Effects Of Different Dose Levels Research Articles

Uxi (Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec) bark extract mitigates HFD-induced adiposity in rats via targeting oxidative stress, and lipogenic genes expression

Here, we compared the modulatory effects of different dose levels of Uxi (Endopleura uchi aqueous bark extract, EUAE) vs simvastatin (SIM) on hyperlipidemia, metabolic stress, and liver dysfunction in HFD-induced obese rats. HFD significantly increased BMI, lee index, body adipose index, atherogenic indices, cellular toxicity markers, blood glucose level, adipokines, pro-inflammatory mediators, lipid peroxidation and promoted lipid accumulation and HMGCR and ACC. Furthermore, it significantly decreased antioxidants, ghrelin, and AG/UAG ratio as well as hepatic glycogen content, while these changes were mitigated by either SIM or EUAE treatment. The expression of FASN & SREBP1c genes were elevated in the HFD group, with downregulation of PPARα expression. These alterations were ameliorated by SIM or EUAE treatment. The beneficial effects of EUAE may be attributed to its phenolic compounds and their derivatives. This study supports the hypothesis that Uxi may have antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties in rat model of obesity.

Study of the dual biological impacts of aqueous extracts of normal and gamma-irradiated Galleria mellonella larvae

ObjectivesGalleria mellonella assimilates beeswax using many gut enzymes; however, high doses of gamma radiation have been used to eradicate such pests, affecting its life cycle. In vitro studies of irradiated extracts of G. mellonella against bacterial species as well as three tumour cell lines are demonstrated in the present study. The antibacterial and antitumour effects are compared with those of the non-irradiated Galleria mellonella larval extract. MethodsThe effect of different dose levels of gamma irradiation, ranging from 2 to 8 Gy, was tested on G. mellonella lipase, protease, and acid phosphate activities. The antimicrobial activity of un-irradiated and irradiated G. mellonella larval extracts was tested against different gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and some fungi. The antitumour action was tested against different tumour cell lines. A cytotoxicity assay was performed on normal and irradiated larval extracts against normal human lung fibroblast cells. A microscopic examination of Streptococcus mutants and HepG-2 was performed using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. ResultsOptimum results were obtained at 6 Gy, which enhanced maximum enzymatic activity. Maximum antimicrobial activity was obtained against Streptococcus mutants with MIC 31.25 μg/ml at a dose of 6 Gy. A microscopic examination depicted an apoptotic process for irradiated G. mellonella larvae with either Streptococcus mutants or HepG-2. ConclusionThe present study shows a synergistic relationship between the G. mellonella larval extract and a 6 Gy radiation dose for further biomedical applications.

Evaluation of the combined effects of different dose levels of Zinc oxide with probiotics complex supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, faecal microbiota, noxious gas emissions and faecal score of weaning pigs.

This study was conducted to assess the effects of different dose levels of zinc oxide (ZnO) combined with probiotics complex supplementation on the growth, performance, nutrient digestibility, faecal lactobacillusandEnterobacteriacounts, noxious gas emissions and faecal score of weaned piglets. A total of 180 crossbred weaning pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc; 6.61±1.29kg [mean±SE]; 28days old) were used in a 42-day trial. All pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatment diets based on initial BW and sex (9 replicate pens/treatment; 2 gilts and 3 barrows/pen). Dietary treatment groups were as follows: CON, basal diet +ZnO 3,000ppm; BZS, basal diet +ZnO 2,100ppm +0.1% SynerZymeF10; BZS1, basal diet +ZnO 1,200ppm +0.1% SynerZymeF10; BZS2, basal diet +ZnO 300ppm +0.1% SynerZymeF10. During the phase 3, decreasing the ZnO concentration led to a linear reduction in ADG (p=0.044), and the ADG was lower (p<0.05) in BZS2 compared with CON treatment during the whole experimental period. The effects of dietary ZnO with probiotics complex were not detected (p>0.05) on nutrient digestibility, Lactobacillus and E.coli counts, faecal gas emissions and faecal scores. In conclusion, the diet supplementation of ZnO (1,200ppm) with probiotics complex has been shown to have comparable efficacy to ZnO (3,000ppm) diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, faecal microbiota, noxious gas emissions and faecal score of weaning pigs.

Effect of Gamma irradiation on morphology of antennal sensilla of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

ABSTRACTThe effect of different dose levels of gamma irradiation on the morphology and distribution of the sensory receptors of the antennae of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), was st...

Larvicidal potential of irradiated myco-insecticide from Metarhizium anisopliae and larvicidal synergistic effect with its mycosynthesized titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs)

This work was undertaken to investigate the effect of different dose levels of gamma irradiation ranged from 0.2 to 1 kGy on Metarhizium anisopliae lipase, protease, amylase and nitrate reductase activities. The optimum results obtained with a dose level 0.4 kGy which stimulated the maximum enzymatic activities. Titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs) were mycosynthesized using unirradiated and irradiated (0.4 KGy) M. anisopliae and characterized using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDX). In addition, the difference between the growing of unirradiated and irradiated M. anisopliae on larval cuticle was studied using scanning electron microscopy. In Insecticidal activity of unirradiated and irradiated M. anisopliae with and without their mycosynthesized TiNPs were also examined against Galleria mellonella larvae and the highest larvicidal activity was obtained from the combination of irradiated M. anisopliae with its mycosynthesized TiNPs and that may be due to the higher fungal enzymatic activities, higher TiNPs concentration and lower TiNPs size. The synergistic studies revealed that there is a synergistic larvicidal relationship between irradiated M. anisopliae cells and their mycosynthesized TiNPs with a synergistic factor (SF) of 1.6 and 4.2 for LC50 and LC90, respectively. This study provided the first report of the synergistic effect between irradiated M. anisopliae and their mycosynthesized TiNPs. Such a combination could represent an effective approach for reducing the likelihood of increased insect resistance to entomopathogenic fungi.

Histopathological Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Kkidney and Liver Tissues in Albino Male Mice

Objective: The present study investigated the effects of different dose levels of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the liver and kidney tissues in albino male mice. Methadology: ZnO NPs was administrated as a daily oral dose of (150, 350 mg/kg body weight) gavage for 2 weeks. Eighteen male mices were used by dividing them into three groups. Result: Histopathological examination of kidney and hepatic tissues treated with ZnO NPs showed toxicity changes compared with control group. Conclusion:This study demonstrated the ability of ZnO NPs to affect on kidney and liver tissues. Recommendation: More study needed to know the effect of different doses of nanoparticles on human health.

Influence of Aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) as a Natural Feed Additive on Cecal Fermentation Kinetics of Some Forage Species in Horse Feeding

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different dose levels of aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) on in vitro cecal gas, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) productions of five forage species (Avena sativa [hay]), Moringa oleifera, Caesalpinia coriacea, Salix babylonica, and Eichhornia crassipes using inocula from the horse. The forage samples were incubated with three doses of aguamiel: 0, 34, and 68 μg of aguamiel/g dry matter (DM) of substrate. Cecal inocula were collected from four adult female Criolla horses (3–4 years of age and weighing 300 ± 15.0 kg) grazed on native grasses for about 8 hours without supplementation. Forage type affected (P < .001) cecal asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, CH4 and CO2 productions (mL/g DM), pH and DM degradability. Aguamiel dose had linear and quadratic effects (P < .05) on the asymptotic and rate of CH4 productions and rate and lag time of CO2 productions (mL/g DM). Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were significant (P < .05) for asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, and CH4 and CO2 productions (mL/g DM). Forage species effects were pronounced (P < .05) on CH4 and CO2 productions (mL/g incubated and degraded DM) and proportional CH4 production at all hours of incubation, except for CO2 production (mL/g incubated DM). Aguamiel dose affected (P < .05) CO2 production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO2 production at the incubated hours. Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were observed (P < .05) for CO2 production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO2 production at the incubated hours but had no impact on CH4 production. It is concluded that addition of aguamiel to five forage species affected fermentation kinetics of gas production resulting in different in vitro cecal gas, CH4 and CO2 productions from these substrates.

In vitro gas production of foliage from three browse tree species treated with different dose levels of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dose levels of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on invitro ruminal fermentation kinetics and energy utilization of foliages from three browse trees (Pithecellobium dulce, Heliocarpus velutinus and Guazuma ulmifolia). Mixture of EFE product was added to the leaves of the three browse tree species at three dose levels: 0 (control), 3.5 and 7.0mg/g of DM. Chemical composition of the foliages, including plant secondary metabolites such as total phenolics (TP), saponins (SAP) and aqueous fraction (AF), was determined. In addition, invitro assaying of ruminal gas production kinetics was determined for the three browse three foliages treated with EFE. P.dulce had the highest crude protein content (p<0.05), whereas G.ulmifolia had the highest content of neutral detergent fibre and SAP (p<0.05) and H.velutinus had the lowest content of TP (p<0.05). The interaction between tree species and dose level of EFE was significant (p<0.05) for gas production (GP) at 24h of incubation, parameters b and c of the accumulated GP curve, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and metabolizable energy (ME). The lowest (p<0.01) extent of accumulated GP as well as the b and c values occurred in G.ulmifolia at 0mg EFE/g DM. P.dulce had the highest (p<0.05) values for ME and SCFA at the highest dose of EFE. Tree species and dose level had significant (p<0.05) effects on all parameters describing invitro ruminal fermentation kinetics and energy utilization. Addition of EFE improved the fermentation kinetics of the browse species considered in this study.

Hormetic effect of 60Co gamma radiation on tolerance to salinity and temperature stress in Haliotis discus discus

Low levels of radiation increase productivity and environmental resistance in a variety of organisms by hormesis. Here, we investigated the effects of different dose levels of 60Co gamma radiation (GR) on tolerance to high temperature (HT) and low salinity (LS) stress and immunological responses in the commercially consumed abalone, Haliotis discus discus. Although H. discus discus exhibited a significantly lower survival rate (SR) at a high level of GR (25Gy) than the control (0Gy), an increased SR and higher cardiovascular hemocyte counts were exhibited at 20Gy. Furthermore, enhanced tolerance to HT (30°C) and LS (25psu) stress, and increased lysozyme activity, were exhibited by the GR-treated H. discus discus groups. Although similar respiratory burst activity after 24h of stress exposure was exhibited by all of the groups, significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase activity was exhibited in the GR-treated abalone groups under LS stress. Our results indicate that GR-treated H. discus discus exhibit hormetic responses to 60CO gamma radiation against environmental stressors because of increased innate immune responses. Statement of relevanceIt is considered that our study will provide beneficial information about potential use of gamma-radiation techniques for the environmentally-strong abalone production in aquaculture industry.

Cocaine effects on behavioral responding to a novel object placed in a familiar environment

It is well established that cocaine stimulant effects are potentiated in a novel environment. The relationship between cocaine and novel stimuli, however, remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of different dose levels of cocaine (5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) administered to separate groups of rats ( N = 10) on attentional behavior to a small novel object stimulus placed within a central zone (CZ) of a familiar open-field environment. This method has been used to assess attentional function in young animals, brain damaged animals and drug treated animals. In previous studies, we have shown that attention to a novel object stimulus can be quantified by an animal's contact time with the object. Following a series of pre-exposures to the test environment without the novel object, we found that cocaine in a brief 10 min test session with the novel object present produced a dose related decrease in mean contact time with the novel object. In contrast caffeine (5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg), which induced a locomotor stimulant effect equivalent to cocaine, did not impair novel object contact time. Correlational analyses indicated absence of significant negative correlation coefficients of locomotor activity and contact time with the novel object. These considerations indicate that the observed cocaine impairment of attention to the novel stimulus is not attributable to hyperactivity per-se. Furthermore, cocaine, but not caffeine, induced a dose related decrease in the duration of spontaneous grooming. Thus, cocaine appears to diminish an animal's overall capability to maintain a behavioral process (i.e., investigate a novel object stimulus and/or engage in spontaneous bodily directed activity such as grooming). Altogether, the findings obtained in the present study indicate that cocaine impairs an animal's ability to sustain attention to stimuli and suggest a behavioral state analogous to an attention deficit disorder.

Dietary supplementation with different vitamin C doses: no effect on oxidative DNA damage in healthy people

Antioxidants are believed to prevent many types of disease. Some previous studies suggest that dietary supplementation with vitamin C results in a decrease in the level of one of the markers of oxidative damage-8-oxoguanine in the DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). AIM OF TRIAL: To investigate the effect of different dose levels of dietary supplementation with vitamin C on oxidative DNA damage. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial was carried out using three different levels (80, 200 and 400 mg) of dietary vitamin C supplementation in a healthy population of 160 volunteers; supplementation was for a period of 15 weeks followed by a 10 week washout period. Peripheral blood samples were obtained every 5 weeks from baseline to 25 weeks. An increase in PBMC vitamin C levels was not observed following supplementation in healthy volunteers. There was no effect found on 8-oxoguanine measured using HPLC with electrochemical detection for any of the three supplemented groups compared to placebo. 8-oxoadenine levels were below the limit of detection of the HPLC system used here. Supplementation with vitamin C had little effect on cellular levels in this group of healthy individuals, suggesting their diets were replete in vitamin C. The dose range of vitamin C used did not affect oxidative damage in PBMC DNA.

Experimental Oesophagostomum dentatum infection in the pig: Worm populations resulting from single infections with three doses of larvae

This report describes the effect of different dose levels of infection upon worm burdens and development and fecundity of the parasites. Three groups each of 40, 9-week-old, helminth naïve pigs were inoculated once with either 2000 (group A), 20,000 (group B), or 200,000 (group C) infective third stage larvae of Oesophagostomum dentatum. Subgroups of 5 pigs from each major group were killed 3, 6, 11, 14, 18, 25, 34 and 47 days post inoculation (p.i.) and the large intestinal worm burdens were determined. Faecal egg counts were determined at frequent intervals after day 13 p.i. There were no overt clinical signs of gastrointestinal helminthosis during the experiment. Faecal egg counts became positive in groups A and B at around day 19 p.i., whereas most pigs in the high dose group C did not have positive egg counts until day 27–33 p.i. and some pigs remained with zero egg counts until the end of the study. Throughout the experiment the worm populations in group C consisted mainly of immature larval stages, while those in groups A and B were predominantly adult stages after days 14–18. Adult worms from the low dose group A were significantly longer than those from group C. At high population densities, stunted development of worms and reduced fecundity among female worms were found. Furthermore, there was a tendency for the distribution of the worms within the intestine to be altered with increasing population size.

The effect of different dose levels of degradable starch microspheres (Spherex®) on the distribution of a cytotoxic drug after regional administration to tumour-bearing rats

Tumour uptake of a radiolabelled anticancer drug, tauromustine ([14C]TCNU), was investigated, using two different routes of administration in rats with colon adenocarcinomas implanted in the liver. Intra-arterial administration produced higher concentrations of the drug and/or its metabolites in tumour tissue and lower concentrations in normal tissue compared to intravenous administration. The investigation of co-injection of [14C]TCNU intra-arterially with degradable starch microspheres (DSM) indicated that a high dose of DSM (30 mg/kg) resulted in a high concentration of radioactivity in normal liver tissue, and in adjacent organs. This unfavourable pattern was not observed with the low dose of DSM (12.5 mg/kg), which produced a significant increase in tumour uptake. The results demonstrate the efficacy of partial vascular blockade, as elicited by the low dose of DSM. This regime caused [14C]TCNU to be preferentially retained in the active peripheral regions of the tumour.

Effects of different dose levels and vaccination schedules on immune response to a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in haemodialysis patients

Hepatitis B is a frequent complication in haemodialysis patients because of their repeated exposure to blood products, and their impaired cellular and humoral response; trials with plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine (PDV) show lower immune responses than those in healthy adults. Using a yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine (YDV), the immunogenicity of two different dose levels (20 and 40 micrograms) and three vaccination schedules were compared in over 270 seronegative dialysis patients. Vaccination with 40 micrograms gave slightly better results than with the 20 micrograms dose. Seroconversion rates were higher with four dose, 40 micrograms vaccination schedules than a three dose schedule, and ranged from 80 to 86%. As the 40 micrograms, 0, 1, 2, 6 month schedule leads to a more rapid rise in antibody levels than the 40 micrograms, 0, 1, 2, 12 month schedule, it appears to be the most appropriate schedule in this patient group.

Standardization for determining image quality in thermal neutron radiographic testing : Yamagata, H.; Yoneda, K.; Fujine, S.; Kanda, K.; Katsurayama, K. Annual reports of the research reactor Institute Kyoto University, Vol. 19, pp. 116–123 (1986)

It is well established that cocaine stimulant effects are potentiated in a novel environment. The relationship between cocaine and novel stimuli, however, remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of different dose levels of cocaine (5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) administered to separate groups of rats (N = 10) on attentional behavior to a small novel object stimulus placed within a central zone (CZ) of a familiar open-field environment. This method has been used to assess attentional function in young animals, brain damaged animals and drug treated animals. In previous studies, we have shown that attention to a novel object stimulus can be quantified by an animal's contact time with the object. Following a series of pre-exposures to the test environment without the novel object, we found that cocaine in a brief 10 min test session with the novel object present produced a dose related decrease in mean contact time with the novel object. In contrast caffeine (5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg), which induced a locomotor stimulant effect equivalent to cocaine, did not impair novel object contact time. Correlational analyses indicated absence of significant negative correlation coefficients of locomotor activity and contact time with the novel object. These considerations indicate that the observed cocaine impairment of attention to the novel stimulus is not attributable to hyperactivity per-se. Furthermore, cocaine, but not caffeine, induced a dose related decrease in the duration of spontaneous grooming. Thus, cocaine appears to diminish an animal's overall capability to maintain a behavioral process (i.e., investigate a novel object stimulus and/or engage in spontaneous bodily directed activity such as grooming). Altogether, the findings obtained in the present study indicate that cocaine impairs an animal's ability to sustain attention to stimuli and suggest a behavioral state analogous to an attention deficit disorder.

Sensitivity of parameters of estrogen action in the iguanid lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis

The effects of different dose levels of estradiol 17 beta was studied using several parameters of estrogenic activity (liver weight, liver glycogen, plasma protein concentration, and oviduct weight) in the oviparous lizard, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. All parameters responded to a dose of 0.1 μg estradiol 17 beta/day for 14 days. Analysis of the data revealed no significant deviations from linearity of the response to the hormone for liver weight, but significant deviations were observed in the other three parameters. The results are discussed in reference to other published work in an attempt to arrive at a physiologic dose of estradiol for vertebrates in general.

Effects of Roentgen Irradiation on the Tumor Bed: II. The Inhibiting Action of Different Dose Levels of Local Pretransplantation Roentgen Irradiation on the Growth of Mouse Mammary Carcinoma

In a previous report (1) we confirmed that local roentgen irradiation of the tumor bed inhibits the growth of transplanted mouse mammary carcinoma. These experiments illustrate the significance of the irradiated normal tissues of the host in suppressing the growth of the tumor, because the tumor cells inoculated into the irradiated bed had received no irradiation. In the previous experiments emphasis was placed on the comparison between the growth of the tumor transplants in irradiated and shielded sites within the same animals. A single dose of 1500 r/air was given to one leg of young ZBC mice, and 48 hours later both the irradiated and the opposite shielded leg were inoculated with a tissue suspension of spontaneous mammary carcinoma developed in Z female mice and maintained by serial transplantation in ZBC male mice. The inhibition of the growth of several different tumors inoculated into the irradiated leg was striking when compared with the tumor in the shielded leg. The tumor in the shielded leg grew at the same rate as tumors in nonirradiated control animals of the same age and strain. The present report deals with a study of the effect of different dose levels of pretransplantation irradiation (PTI). In this series of experiments the inoculation of tumor cells was limited to the irradiated site, thus allowing determination of the effect of PTI on the survival of the animals. A detailed study of the growth rate of tumors developing in both irradiated and nonirradiated tissues was carried out.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSE LEVELS OF ZIRCONIUM ON THE EXCRETION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PLUTONIUM AND YTTRIUM

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSE LEVELS OF ZIRCONIUM ON THE EXCRETION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PLUTONIUM AND YTTRIUM