Effect Of Different Cooking Methods Research Articles

Comparative Metabolome Profiling for Revealing the Effects of Different Cooking Methods on Glutinous Rice Longjing57 (Oryza sativa L. var. Glutinosa)

Glutinous rice (GR), an important food crop in Asia, provides prolonged energy for the human body due to its high amylopectin content. The non-volatile metabolites generated by different cooking methods that affect the nutritional value and color of GR are still poorly understood. Herein, a widely targeted metabolomics approach was used to understand the effects of different cooking methods (steaming, baking, and frying) on the metabolite profiles of GR. Compared with other treatments, steamed GR had a brighter color and significantly lower contents of total sugar, starch, amylopectin, and amylose, at 40.74%, 14.13%, 9.78%, and 15.18%, respectively. Additionally, 70, 108, and 115 metabolites were significantly altered in the steaming, baking, and frying groups respectively, and amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were identified as the representative metabolic pathways based on KEGG annotations. Further evaluation of 14 amino acids and 12 carbohydrates in steamed GR, especially 4-aminobutyric acid, suggested its high nutraceutical value. Additionally, multivariate analysis indicated that total sugar content, amylose content, beta-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride, and 4-aminobutyric acid played a critical role in color formation in raw and cooked GR. Finally, the levels of major amino acids and carbohydrates were quantified by conventional methods to verify the reliability of the metabolome. Consequently, this in-depth understanding of metabolite profiling in normal cooking methods has provided a foundation for the processing of GR products.

Effect of Different Cooking Methods on the Aroma and Taste of Chicken Broth.

A single combi oven, known for its versatility, is an excellent choice for a variety of chicken soup preparations. However, the impact of universal steam ovens on the flavor quality of chicken soup remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the impact of different cooking methods on the aroma and taste of chicken soup. Three cooking methods with various stewing times were compared: ceramic pot (CP), electric pressure cooker (EPC), and combi oven (CO). Analyses were conducted using electron-nose, electron-tongue, gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), automatic amino acid analysis, and chemometric methods. A total of 14 amino acids, including significant umami contributors, were identified. The taste components of CP and CO chicken soups were relatively similar. In total, 39 volatile aroma compounds, predominantly aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols, were identified. Aldehydes were the most abundant compounds, and 23 key aroma compounds were identified. Pearson's correlation analyses revealed distinct correlations between various amino acids (e.g., glutamic acid and serine) and specific volatile compounds. The aroma compounds from the CP and CO samples showed similarities. The results of this study provide a reference for the application of one-touch cooking of chicken soup in versatile steam ovens.

From marine to fork: Effects of different cooking methods on the composition of sea lettuce

The nutritional, functional and technological richness exhibited by seaweeds has encouraged in recent years their use for culinary purposes. Their broad range of colors, textures and flavors makes of them an ideal ingredient for the preparation of a wide variety of novel and imaginative dishes. However, few studies have been carried out on the effect that thermal cooking treatments have on seaweeds. This study intends to evaluate the influence of certain cooking processes (boiling, steaming and sous-vide) on the physicochemical and functional composition of Ulva sp. collected from the earthen ponds in Cadiz. Sea lettuce has been cooked using three different methods and at three different temperatures (50, 70 and 100 °C) for three different periods of time (5, 10 and 15 min). After the treatments, it could be observed that the structure, physicochemical composition and functional characteristics of Ulva sp. were significantly affected by the cooking method used. The effect of cooking on the alga's properties depended both on the method itself and on the time used. In relation to its nutritional composition, boiling was the culinary method that most affected ash, protein, lipid, unsaturated fatty acid and mineral (K, Ca, Mg and Cu) contents, with longer cooking times leading to their significant or total loss either through chemical reactions or leaching. In contrast, sous-vide cooking proved to be a technique that preserves and can even enhance the nutritional benefits of raw seaweeds.

Characterization of the effect of different cooking methods on volatile compounds in fish cakes using a combination of GC–MS and GC-IMS

In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) were used to analyze the volatiles of fish cakes obtained using five cooking methods, namely, steaming, baking, air frying, pan frying and deep frying. The odor activity value (OAV) and relative odor activity value (ROAV) were used to screen for the major aroma compounds. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and the variable influence on projection (VIP) were used to determine the characteristic flavor compounds in the fish cakes. A total of 72 volatile compounds were identified by GC–MS, and 41 volatile compounds were detected by GC-IMS. 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine were not detected in either CK or SS. The OPLS-DA models for GC–MS and GC-IMS analyses were constructed based on VIP values, and 8 and 7 compounds, respectively, were screened as characteristic aroma compounds. The results of this study provide new insights into the dynamics of flavor formation in reheated fish cakes and provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of the production process of this food product.

The effect of different cooking methods on sensory attributes, physicochemical properties, and microbial safety of ostrich meat (Struthio camelus).

The present work aimed to determine the impact of various cooking methods on sensory attributes, microbial safety, and physicochemical characteristics of ostrich meat to specify the best cooking method that guarantees the microbial safety of the meat as well as maintains nutritional values and is highly attractive to consumers. One hundred fresh leg muscles of ostriches were divided into five groups. Different cooking techniques were used for each group, as follows: roasting, boiling, grilling, frying, and microwaving. Each method was examined by evaluating the impact of various cooking methods on sensory attributes, proximate chemical analysis, protein and fat oxidation parameters, microbial load, changes in color, and the shear force of ostrich meat. The oven-roasting and grilling methods are highly recommended and more appealing to consumers since they produce tenderer and juicier meat, cause less cooking loss (CL), and maintain the nutritive value of ostrich meat; however, they have the highest protein and fat oxidation rates. On the other hand, boiling and frying methods revealed good fat oxidation parameters, the highest CL, and preserved nutritional value, but unfortunately, they were not highly preferred by consumers. From a hygienic point of view, grilling and microwave cooking are the methods that ensure the microbiological safety of cooked ostrich meat, as they significantly reduce Enterobacteriaceae and psychrotrophic bacterial counts, among other cooking methods. The oven roasting and grilling methods were the most preferable thermal cooking techniques, as they achieved the highest acceptability to consumers and maintained the nutritive values of ostrich meat.

Değişik Pişirme Yöntemlerinin Akya (Lichia amia) Filetolarının Yağ Asidi Kompozisyonu Üzerine Etkileri

Bu çalışmada, akya balığının (Lichia amia) yağ asidi kompozisyonu üzerine bitkisel yağlarda kızartma ile fırında, mikrodalgada pişirme, ızgara ve buğulama yapma gibi pişirme yöntemlerinin etkisi araştırılmıştır. Kızartma işleminin balıkların yağ asidi kompozisyonunu değiştirdiği belirlenmiştir. Ayçiçek yağı ve mısırözü yağında kızartılan filetolarda 18:2n-6 ile ∑n-6 PUFA’nın, zeytinyağı ve fındık yağında kızartılan örneklerde ise 18:1n-9 ve ∑MUFA’nın önemli düzeyde arttığı saptanmıştır (p

Influence of various cooking treatments and extraction solvents on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) fruit in India

Bottle gourd is a good source of health-beneficial bioactive substances. This research aimed at evaluating the effect of different cooking methods (pressure cooking, microwaving, and frying) and extraction solvents (methanol, ethanol and butanol) on bottle gourd fruit phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. The quantitative estimation of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins was estimated by spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidative properties were evaluated using ferric thiocyanate (FTC), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) tests using the standard methods. Moreover, quantification of individual polyphenols was carried out by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique. Frying and pressure-cooking thermal treatments were observed to be the best methods for retaining bioactive molecules. When compared to the raw counterpart, the retention level of total phenol content (TPC) in pressure cooked and fried samples was 23.8% and 13.3%, respectively. Similarly, antioxidant capacity in terms of FRAP was observed to increase by 47.26% after pressure cooking and 28.50% after microwave cooking in respect to the raw sample. The HPTLC results showed that this fruit has high antioxidant capacity and is rich in phenolic acid [gallic(17.83 mg g−1dwb), p-coumaric (6.70 mg g−1dwb)and vanillic (60.66 mg g−1dwb] and flavonoids [quercetin (24.64 mg g−1dwb) and myrecetin (20.73 mg g−1dwb].The chromatography indicated destruction and transformation of new phenolic compounds due to heat treatments. The correlation analysis revealed that flavonoids were much more responsible for their antioxidant activity. Cooking methods and extraction solvents affected the retention and recovery of polyphenolic compounds available in bottle gourd fruit. These findings offer valuable information for optimizing cooking techniques to preserve and enhance the nutritional and antioxidant properties of bottle gourd, making it a valuable fruit for a healthy diet. Pressure cooking could be the most suitable cooking treatment as far as retention of bioactive compounds like phenolic acids is concerned.Graphical

Effects of different cooking methods on the proximate and fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

It is essential for human health to maintain a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated (PUFA), composed of omega-3. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), an important source of omega 3 long chain PUFAs, has a sizeable amount in international seafood trade because it is an abundant source of omega-3 long-chain PUFAs. Despite the fact that cooking fish to high temperatures alters its fat, protein, vitamin, and mineral content, cooked fish is preferred by consumers. The purpose of this research was to compare nutritional, physical and sensory properties of Atlantic salmon cooked in the oven, steamed and also a combination of the two cooking methods. Farmed Atlantic salmon was used to make steaks that were defrosted in the fridge the night before. Cooking methods applied were baking in the oven, steaming, and a combination of oven-baking and steaming. The results showed that the crude protein level of oven-baked salmon meat was greatest among all cooking methods. Heat treatment affected the fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon flesh, as shown that the total saturated fatty acids of cooked fish groups were higher than those of raw salmon. It was determined that oven baking was the most effective heat treatment for maintaining all lipid characteristics of the meat, including the PUFA concentration and n-3/n-6 ratio. When EPA and DHA values of all cooking groups were compared, combination cooking group has lowest value than other cooking groups.

Effect of cooking methods on metabolites of deep purple-fleshed sweetpotato.

The effects of different cooking methods on purple-fleshed sweetpotato (PFSP) metabolites were systematically explored, containing the changes of starch, soluble sugar, volatile organic compounds and non-target metabolites after steaming, boiling and baking. Compared to raw samples, the steamed samples showed the greatest changes in starch (degraded from 53.01% to 39.5%) and soluble sugar content (increased from 11.82% to 29.08%), while the baked samples showed insignificant changes in starch (51.06%). In total, 64 volatile organic compounds were identified in PFSP, with aldehydes decreasing and terpenes increasing after cooking. However, most of them were low in content and contributed weak aroma for PFSP. More importantly, 871 non-volatile metabolites were detected in PFSP, and 83.5% of which were well-preserved after cooking, while most of the changes were concentrated in phenylpropanoids, amino acids and carbohydrates. This study enriches the understanding of quality changes after PFSP cooking and helps consumers choose the right cooking method.

Effects of different cooking methods on proximate composition, digestion characteristics, and antioxidant activity of Lentinus edodes

Lentinus edodes (SM) are highly appreciated by the food industry together with consumers for nutrition and flavour. It is hypothesized the results of our study can indicate to the suitable cooking method for maximal nutrient retention, this study investigated the effects of six cooking methods on the proximate composition, digestive properties, and antioxidant activities of SM in vitro simulated digestion. The results revealed that the ash and protein contents of cooked samples were reduced excluding steaming and roasting, and likewise minerals during deep-frying and boiling (e.g., Mg from 1080.07 to 629.03 mg/kg, deep-frying). A conspicuous rise in fat and energy was found in deep-frying and stir-frying. Steaming retained more reducing sugar (3.80 mg/mL). Roasting improved bioaccessibility of most amino acids (e.g., 82.61%, Asp). Using oil as a medium was associated with higher antioxidant activities using water. Steaming and roasting were better for preserving the nutrient composition of cooked Lentinus edodes.

Effects of cooking methods and temperatures on quality and safety of dried red peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

Dried red peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are widely used in various cuisines. This study investigated the effects of different cooking methods, including pan-grilling and stir-frying, on the formation of quality-related compounds (volatile components and capsaicinoids) and safety-related compounds [furan, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and acrylamide] in dried peppers. In addition, the changes in quality and safety indicators for each cooking temperature (180 °C and 220 °C) were also investigated. The increase of heating temperature resulted in higher contents of ketones, furans, and furanones, but also led to a more significant decomposition of capsaicinoids. In particular, the content of furan significantly increased during stir-frying at higher temperatures, while those of PAHs showed no significant difference regardless of heating conditions. In the case of acrylamide, its contents in the pan-grilling and stir-frying samples cooked at 220 °C (2840 and 2800 μg/kg) were significantly higher than those in the samples heated at 180 °C (1180 and 1010 μg/kg). Our results showed that both safety and quality aspects should be considered when dried red peppers are used for pan-grilling and stir-frying of foods.

Effect of cooking and storage temperature on resistant starch in commonly consumed Indian wheat products and its effect upon blood glucose level

Background/objectivesThe health benefits provided by resistant starch have been well documented; however, few studies are available on the resistant starch content of wheat products in India. Moreover, few studies have examined the in vivo efficacy of resistant starch in wheat products in improving glucose levels. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cooking and storage temperature on the formation of resistant starch in Indian wheat products and its effect on blood glucose levels in humans and rats.MethodsWheat products were prepared by common cooking methods including roasting (Chapati), boiling (Dalia), Shallow frying (Paratha), and Deep frying (Poori). They were then stored at different temperatures including freshly prepared within 1 h (T1), stored for 24 h at room temperature (20-22°C) (T2), kept at 4°C for 24 h (T3) and reheated after storing at 4°C for 24 h (T4). The products were then analyzed for proximate composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash crude fibre, and carbohydrates). The effect of different cooking methods and storage temperatures on Resistant, non-resistant and total starch, total dietary fibre (soluble and insoluble), in vitro starch digestion rate (rapidly and slowly digestible starch), amylose and amylopectin content were analysed using standard operating procedures. The effect of products found to have higher resistant starch was studied on the post prandial blood glucose response of 10 healthy individuals using change in by analysing their glycemic index and glycemic load of wheat products. Further, the effect of resistant starch rich chapati on the blood glucose level of rats was also studied. Tukey’s test in factorial CRD was used to assess the effect of cooking and temperature on various parameters.ResultsThe amount of resistant starch was found to be high in dalia (boiling, 7.74%), followed by parantha (shallow frying, 4.94%), chapati (roasting, 2.77%) and poori (deep frying 2.47%). Under different storage temperatures, it was found high in products stored at 4°C (T3), followed by products stored at room temperature (T2), reheated products (T4) and lesser in freshly prepared products (T1). The glycemic index and glycemic load were found low in chapati (43, 32.3) and dalia (41.1, 28.6) stored at 4°C (T3) compared to others. The resistant starch content found in chapati stored at T3 was found to be more effective at reducing blood glucose levels in rats from 291.0 mg/100 mL to 225.2 mg/100 mL in 28 days of study compared to freshly prepared chapati (T1) and stored at room temperature (T2).ConclusionCooking methods including boiling, roasting and shallow frying increased the amount of resistant starch in foods, but cooking methods such as deep frying decreased the amount of resistant starch in food. Products stored at 4°C and at room temperature for 24 h increased the amount of resistant starch whereas the products that were freshly cooked and reheated decreased the amount of resistant starch in foods. At 4°C the stored products have a high amount of insoluble dietary fibre, slowly digestible starch, high amylose and low glycemic index. They take time to digest, meaning that they slowly increase blood glucose levels. The effect of insoluble dietary fibre and resistant starch in the inhibition of glucose diffusion in the small intestine is suggested to be due to the absorption or inclusion of the smaller sugar molecules. In vivo research showed that fibre and resistant starch in the digestive system of rats acts as the main factors in slowing glucose absorption and reducing a rise in blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen synthesis and inhibition of gluconeogenesis.

The Effect of Different Cooking Methods and Addition of Different Sweeteners on the Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Aronia Marmalade

The present study examined the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), and sensory properties of aronia marmalades prepared with different cooking methods (CM) (boiled (B) and pressure-boiled (PB)) by adding sugar (S) and stevia prebiotic fiber sweetener (SP). Ash, reducing sugar, sucrose, viscosity, L*, a*, b*, C*, and H° values, and total sugar content of aronia pulp and marmalades differed significantly by cooking method and sweetener type (ST). Hydroxymethylfurfural could not be detected in aronia pulp and marmalades. Concerning CM, TPC (total phenolic content) and TMA (total monomeric anthocyanin) values were found to be significantly higher in PB cooking than in the B cooking method. On the other hand, TFC (total flavanoid content) was statistically higher in boiled marmalades. According to CM, the DPPH antioxidant activity of marmalades was significantly higher in B marmalades. The TPC, TMA, TFC, and antioxidant properties of marmalades differed sigficantly by ST. The TPC of marmalades prepared with SP addition was higher than that of S-added marmalades and control. According to ST, whereas the antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) of S and SP-added marmalades were lower compared to the control, the antioxidant activities determined by DPPH and ABTS among S and SP-added marmalades were higher in SP-added marmalades. The panelists gave the highest scores to BSC (boiled S-added marmalade). Considering the overall acceptance scores, the second highest score was given to BST (boiled SP-added marmalade). In other words, in terms of sensory evaluation, boiled marmalades received higher overall acceptance scores, while PBST (PB SP-added marmalade) received the lowest scores. According to these results, astringency components decrease with cooking in an open vessel. Furthermore, it can be said that sugar masks this astringent taste.

The effect of different cooking methods on the antioxidant activity of wild Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla)

The effect of different cooking methods on the antioxidant activity of wild Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla)

First report on the exposure and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in Caulerpa racemosa, and their potential impact on household culinary processes

Seaweeds are widely consumed as natural seafood in various Asian countries. Chemical contaminants, such as pesticide residues (PRs), can contaminate it due to its high bio-accumulation nature. Limited research exists on the presence of PRs in edible seaweeds, their decrease in levels during cooking processes, and the evaluation of hazard indices and associated health risks to humans. This study investigated the effects of different cooking methods on the levels of organochlorine pesticides in Caulerpa racemosa seaweed. It also assessed the potential health risks associated with consuming seaweed by estimating daily intake, hazard quotient, and hazard index. The PRs were reduced after different cooking methods. The impact of thermal cooking on PRs in C. racemosa was found to be notably beneficial. The PRs decreased following MWC, boiling, and steam cooking. Several PRs were analyzed, and endrin, DDT, endosulfan, and cypermethrin were found to be the most prevalent. The HQ and HI values for raw and cooked seaweeds were found to be below one, suggesting that the PRs in C. racemosa pose no risk to consumers of seaweed. In summary, thermal cooking proves to be an efficient method for minimizing PRs, while the cooking of seaweeds ensures a high level of safety during consumption.

Effects of different cooking methods on physicochemical, textural properties of yak meat and its changes with intramuscular connective tissue during in vitro digestion.

The effects of vacuum cooking (VC), traditional cooking (TC), and high-pressure cooking (HPC) on the physicochemical properties and texture of yak meat and the digestibility of yak meat and intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) were investigated. Compared with VC treatment, TC and HPC treatment significantly increased meat cooking loss and meat hardness (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the carbonyl content of yak meat of TC and HPC was 3.73nmol/mg protein, and the free sulfhydryl content was 7.93nmol/mg protein, indicating that more protein was oxidized at higher temperatures. Oxidative aggregation of proteins caused by cooking reduced meat digestibility by about 25%. However, cooking reduced the undigested residue of IMCT and promoted its digestion. Principal component analysis showed that the physicochemical, texture, oxidation, and protein digestibility of TC and HPC meat were similar but significantly different from VC meat.

Effect of different cooking methods on selected quality criteria and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

SummaryThe effect of different cooking methods (boiling, sous‐vide cooking, pan‐frying, oven cooking, and barbecuing) on some quality criteria (dry matter content, pH value, cooking loss value, and antioxidant activity) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) was investigated. Different cooking methods were found to have significant effects on the dry matter content, cooking loss, and pH value of the mushroom, whereas no significant effect was observed on the antioxidant activity (IC50). Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) was detected in both raw and cooked mushroom samples, with no statistically significant difference in ∑PAH4 (BaA + Chry + BbF + BaP) content between samples. The ∑PAH4 content, initially 0.30 ng/g in raw samples, ranged from 0.34 to 3.50 ng/g across mushrooms cooked using different methods. Importantly, consumption of even 1 kg of pan‐fried mushrooms with the highest ∑PAH4 content remained within the limits defined by both the Turkish Food Codex Food Contaminants Regulation (TFC 2011) and the European Union Directive (EU 2011).

Nutritional, antinutritional and bioactivity of raw and thermal processed cultivars (five) of aerial yam bulbils

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of different cooking methods (boiling, steaming and roasting) on the nutritional, antinutritional, and antioxidative potential of five aerial yam cultivars. All the chemical analyses were carried out using standard analytical methods. Steamed (1.5–3.31 g/100 g and 0.18–2.19 g/100 g) and roasted (1.53–3.20 g/100 g and 0.23–2.51 g/100 g) samples showed higher retention of fructose and glucose, respectively. Cooking decreased antinutritional contents, especially oxalate in boiled aerial yam by 26.6% (Tob2857), 30.0% (Tob3059), 10.99% (Tob3086), 21.30% (Tob3694) and 25.27% (Tob3697). Also, steamed and roasted aerial yams declined by the range 9.52–60.77% (phytate), 5.44–68.36% % (alkaloid), 13.33–44.07% (tannin), and 17.53–68.35% (phenol), when compared to raw aerial yam. The DPPH activities increased significantly after all cooking processes. Roasted aerial yam had the highest (40.24–52.15%) DPPH activity, followed by boiled (33.86–51.65%) and steamed (29.13–45.42%) aerial yam. On the other hand, raw aerial yam had higher FRAP content than cooked aerial yam. Cooked aerial bulbils are reliable nutritional sources with high retention of fibre and DPPH and low sugar contents suitable for good health.

Effect of Purple Sweet Potato Using Different Cooking Methods on Cytoprotection against Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Damage through Nrf2 Activation in HepG2 Cells.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different cooking methods on the hepatoprotective effects of purple sweet potatoes against alcohol-induced damage in HepG2 cells. Purple sweet potatoes (Ipomeoea batatas L. Danjami) were subjected to different cooking methods, including steaming, roasting, and microwaving. Steaming resulted in a higher cytoprotective effect against alcohol damage than the other cooking methods. Additionally, the highest inhibition of glutathione depletion and production of reactive oxygen species against alcohol-induced stress were observed in raw and/or steamed purple sweet potatoes. Compared to roasted and/or microwaved samples, steamed samples significantly increased the expression of NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase 1, and gamma glutamate-cysteine ligase in alcohol-stimulated HepG2 cells via the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Moreover, ten anthocyanins were detected in the raw samples, whereas five, two, and two anthocyanins were found in the steamed, roasted, and microwaved samples, respectively. Taken together, steaming purple sweet potatoes could be an effective cooking method to protect hepatocytes against alcohol consumption. These results provide useful information for improving the bioactive properties of purple sweet potatoes using different cooking methods.

Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis Combined with Chemometrics Revealed the Effects of Different Cooking Methods on Lentinus edodes.

Cooking methods affect the compositions of Lentinus edodes metabolites. Nevertheless, little information is available on the specific impact of different cooking methods on Lentinus edodes via metabolomic analysis. This study determined the influence of boiling, steaming, air-frying, and roasting on the metabolomic profiles of Lentinus edodes based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS in combination with chemometrics. A total of 990 metabolites were detected and classified into 11 super-classes. Subsequently, the metabolites of the four cooking methods were distinguished using multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that boiling caused a massive loss of metabolites while roasting and air-frying led to an evident upregulation. The upregulation of metabolites in the steaming groups was not as significant as in roasting and air-frying. This study provided reference data for a comprehensive understanding of the metabolites associated with domestic cooking methods and valuable guidance for the development of Lentinus edodes and its products in the future.