic variables. At the end of the experiment, 13 lambs from each treatment were slaughtered to evaluate the carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition. The final body weight, body weight gain, average daily gain, and feed efficiency of lambs were lowest (p < 0.05) in lambs on the grain and alfalfa diet compared with the other groups. Feeding lambs either the CP-AH or CPD diets resulted (p < 0.05) in increases in slaughter weight, carcass weights (hot and cold), the percentage of liver and shoulder, carcass length, back fat thickness, and the area of longissimus thoracis muscle compared with those lambs on the GB-AF diet. The proportion of saturated fatty acids in meat was greater (p = 0.04) in lambs fed on the GA-AH diet than in those of lambs fed on the pelleted diets. Lambs on the CP-AH diet had (p < 0.05) the highest ratios of PUFA to SFA and omega 6 to omega 3, and the proportion of omega 6. The atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes were lower (p < 0.05) in the CP-AH group compared with the GB-AH group. In conclusion, the results indicate that feeding growing lambs on concentrate pellets instead of whole barley grain improves the growth rate, traits, meat quality, and fatty acid profile, which have important implications for productivity, efficiency, and profitability in the livestock industry.

Integrative Analysis of Proteomics and Transcriptomics of Longissimus dorsi with Different Feeding Systems in Yaks.

Yaks (Bos grunniens) are a critical livestock breed in the plateau region, and changing the feeding system of yaks can significantly improve their growth performance. The effects of different feeding regimes on the growth performance and meat quality of yaks were comprehensively compared here. The transcriptome and proteome of the Longissimus dorsi muscle were determined using RNA-seq and Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) techniques. Indoor feeding significantly improved the growth performance (such as the average daily gain and carcass weight) and meat quality characteristics compared with traditional grazing feeding. In the grazing (Group G) vs. in-house fed group (Group HF) comparison, 40 differentially expressed genes/differentially abundant proteins exhibited the same mRNA and protein expression trends. These genes were associated with collagen binding, the lipoxygenase pathway, and the arachidonic acid metabolic process. Parallel reaction monitoring verified whether the TMT results were reliable. Moreover, some pathways, such as the AMPK signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, and fatty acid metabolism, were significantly enriched. These results expand our knowledge about meat quality in yaks and provide practical information and more evidence for further insight into the biological mechanisms underlying meat quality traits.

Effects of Feeding Regimes and Postmortem Aging on Meat Quality, Fatty Acid Composition, and Volatile Flavor of Longissimus Thoracis Muscle in Sunit Sheep.

The effects of different feeding regimes on antioxidant activity, meat quality, fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation, and volatile matter production in the longissimus thoracis (LT) of Sunit sheep at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postmortem were investigated. The results showed that the activity of antioxidant enzymes, tenderness, water retention, and percentage of unsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in the pasture-fed sheep (PF) than in the concentrate-fed sheep (CF) (p &lt; 0.05). During postmortem aging, antioxidant activity, water retention, and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids decreased in the PF and CF (p &lt; 0.05), while malondialdehyde (MDA) content, the proportion of saturated fatty acids, and the content of flavor substances resulting from fat oxidation increased. After 24 h of LT muscle aging, the pH and shear force of the meat started to increase and the color stabilized. The differences between shear force values and lipid volatile flavor substance content of sheep meat under different feeding regimes disappeared with increasing aging time. PF had better oxidative stability and fatty acid composition. Postmortem aging changed the oxidative stability of sheep meat, thus affecting meat quality and fatty acid composition and consequently meat flavor composition, while aging also eliminated to some extent the differences caused by feeding regimes.

A review of the effects of different feeding regimes of cows on milk fatty acids profile and antioxidant capacity

This bibliography review analyzes the effects of different feeding regimes of cows the nutritional and sanogenic quality of milk, with a particular emphasis on milk content in functional fatty acids and non-enzymatic lipophilic antioxidants. Thus, using suitable feeding regimes of cows, fatty acid (FA) profile of milk fats can be improved by increasing the concentration in functional FA (C18:1 trans-11, vaccenic acid; C18:3 n-3, acid linolenic and C18:2 cis-9 trans-11, isomer of conjugated linoleic acid), considered as beneficial for consumer’s health. These suitable feeding regimes of cows aim using green fodder (pastures), preserving the fodder by drying or silage, supplementing the food with fats rich FA polyunsaturated (PUFA) and ensuring an optimal ratio between volume and ration concentrates. Milk yielded from grazing cows shows a considerably higher concentration of functional FA and lipophilic antioxidants (tocopherols, retinol and carotenes) and a lower content of saturated FA compared to that yielded from cows fed in shelter with TMR (total mixed ration). Also, hay-based feed rations, mainly those containing small amounts of concentrates or those supplemented with vegetable fats, ensure a milk yield with a fatty acid profile more favorable for human health and a better oxidative stability of compared to those with feed-based rations on silage or those high in concentrates.

Effects of Different Feeding Regimes on Growth Rates and Fatty Acid Composition of Largemouth Bass Micropterus nigricans at High Water Temperatures.

Simple SummaryThe Largemouth bass aquaculture industry is growing in the United States. Many producers are shifting toward raising small juvenile fish, referred to as fingerlings. During the summer months, when water temperatures are highest, producers need to know how to best feed their fingerlings to ensure the best growth. This study aimed to determine which feeding strategies and feed amounts can result in healthy fish growth with a desirable fat content while under heat stress. The results of this study indicate that feeding fingerlings a lower amount daily or feeding every other day will result in the most efficient growth. These results also allow producers to form an economic feeding plan for fingerlings when water temperatures are high.As the northern Largemouth bass (LMB) (Micropterus nigricans) industry shifts toward fingerling production, implementing practical feeding strategies to ensure efficient growth during high water temperatures is paramount. Twenty (12.7 ± 0.2 g) (Trial 1) and fifteen (7.2 ± 0.1 g) (Trial 2) LMB fingerlings were stocked in two recirculating systems (each containing nine tanks), acclimated to 30 °C, with one system fed daily rations of 3, 5 and 7% body weight (Trial 1), and the second system fed to satiation daily, every second day, or every third day (Trial 2), for 28 days each. All treatments were triplicated. Multiple growth metrics and lipid composition were analyzed. The 3% treatment yielded the lowest final average weight (36.05 g) and FCR (0.83), with no difference in final biomass in Trial 1 treatments. Fish fed to satiation daily and every second day produced FCRs and biomasses of 0.83 and 356.78 g, and 0.93 and 272.26 g, respectively. There were no differences in total lipid concentration, however, fatty acid profiles differed significantly between all treatments within their respective trials. Feeding LMB fingerlings 3% of total body weight or feeding daily to satiation allows for efficient growth at 30 °C and implements cost-effective feeding strategies.

A Preliminary Study on the Effect of Different Feeding Regimes on the Physiochemical Characteristics of Local Sheeps Milk

The herding of sheep has been part of the Maltese food supply chain for a long time. Sheep were mainly kept for milk, meat, and wool. Local sheep milk was and is still in use for cheese production, especially cheeselets. The participants in this study were local sheep that were fed different feeding regimes. In total, 6 farms were identified; these were scattered throughout the main island and comprised four different feeding regimes. Milk samples were collected during early, mid, and late lactation. Samples were taken directly from the pail or milk tank before starting the process to transform this milk into cheeslets, i.e., exactly after milking. Samples were analyzed the day after in the laboratory using the Lactoscan SP milk analyser. Data gathered included fat percentage, protein, lactose, freezing point, and salts. The best milk fat results in this research were obtained by the group fed concentrates, dried hay, and which had an hours grazing per day. The group fed concentrates which had three hours of grazing per day got the best results with regard to protein, lactose, and salt content in the milk. This means that a good energy:protein ratio in the feed is important as all ingredients found in the raw milk have an important function. Therefore, reaching the best level of each is the main priority for the farmer to obtain a final product of good quality.

"Effect of Different Feeding Regimes on Biochemical and Hormonal Profile of Holstein Friesian × Kankrej Crossbred Cows"

"Effect of Different Feeding Regimes on Biochemical and Hormonal Profile of Holstein Friesian × Kankrej Crossbred Cows"

Effects of First Feeding Regime on Gene Expression and Enzyme Activity in Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) Larvae

The present study investigates the effects of different feeding regimes with rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia salina on the gene expression and digestive enzymes in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) larvae at 17 days post-hatch (DPH) over a period of 13 days. Five experimental feeding protocols were performed in four replicates. At 4 DPH, the larvae (total length= 5.62 ± 0.03 mm, body weight = 0.66 ± 0.16 mg) were divided into five experimental groups (2-L tanks) at initial density of 100 larvae per liter. Light intensity on the water surface was 90-100 lux and photoperiod was set at 13L: 11D (07:00 to 20:00 h). Water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured before each feeding and the values were 17.8 ± 0.17°C, 7.3 ± 0.04 and 88.5 ± 2.53%. The fish larvae at 5 days post-hatch (DPH), were initially fed with rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) for 3 days and from 8 to 17 DPH were fed with rotifers/Artemia for different time periods as follows: (A) only rotifers; (B) 8–13 DPH rotifers/14–17 DPH Artemia; (C) 8–10 DPH rotifers/11–17 DPH Artemia; (D) only Artemia; (E) a combination of rotifers and Artemia. Frozen paste of algae was added to the larval tanks twice a day (2 x 300,000 cells/mL). Rotifers and Artemia were provided as live feed to larvae three times a day with residual counts prior to each feeding. Feeding densities were steadily increased based on residual counts, performed prior to each feeding. The expression of genes related to intestinal development and maturation (aminopeptidase N, anpep; leucine aminopeptidase 3, lap3; intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase, alpi), together with key pancreatic digestive proenzymes (trypsinogen 1, try1; chymotrypsinogen b, ctrb; carboxyl ester lipase precursor, cel; phospholipase a2, pla2g1b; pancreatic alpha amylase, amy2a), were assessed. Additionally, the activity of six enzymes (trypsin, lipase, alkaline phosphatase, amino peptidase, amylase, and chymotrypsin) were determined. The highest expression of two genes related to intestine (lap3; anpep) were observed in the fish fed a combination of rotifers and Artemia from 8 DPH (Group E). The expression of amy2a, ctrb, pla2g1b, try1 was significantly lower in larvae fed rotifers until 14 DPH and replaced by Artemia afterwards (Group B). The specific activity of brush border membrane enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N) increased with combination of rotifers and Artemia in larval diet (Group E), indicating a more efficient functionality of digestive structures. The groups fed only with rotifers till 17 DPH (Group A) (38 ± 4.07%) and larvae fed with rotifers till 14 DPH followed by feeding with Artemia till 17 DPH (Group B) (36 ± 5.25%) showed significantly (P&amp;lt;0.05) lower survival rates than the other groups (54-67%). The group fed only with rotifers (Group A) showed significantly lower specific growth rate (SGR) than the other groups, and the highest SGR was found in the group fed with combination of rotifers and Artemia after 3 day rotifer feeding (Group E). The highest standard length (8.32 ± 0.48 mm) was obtained by combined feeding of rotifers and Artemia after 3 day of initial rotifer feeding. Combination of rotifers and Artemia from 8 DPH (Group E) could be considered a more appropriate diet for first feeding pikeperch larvae compared with later introduction of Artemia, as indicated by the higher expression of genes and activities of digestive enzymes. Our findings provide new insight into the effect of temporal sequence of rotifers and Artemia on the expression of genes and activities of digestive enzymes in pikeperch larvae.

Assessment of components related to flavor and taste in Tan-lamb meat under different silage-feeding regimens using integrative metabolomics.

Two untargeted metabolomics approaches based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to identify the effects of different feeding regimes (concentrate, corn silage, alfalfa silage, mulberry leaf silage) on the potential meat flavor and taste components of Tan-lamb. Among 31 identified volatiles, hexanal was affected by the alfalfa silage diet, and 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid was changed by the mulberry leaf silage diet. l-Pipecolic acid (area under the curve=1, fold change=0.18-0.48) and trimethylamine N-oxide (area under the curve=1, fold change=5.26-22.84) was the potential best discriminant biomarker under alfalfa silage and concentrate feeding, respectively. The hydrophilic components were more readily changed by feeding regimes than volatile flavor compounds. Our findings are helpful for the illustration of Tan-lamb meat chemistry and producing high-quality lamb meat with improved flavor and taste by corn silage, alfalfa silage, or mulberry leaf silage.

Dietary effects on the reproductive performance of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla l: Implications for broodstock conditioning

Broadcast spawning animals often display differential parental contributions within aquaculture environments, which can influence offspring performance through a loss of genetic variation in cultured populations. This study aimed to assess the effect of different feeding regimes on the reproductive performance of Tripneustes gratilla. To achieve this, broodstock animals were conditioned on four diets [formulated feed, kelp (Ecklonia maxima), green seaweed (Ulva lacinulata) and mixture of the three diets] for four months, and various broodstock traits, including gonad development, gonad coloration, gamete (egg and sperm) quality, egg energetic components and egg fatty acids were assessed. In this study, broodstock animals fed natural feeds and a mixed feeding regime had greater gonad and egg redness indices, possibly as a result of dietary carotenoids being incorporated into their gonads. These pigments have known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pro-vitamin A, photoprotection and immunity-related roles. Results from this study showed that a formulated feed (20U) should not be fed in isolation for reproductive purposes, as these broodstock animals displayed lower gonad and egg quality indices. Furthermore, this diet showed poor fatty acid provisioning, with an excess linoleic acid being detected in eggs. In contrast, animals fed a mixed diet displayed the most diverse egg fatty acid profile, with a high proportion of fatty acids commonly found in sea urchins, such as palmitic acid, myristic acid and the omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid. These results indicate that conditioning broodstock on natural feeds is advantageous for sea urchin gonad development and reproductive performance.

Effects of different feeding regimes on muscle metabolism and its association with meat quality of Tibetan sheep

This study aimed to explore the effects of different feeding regimes on muscle metabolism and its association with meat quality of Tibetan sheep through correlation analysis of meat quality and differential metabolites using untargeted and targeted metabolomics. The untargeted metabolome was detected by UHPLC-QTOF-MS, and the targeted metabolome was detected by UHPLC-QQQ-MS (amino acids) and GC–MS (fatty acids). Based on the researched results, the nutritional quality of meat, including the content of protein and fat and the edible quality of meat, including tenderness, water holding capacity (WHC), texture, and flavor of Tibetan sheep were superior in the stall-feeding group (GBZ) than in the traditional grazing group (CBZ). In the GBZ group, the key upregulated metabolites and metabolic pathways were dominated by essential amino acids (EAAs) and amino acid metabolism as well as the key downregulated metabolites and metabolic pathways were dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lipid metabolism. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the results of untargeted metabolomics and some phenotypic data, including shear force, cooking loss, drip loss, chewiness, elasticity, flavor, and the content of protein and fat. Taken together, stall-feeding would be appropriate for the production of Tibetan mutton, offering better mouthfeel and higher nutrition by altering the muscle metabolism and increasing the beneficial compound deposition in the muscle.

Feeding regimes affected the circadian rhythms of pancreatic digestive enzymes and somatic growth in flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) fry

The effect of different feeding regimes on the circadian rhythms of pancreatic digestive enzyme activities was evaluated in Mugil cephalus fry weighting 0.34 ± 0.01 g. Feeding regimes (feeding ration = 3% stocked biomass) differed on the number of meals offered per day: one, two and ten meals per day (R1, R2 and R3, respectively). The number of meals per day affected somatic growth; in particular, fry from the R3 group (0.80 ± 0.01 g) grew better than their congeners from R2 (0.70 ± 0.01 g) and R1 (0.63 ± 0.01 g) groups (P < 0.05). Feeding behaviour was modulated by the feeding regime, being the maximal gut fullness values found just after meal distribution in R1 and R2 groups, whereas this trend was not observed when feed was offered continuously during light hours (R3). Fry from R1 and R2 groups showed hyperphagia as they tended to store in their gut as much as possible feed particles to be later digested due to the limited daily meals. This strategy negatively affected feed digestion due to inappropriate enzyme to substrate ratio, changes in digestive enzyme activities and chyme transit times, which ultimately impaired growth performance. Enzyme activities were modulated by the number of meals, the more frequent the meals offered, the lower enzyme activities, supporting the hypothesis that digestive function is adapted to obtain a maximum benefit of the ingested nutrients. Present results showed that feeding grey mullet fry continuously during day light hours optimized feed digestion and promoted fry growth.

123 Effects of Different Feeding Regimes During Wean-to-estrus Interval on Sow Reproductive Performance

Abstract A total of 386 mixed parity sows were used to evaluate the effects of different feeding regimes during the wean-to-estrus interval (WEI) on reproductive performance. At weaning, sows were blocked by genetic line (PIC Yorkshire and Camborough, Hendersonville, TN), parity category (Parity 1 and 4+), weaning visual body condition scores (BCS), and allotted to one of two treatments in a randomized complete block design. The number of weaned piglets of the previous lactation was balanced across treatments. Sows with BCS of 1 at weaning (based on a 3-point scale BCS system) were excluded from the study. A corn-soybean meal-soy hull-wheat bran-based gestation diet with 2.97 Mcal of ME/kg and 0.70% SID lysine was fed in the study. Treatments included two feeding regimes during WEI: T1) feed allowance of 4.5 kg/d with 200 g/day of top-dressed glucose; T2) feed allowance of 3 kg/day. Sows from T1 received two 2.25-kg meals at 0800 and 1630 with 200 g of glucose top-dressed in the morning meal. Sows from T2 received one 3-kg meal at 0800. Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and sow as the experimental unit. There was no evidence for differences between treatments on WEI (T1: 4.48 days; T2: 4.53 days; P = 0.60); percentage of sows that returned to estrus within 7 days post-weaning (T1: 86.01%; T2: 89.64%; P = 0.47); or conception rate at day 35 of the subsequent gestation (T1: 95.87%; T2: 98.50%; P = 0.44). In conclusion, feeding 4.5 kg of gestation diet and 200 g of glucose per day during WEI did not improve return to estrus or conception rate compared to feeding 3 kg of gestation diet per day for weaned sows with BCS greater than 1 on a 3-point scale.

Improved feeding strategy to optimize growth and biomass for up-scaling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792) farming in Himalayan region

Feeding is a key factor in the growth performance of rainbow trout farming, its sustainable production and profitability. However, supplying the daily ration in trout farming in flow-through system without any control is an inconceivable practice both economically and environmentally. In this study, the effect of different feeding regimes has been evaluated to optimize growth performance minimizing the feed wastage for simulating realistic intensive culture conditions (daily ration and feeding frequency per day depending on temperature and stocking density). Growth patterns of the reared fish in terms of average daily gain (ADG) and specific growth rate (SGR%) at two feeding schedules (FS-I & FS-II) and three stocking densities (Sd1, Sd2, Sd3) showed that the best performance was at Sd2 (R2 = 0.869) at FS-I and it was highly significant (P < 0.01). Regression coefficients (R2) of length-weight relationship in different seasons and stocking densities explained proper fit of the growth as per condition factor (K) and it was high (0.994 and 0.886) during monsoon and autumn respectively in FS-I showing more than 56% variability. Based on profitability analysis, and feed consumption efficiency (FCE) related growth performance, the size and temperature dependent feeding rate was determined to construe a new rate of feeding during different months of the year. The economic implications of the experimental feeding regimes were also assessed. Both the feeding regime FS-I & FS-II supported the extent of growth performance however, better performance in terms of ADG and SGR was observed in FS-I as compared to FS-II at the end of the trial. The results demonstrated a lower competition for feed since instant feed availability was higher at Sd2 and reared at FS-I. It is concluded that controlling the feeding process is essential to reduce wastage and increase profitability, which has been achieved by the monitoring process of environmental indicators and suitable feed management. Our findings suggest a new improved feeding schedule which has significant effects on feed intake and growth performance of rainbow trout besides containing the impacts of environmental indicators and eliciting cost-effective productions.

Effect of different feeding regimes on productive performances of HF × Kankrej crossbred cows

Present experiment was conducted to study the effect of different feeding regimes on productive performances of HF × Kankrej crossbred cows. The study was conducted on 18 crossbred cows which were distributed into three treatment groups comprising of 6 animals each. Animals of T1 (Farmers’ feeding) group were maintained as per the feeding regime followed by small and marginal farmers in India. Animals of T2 (Modified feeding) group comprised of feeding with scientific interventions. Animals of T3 (Farm feeding) group were fed as per feeding practices followed at Livestock Research Station, Anand Agricultural University. Milk yield and 4% Fat Corrected Milk (FCM) yield was significantly higher in T2 and T3 as compared to T1 group. Lactation yield was highest in T3 followed by T2 and T1 groups. Average total solid of milk was significantly more in T3 as compared to T1 and T2 groups. Milk fat was maximum in T3 followed by T2 and T1 groups which did not differ significantly among each other. SNF, protein and lactose content of milk was found significantly higher in T3 as compared to T1 and T2 groups. Milk salt was highest in T3 followed by T2 and T1 group which differed significantly among each other. It may be concluded from the present study that feeding regime significantly influenced productive performances of crossbred cows as modified feeding group performed better over farmers feeding group and at par with farm feeding group.