Effects Of Differences Research Articles

Justifi cation of the choice of raw materials for confectionery safety management

It is shown that a certain set of indicators of oxidative spoilage corresponds to a certain shelf life of confectionery products. The ratio of the induction time, peroxide value, and other indicators allows predicting the safety of confectionery. Diff erent fats have diff erent eff ects on the preservation of vitamins. It has been found that the loss of vitamin B1 in cookies made using sunfl ower oil was 34%. However, in cookies made with palm oil, the loss was only 13%. The infl uence of the quality of peanuts and cashews on the preservation of candy shells has been studied. After storage at a temperature of 18°C, the highest values of the peroxide value were found for the fat fraction of sweets made using peanuts. After 2 months, the induction time of the fat fraction of candy shells decreased by 1.7 times. With an increase in the storage temperature of sweets by 10ºС, the rate of oxidative processes increased by 2 times. This approach can be used to predict the shelf life using the accelerated aging method.

Does Architecture Matter to Urban Vitality? Buildings and the Social Life of Streets and Neighbourhoods

Since Jane Jacobs's seminal insights in the 1960s, one of the most emphasized notions in urban studies is the role of architectural and urban form in the 'vitality' and 'liveability' of cities, understood as sets of social and economic qualities such as people's co-presence in public spaces and diversity in local activities. However, can buildings aff ect their urban surroundings? Would diff erent architectural types have diff erent eff ects on the social life of streets and neighbourhoods? These questions are all the more important once we observe a trend in developing countries and other regions – a form of urban growth shaped by detached vertical buildings and gated communities surrounded by setbacks, replacing traditional buildings and creating fragmented urban fabrics. We develop an approach to recognize empirically the urban eff ects of buildings while controlling for systemic factors such as street network eff ects. We apply this method in a large-scale empirical study with twentyfour areas randomly selected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Statistical results suggest distinct eff ects of building types and their features on pedestrian behaviour and land use diversity, helping answer a question that puzzles the spatial imagination: does architecture ma er to urban vitality?

Yellow- and green-cotyledon seeds of black soybean: Phytochemical and bioactive differences determine edibility and medical applications

Black soybean seed (BSS) is a traditional edible and medical food. The cotyledons of BSS are either yellow or green, but that difference's effect on functional and bioactivities are not clear. In the present study, the concentrations of the main functional components, including anthocyanins, isoflavones, fatty acids, protein, and polysaccharides, and in vitro antioxidant activities of yellow-cotyledon and green-cotyledon BSS (YBS and GBS, respectively) were compared. The anti-fatigue activities of the ethanol extract of BSS (EEB) were evaluated using mouse swimming endurance tests. Additionally, a metabolomics comparison between YBS and GBS was done using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) on high doses of EEB-treated mouse plasma. The results indicated that YBS showed significantly higher contents of anthocyanin and protein, and stronger antioxidant activity and anti-fatigue activity than GBS; while GBS showed higher levels of isoflavone, stearic acid, and polysaccharide. By infusing the feed with EEB, the swimming time of mice increased in a dose-dependent manner. The metabolomics results suggested that the anti-fatigue effect of EEB correlated well with serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis in vivo. All of the above results showed that BSS has anti-fatigue potential and might be used as a potential source of functional food ingredients.

Formation of botanical composition of clover cereal and alfalfa cereal crops agrophytocenoses depending on sowing method

Botanical composition of grasses is one of the most important indicators the biological value and quality of the obtained hay and pasture forage, the longevity of hayfi elds and pastures depend on. The issue of changing the botanical composition of agrophytocenoses is especially important in the context of global climate change, which in recent decades is also manifested in the territory of Ukraine, as it is possible to establish the most adapted species of legumes and cereals to adverse weather conditions and to identify eff ective technological methods of managing these processes for maximum conservation economically valuable species in the herbage. The purpose of the research is to establish the infl uence of diff erent ways of sowing of clover and alfalfa cereal crops agrophytocenoses on the formation of their botanical composition. Field studies have established diff erent eff ects of conventional in-line, cross-section and cross-sectional methods of sowing on the formation of botanical composition of grass mixtures of clover meadow (Trifolium pratense) varieties Sparta and Pavlyna with timothy meadow (Phleum pratense) and fenugreek multifl oral (Lolium multifl orum) and of agrophytocenoses of alfalfa of Sinyukha and Seraphima sowing varieties with reed fire (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) and middle wheatgrass (Elytrigia intermedia). For the average of four years of life of clover and alfalfa cereal crops agrophytocenoses, the highest proportion of legume component was observed with split-cross sowing – 51.6 % for Sparta, 53.1 % for Pavlyna, 60.3 % for Seraphima and 61.6 % for the Sinyukha variety. In the fourth year of life (the third year of use) of sowed leguminous-cereals agrophytocenoses, the preservation of the legume component was 14.6–15.5 % in clover-cereals grass mixtures with the Sparta variety and 16.0–16.8 % with the Pavlyna variety. In alfalfa grasslands, these indicators were 54.0–55.1 % with Seraphim and 55.0–56.2 % with Sinyukha. Among the studied varieties of clover meadow and alfalfa sowing proved better in the conditions of the Forest Steppe of western Pavlyna and Sinyukha. Cross-sectional and divided cross-sectional sowing of legumes and cereals mixtures proved to be better compared to conventional row crops in terms of conservation of economically valuable grass species. Key words: agrophytocenosis, botanical composition, clover meadow, alfalfa sowing, sowing methods.

Psychological ways of preparing to start by athletes; pre-performance language routines

Introduction Article investigates direct psychological preparation to start by analysing techniques used by athletes to indicate an optimal starting state. Main goal was to diff erentiate pre-performance routines from sport mantras, understood as repetitive use of language, and to answer the question if the mantras have diff erent eff ects on the process of preparation to start. The article is based on own research and literature. Subjects and procedure Research contains survey, covering the issue of mental techniques used by athletes before the start (146 respondents). 15 interviewees were chosen for semi-structured interviews about use of pre-performance mantras. Results and conclusions The outcome was the defi nition of sport mantra and description of variations of its use. Diff erences between this technique and other strategies of mental preparation to start were described. The results of the study address that and the characteristics of the mantas technique. It also provides clues for teaching pre-performance preparation.

Long-Range Correlations in Air Quality Time Series: Effect of Differencing and Shuffling

ABSTRACTLong-range correlations in the air quality index (AQI) are analysed using rescaled range analysis (R/S), detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and power spectral density analysis. Air quality index in five cities of India is considered for this purpose. Statistical transformations such as differencing and shuffling have been carried out to examine the effect of temporal correlations on long-range correlation property of the time series. All three methods indicated the presence of persistence in original AQI time series. After differencing, long-range correlation property is, however, observed to be distorted. R/S analysis did not show the similar results as DFA and power spectral density analysis. Shuffled time series is shown to possess persistence as in the original one by using R/S analysis, whereas other two methods showed random behaviour at most of the locations. This suggests that the persistence property is largely influenced by short-range correlations in the AQI time series. The incorporation of this information can enhance the performance of the models to forecast the air quality. The similarity in the results of DFA and power spectral density analysis suggests that both methods can be relied more than R/S analysis in studying the persistence property of the time series.

Natriuretic peptides and collagen biomarkers in patients with medical treatment for hypertension

Objective The Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT-BPLA) showed that an amlodipine-based regimen prevented more cardiovascular events than an atenolol-based regimen in patients at high risk of hypertension. The basis of this diff erence is partly unknown and may be due to their divergent eff ects on the remodelling process of hypertensive heart disease.Methods and results We measured plasma levels of aminoterminal propeptide of atrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP) and aminoter minal propeptide of B-type natriuretic peptide and serum levels of the aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen and type I collagen telopeptide in 93 patients randomized in the ASCOT study at baseline and after two and four years and compared them with echocardiographic parameters and blood pressure. NT-proANP decreased at two years by 22 (-484 - 153) pmol/l in the amlodipine-based regimen and increased by 109 (-297 - 1545) pmol/l in the atenolol-based regimen (P < 0.001), whereas no signifi cant diff erence in NT-proBNP between the arms was found. PINP levels increased by 1.8 (-29 - 31) μ g/l in the amlodipine-based regimen and decreased by 4.7 (-27 - 31) μ g/l in the atenolol-based regimen, whereas no diff erences were found in other collagen markers between the arms. Major echocardiographic changes were not found.Conclusions Our results show that the two treatment regimens of ASCOT-BPLA had diff erent eff ects on plasma natriuretic peptides and serological markers of collagen turnover, probably refl ecting divergent eff ects in cardiac remodelling.

Meeting and treating cultural difference in primary care: a qualitative interview study

Primary care doctors see patients from diverse cultural backgrounds and communication plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment. Communication problems can arise when patient and doctor do not share the same cultural background. The aim of this study was to examine how consultations with immigrant patients are understood by GPs and how GPs manage these consultations. Semi-structured interviews with GPs about their experiences with immigrant patients were recorded on audio-tape, transcribed and analysed using a qualitative thematic analysis methodology. A constructivist approach was taken to analysis and interpretation. Culture is not in focus when GPs meet immigrant patients. The consultation is seen as a meeting between individuals, where cultural difference is just one of many individual factors that influence how well doctor and patient understand each other. However, when mutual understanding is poor and the consultation not successful, cultural differences are central. The GPs try to conduct their consultations with immigrant patients in the same way that they conduct all their consultations. There is no specific focus on culture, instead, GPs tend to avoid addressing even pronounced cultural differences. This study indicates that cultural difference is not treated in GPs consultation with immigrant patients. Learning about cultural difference's effect on mutual understanding between doctor and patient could improve GPs cross-cultural communication. Increased awareness of the culture the doctor brings to the consultation could facilitate management of cross-cultural consultations.

Inactivation of Ascaris suum Eggs by Ammonia

Uncharged ammonia is known to cause inactivation of a number of wastewater pathogens, but its effect on Ascaris eggs has never been isolated or quantified. The objectives of this research were to determine the conditions under which ammonia inactivates eggs of the swine Ascaris species, Ascaris suum, and to quantify the impact of ammonia on the U.S. EPA's requirements for alkaline treatment to produce Class A sludge. Eggs were incubated in controlled, laboratory solutions such that the effects of ammonia concentration and speciation, pH, and temperature could be separated. With a 24-h incubation, the inactivation at all pH levels (range 7-11) was not statistically different in the absence of ammonia. The presence of ammonia (0-1000 ppm as N) significantly increased Ascaris egg inactivation at pH 9 and 11, and the ovicidal effect was directly related to the concentration of the uncharged NH3 species. Increasing temperatures (32-52 degrees C) caused increased inactivation at all pH levels and ammonia concentrations. The current EPA treatment requirements to produce Class A biosolids by alkaline treatment have temperature, pH, and time requirements, but do not account for the effectof differences in ammonia concentration on inactivation. To illustrate the potential savings in temperature and pH that could be achieved when accounting for ammonia inactivation, the combinations of ammonia concentration, temperature, and pH neededto achieve 99% inactivation after 72 h were determined. The presence of ammonia at concentrations encountered in sludges and feces (up to 8000 ppm as N) allowed for 99% egg inactivation to be achieved at temperatures up to 14 degrees C lower than ammonia-free controls. Thus, environmentally relevant concentrations of ammonia may significantly increase the rate of Ascaris egg inactivation during alkaline stabilization.

The relationship of actual height loss with health-seeking behaviors and risk factors in perimenopausal and menopausal women.

To explore whether there is a difference in the perceived height and actual height in the perimenopausal or menopausal woman and discover the difference's effect on osteoporosis health-seeking preventive behaviors and risk factor awareness. Sixty-three perimenopausal and menopausal women, aged 45-70 years, who presented at three Midwestern clinics for their annual physical exam. Data were collected with The Osteoporosis Questionnaire, which included the Osteoporosis Risk Questionnaire, Health-O-Meter height measuring stick, tape measure with inch-rule for arm span measurements, and balance scale for weight. There were a significant relationship between actual height loss and osteoporosis risk factors (r = 0.41595, p = 0.0007) and a trend for a relationship between adjusted height loss and osteoporosis risk factors (r = 0.2407, p = 0.0574). Due to the great expense of current testing for bone mass density loss, the results of this study may help clinicians more readily identify markers for increased risk of osteoporosis through simple height measurements and osteoporosis risk factor assessments during annual visits.

An Examination of the Slutsky Effect in Interpreting Arima Models

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThis paper examines the effect of differencing and smoothing operations on time series. It is demonstrated that in some cases these operations induce parameters which are unrelated to the structure of the process generating the data. Detrending and frequency analysis are suggested as useful steps in developing and interpreting time series models. Two cases are discussed.