Effect Of Dietary Cholesterol Research Articles

Effects of dietary cholesterol on ovary development and reproductive capacity in Pacific white shrimp broodstock, Litopenaeus vannamei

Cholesterol is an important component of fresh biological baits and essential precursor to synthesize steroid hormones for crustacean. However, the cholesterol demand in Pacific white shrimp broodstock and its roles on ovary development and reproductive capacity are unknown. In the present study, female Pacific white shrimp broodstock (initial weight 51.3 ± 0.5 g) were fed with three diets contained 0.5 %, 1 % or 1.5 % cholesterol for 45 days. The results found that dietary cholesterol levels did not affect survival rate, weight gain, egg-laying number, vitellogenin content and vitellogenin receptor gene expression in the hepatopancreas. However, the hepatosomatic index, gonadosomatic index, egg diameter, vitellogenin level in the ovary and fertilized egg, C22:6n-3 (DHA) level in the fertilized egg, total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol contents were all increased in the 1.0 % and 1.5 % cholesterol groups than those in the 0.5 % cholesterol group. Moreover, compared with the 0.5 % and 1.0 % cholesterol groups, the 1.5 % cholesterol group had significantly higher gonad maturation number, mating rate, estradiol level in the hemolymph, steroid hormones synthesis related genes (HMGCR, StAR, 17βHSD and 1vMFBP) expression in the ovary and hepatopancreas. In conclusion, dietary 1.5 % cholesterol could promote ovary development and reproductive capacity in female Litopenaeus vannamei broodstock by improving nutrients accumulation and steroid hormones synthesis pathway. Our results provide guidance for design of artificial compound feed and healthy development of shrimp broodstock farm.

Egg Consumption and 4-Year Change in Cognitive Function in Older Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study.

The effect of dietary cholesterol on cognitive function is debatable. While eggs contain high levels of dietary cholesterol, they provide nutrients beneficial for cognitive function. This study examined the effects of egg consumption on change in cognitive function among 890 ambulatory adults (N = 357 men; N = 533 women) aged ≥55 years from the Rancho Bernardo Study who attended clinic visits in 1988-1991 and 1992-1996. Egg intake was obtained in 1988-1991 with a food frequency questionnaire. The Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE), Trails B, and category fluency were administered at both visits to assess cognitive performance. Sex-specific multiple regression analyses tested associations of egg intake with changes in cognitive function after adjustment for confounders. The mean time between visits was 4.1 ± 0.5 years; average ages were 70.1 ± 8.4 in men and 71.5 ± 8.8 in women (p = 0.0163). More men consumed eggs at higher levels than women; while 14% of men and 16.5% of women reported never eating eggs, 7.0% of men and 3.8% of women reported intakes ≥5/week (p = 0.0013). In women, after adjustment for covariates, egg consumption was associated with less decline in category fluency (beta = -0.10, p = 0.0241). Other associations were nonsignificant in women, and no associations were found in men. Results suggest that egg consumption has a small beneficial effect on semantic memory in women. The lack of decline observed in both sexes suggests that egg consumption does not have detrimental effects and may even have a role in the maintenance of cognitive function.

Exploring the effects of dietary cholesterol on growth, immunity, and lipid metabolism of juvenile Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis)

This study aims to investigate the nutritional needs and physiological functions of dietary cholesterol in juvenile Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis). In the 8-week feeding experiment, we evaluated the effects of various cholesterol levels (0 control, 0.6, 1.3, 2.6, 5.9, 12.0 g/kg diet) on growth, immune capacity, lipid metabolism, molting, and cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. Crabs (1.06 ± 0.04 g) were divided into six groups with four replicates of 40 crabs per tank. The highest weight gain was found in crabs fed 5.9 g/kg cholesterol (P < 0.05), while the highest molting frequency was observed in the 0.6 g/kg group (P < 0.05). Cholesterol significantly changed fatty acid composition in the hepatopancreas, and 5.9 g/kg cholesterol increased immune enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and polyphenol oxidase) (P < 0.05). A 5.9 g/kg cholesterol significantly upregulated lipogenesis- and catabolism-related genes, while higher levels of cholesterol (12.0 g/kg) downregulated lipogenesis-related genes significantly (P < 0.05). Low cholesterol levels upregulated chitinase expression, while ecdysone receptor and molt-inhibiting hormone expressions were upregulated with cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). Cholesterol also upregulated the gene in bile acid metabolism. The total bile acids, the proportion of primary bile acids, and the content of primary bile acids increased significantly compared to the control. Based on quadratic regression model analysis, the optimal dietary cholesterol level for juvenile E. sinensis is 5.74–5.77 g/kg. The study suggests that cholesterol promotes growth and immunity in juvenile E. sinensis by regulating molting frequency, improving lipid and HUFA utilization, and increasing bile acids.

Response of growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota to dietary cholesterol and lecithin in the juvenile Redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus

Dietary cholesterol and lecithin are two essential nutrients for the growth and health of crustaceans. A 56-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary cholesterol and lecithin on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal digestive enzymes, and gut microbiota of the Redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. The crayfish (initial average weight 11.39 ± 0.28 g) were fed with six experimental diets formulated with different contents of cholesterol (0.5% and 1%) and lecithin (1%, 2%, and 3%). No additional cholesterol (0%) and lecithin (0%) were added to the diet of the control group. Crayfish fed the diet with 0.5% cholesterol and 2% lecithin improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal digestive enzyme activities than crayfish fed with other diets. Survival, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, and whole-body proximate composition of crayfish were not significantly affected by different dietary cholesterol and lecithin levels. The Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria dominate the gut microbiota community of C. quadricarinatus. In diets with 0.5% cholesterol and 2% lecithin, there were more positive connections and a more complex network structure, which may reduce the risk of pathogen infection. Overall, the combination of 0.5% cholesterol and 2% lecithin in C. quadricarinatus diets was optimal.

Modulation of foraging-like behaviors by cholesterol-FGF19 axis

BackgroundForaging for food precedes food consumption and is an important component of the overall metabolic programming that regulates feeding. Foraging is governed by central nervous system neuronal circuits but how it is influenced by diet and hormonal signals is still not well understood.ResultsIn this study, we show that dietary cholesterol exerted suppressive effects on locomotor activity and that these effects were partially mediated by the neuropeptide Agouti-related protein (AgRP). High dietary cholesterol stimulated intestinal expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15), an ortholog of the human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). Intracerebroventricular infusion of FGF19 peptide reduced exploratory activity in the open field test paradigm. On the other hand, the lack of dietary cholesterol enhanced exploratory activity in the open field test, but this effect was abolished by central administration of FGF19.ConclusionsExperiments in this study show that dietary cholesterol suppresses locomotor activity and foraging-like behaviors, and this regulation is in part mediated by AgRP neurons. Dietary cholesterol or the central action of FGF19 suppresses exploratory behaviors, and the anxiogenic effects of dietary cholesterol may be mediated by the effect of FGF19 in the mouse brain. This study suggests that dietary cholesterol and intestinal hormone FGF15/19 signal a satiating state to the brain, thereby suppressing foraging-like behaviors.

The synergistic effect of dietary cholesterol with fruit tannins in forming kidney stones

The synergistic effect of dietary cholesterol with fruit tannins in forming kidney stones

Effect of dietary cholesterol on ovarian development of Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cholesterol (CHO) on ovarian development of Eriocheir sinensis through a feeding trial. Crabs (average weight 43.35 ± 0.05 g) were randomly fed with one of three diets: 0% CHO, 0.4% CHO and 1.6% CHO for 16 weeks. Results indicated that the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and gonad index (GSI) of crabs fed with 0.4% CHO diet were significantly higher than those in the control group. (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, 0.4% CHO can significantly increase the gene expression of vtg and vgr in ovary (P &amp;lt; 0.05), thus promoting the accumulation of Vtg. The protein expression of MEK1/2, ERK, p-ERK1/2, Cyclin B and CDC2 were significantly increased in the 0.4% CHO group, therefore dietary CHO might promote oocyte maturation by activating MAPK signal pathway and cooperating with maturation promoting factor (MPF). Further exploration results showed that 0.4% CHO was able to significantly up-regulate the protein expression of STAR and SR-B1 to promote the transport of CHO to ovary, thereby providing sufficient substrates for estradiol (E2) synthesis. In addition, the results in vivo and in vitro shown that CHO could regulate the activities of enzymes such as CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 through the cAMP-PKA-CREB/SF-1 signal pathway and then affects the level of E2 in the organism. In summary, supplementing the appropriate amount of CHO in the diet can improve the E2 level of the organism, thus increasing the accumulation of nutrients in the ovary, promoting the completion of meiosis, and finally achieving the purpose of promoting ovarian maturation.

Interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and phospholipids on growth and metabolism of juvenile swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus

Cholesterol and phospholipid play an important role in growth, molt and reproduction for crustaceans, although dietary optimum requirement of cholesterol and phospholipids has been determined for Portunus trituberculatus, but it is still unclear whether there was an interaction on each other. Therefore, an eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and phospholipid levels on growth performance, fatty acid composition in hepatopancreas and the expression of genes related to cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism of Portunus trituberculatus. Six isonitrogenous and isolipid diets were formulated to contain two cholesterol levels (0 % and 0.5 %) and three phospholipid levels (0 %, 2 % and 4 %). The results indicated that specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with the increase of dietary phospholipid levels, however, there were no interactive effects between dietary cholesterol and phospholipid on percent weight gain (PWG) and SGR (P > 0.05). The concentration of total-cholesterol (T-CHO) and triacylglycerol (TAG) in hemolymph significantly affected by the interaction between cholesterol and phospholipid (P < 0.05), crabs fed diets with 0.5 % cholesterol supplementation had higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration in hemolymph than those fed diets without cholesterol supplementation regardless of phospholipid supplementation (P < 0.05). TAG and LDL-C concentration in hepatopancreas were significantly affected by the interaction between cholesterol and phospholipid (P < 0.05), crabs fed diets with 0.5 % cholesterol supplementation had significantly higher T-CHO and LDL-C concentration in hepatopancreas than those fed diets without cholesterol supplementation (P < 0.05). There was a significant interaction between dietary cholesterol and phospholipid on activity of catalase (CAT) and the concentration of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in hepatopancreas (P < 0.05), and crabs fed diets with cholesterol supplementation had higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in hepatopancreas than those fed diets without cholesterol supplementation (P < 0.05). Moreover, EPA, LC-PUFA, n-3 PUFA, n-3/n-6 PUFA and DHA/EPA in hepatopancreas were significantly affected by the interaction between dietary cholesterol and phospholipid (P < 0.05). The expression of adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter G1 (abcg1), C-type 1 class Niemann-Pick protein (npc1), scavenger receptor B (srb) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (ldlr) were up-regulated by dietary cholesterol and phospholipid levels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicated that dietary appropriate cholesterol and phospholipid levels could significantly improve growth performance and promote cholesterol metabolism.

Dietary cholesterol enhances osmoregulation, antioxidant defenses and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei to alleviate the macromolecular damage induced by salinity stress

Cholesterol is an important essential nutrient for crustaceans. This experiment investigated the effects of dietary cholesterol on the osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, immune response and salinity stress resistance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Six diets (Chol 1.0, Chol 1.4, Chol 1.8, Chol 2.2, Chol 2.6, and Chol 3.0) with cholesterol levels of 0.1%, 0.14%, 0.18%, 0.22%, 0.26% and 0.30% were prepared and fed on shrimp (1.27 ± 0.18 g) for 56 d, followed by the low salinity stress experiment for 144 h. Sampling was conducted at 56 d and 24, 72, 144 h during salinity stress. At 56 d, cholesterol enhanced the growth performance of L. vannamei by promoting transport and absorption of endogenous lipid. Dietary 0.22%–0.30% cholesterol could enhance the antioxidant defense and immune response of shrimp. After salinity stress, Na+, Cl− and K+ ion concentrations and osmolality in hemolymph were decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and the Na+ concentration and osmolality of hemolymph in Chol 2.2–3.0 groups were significantly higher than those in Chol 1.0–1.4 groups (P < 0.05). After 24 h and 72 h of salinity stress, Na+/ K+- ATPase (NKA) activity in Chol 2.2–3.0 groups was significantly higher than that in Chol 1.0–1.4 groups (P < 0.05). The plasma dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) contents increased significantly at 24 h and recovered at 144 h in all groups (P > 0.05) with no significant differences in biogenic amines contents among all groups at the same time points (P > 0.05), indicating that cholesterol could improve the osmoregulation of L. vannamei by directly enhancing NKA activity independent of the regulation of biogenic amines. Dietary 0.26%–0.30% cholesterol could enhance the osmoregulation and salinity stress resistance of shrimp and protect against biomacromolecule damage induced by oxidative stress and ion toxicity. Insufficient cholesterol intake (below 0.1%) may presumably cause the death of shrimp by affecting the NKA conformation. Under physiological conditions, the optimum level of dietary cholesterol in shrimp feed was about 0.22%, while it was 0.26% - 0.3% under salinity stress.

Effect of Dietary Cholesterol on Growth Performance, Cholesterol Deposition, and Lipid Metabolism in Adult Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

This research investigated the effects of dietary cholesterol (CHO) on growth, molting performance, CHO deposition, and lipid metabolism of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Six diets were formulated to contain 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.6% CHO and were administered to E. sinensis 43.35 ± 0.05 g , for 16 weeks. From our results, crabs fed with 0.2% and 0.4% CHO diet, the final body weight (FBW), and weight gain ratio (WGR) increased significantly and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased significantly compared with that of the control group. Furthermore, the molting performance of E. sinensis was significantly improved in crabs fed 0.2% CHO. Meanwhile, 0.2% CHO tends to upregulate molt-promoting genes and downregulate the expression of molt-inhibiting genes. It indicated that CHO might improve the molting performance of crabs by regulating ecdysteroid signal pathway transduction. In addition, dietary CHO can significantly increase the content of CHO in the hepatopancreas, muscle, and hemolymph. Moreover, dietary CHO increases the content of triglyceride (TG) in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph. The gene-related lipid metabolism shows that CHO may increase the lipid content by promoting lipid synthesis and inhibiting lipolysis. According to the results of this study, the dietary CHO requirement of E. sinensis is 0.27% for growth requirement and 0.45% for tissue CHO deposition based on the broken-line model.

Increased circulating LDL cholesterol increases myeloma tumour burden in vivo

Gámez B., Morris EV., Olechnowicz S., Sowman, A., Turner, C. and Edwards CM.&#x0D; &#x0D; Multiple myeloma (MM) is a fatal malignancy characterized by an expansion of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM) and associated with osteolytic bone disease. MM is preceded by the benign condition, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Understanding MGUS progression and development of MM bone disease is key for patient management. We and others have previously demonstrated that diet-induced obesity promotes myeloma progression, but the mechanisms underlying this remain unknown. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of dietary cholesterol on MM development. A 2% cholesterol diet was used to increase circulating LDL in mice. Mice were randomly distributed to either a) cholesterol diet 4 weeks prior to 5TGM1 MM inoculation (pretreatment) or b) cholesterol diet 4 weeks prior to MM inoculation and continued for the entire experiment (continuous). Mice on the continuous cholesterol diet had increased tumour burden, associated with an increase in lipid droplet content of MM cells. No differences in tumour burden were seen in those mice where cholesterol diet was halted at time of MM inoculation. In vitro, myeloma cells cultured with delipidated FBS had a 50% reduction in viability after 72 hours. Rich cholesterol content lipoproteins (LDL) but not VLDL could restore MM cell viability, suggesting that cholesterol is responsible for this lipid-depletion effect. Taken together, our results show that high cholesterol promotes myeloma and results in a higher lipid content in myeloma cells, ultimately increasing BM tumour burden. Pretreatment with a cholesterol diet did not alter disease progression suggesting a direct pro-tumourigenic effect of cholesterol. These results demonstrate both the detrimental effect of cholesterol on myeloma progression and the potential for dietary intervention approaches.

Increased circulating LDL cholesterol increases myeloma tumour burden in vivo

Gámez B., Morris EV., Olechnowicz S., Sowman, A., Turner, C. and Edwards CM.&#x0D; Multiple myeloma (MM) is a fatal malignancy characterized by an expansion of malignantplasma cells in the bone marrow (BM) and associated with osteolytic bone disease. MM ispreceded by the benign condition, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance(MGUS). Understanding MGUS progression and development of MM bone disease is key forpatient management. We and others have previously demonstrated that diet-induced obesitypromotes myeloma progression, but the mechanisms underlying this remain unknown. The aimof the current study was to determine the effect of dietary cholesterol on MM development. A2% cholesterol diet was used to increase circulating LDL in mice. Mice were randomlydistributed to either a) cholesterol diet 4 weeks prior to 5TGM1 MM inoculation (pretreatment)or b) cholesterol diet 4 weeks prior to MM inoculation and continued for the entire experiment(continuous). Mice on the continuous cholesterol diet had increased tumour burden, associatedwith an increase in lipid droplet content of MM cells. No differences in tumour burden wereseen in those mice where cholesterol diet was halted at time of MM inoculation. In vitro,myeloma cells cultured with delipidated FBS had a 50% reduction in viability after 72 hours. Richcholesterol content lipoproteins (LDL) but not VLDL could restore MM cell viability, suggestingthat cholesterol is responsible for this lipid-depletion effect. Taken together, our results showthat high cholesterol promotes myeloma and results in a higher lipid content in myeloma cells,ultimately increasing BM tumour burden. Pretreatment with a cholesterol diet did not alterdisease progression suggesting a direct pro-tumourigenic effect of cholesterol. These resultsdemonstrate both the detrimental effect of cholesterol on myeloma progression and thepotential for dietary intervention approaches.&#x0D;

Interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and bile acids on the growth, lipid metabolism, immune response and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei: Sparing effect of bile acids on cholesterol in shrimp diets

Cholesterol (CHO) is an expensive essential nutrient for shrimp and bile acids (BA) are emulsifiers responsible for lipid absorption in vertebrates. This study was carried out to investigate the interactive effects of dietary CHO and BA on the growth performance, lipid metabolism, immune response and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei and explore the sparing effect of BA on CHO in shrimp diets. Shrimp with average initial weight of 1.27 ± 0.18 g were fed with diets containing three levels of CHO (0.15, 0.2 and 0.3% of diet) with three levels of bile acid (0, 0.02 and 0.03% of diet, as a 3 × 3 experimental design) for 56 days. The growth performance of L. vannamei increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary CHO and BA levels, and BA could exert CHO-sparing effects in shrimp diets. Both dietary CHO and BA significantly affected serum biochemical indexes (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and increased hepatopancreatic protease and lipase activities in L. vannamei (P < 0.05). The interaction between dietary CHO and BA was observed for lipase activity in hepatopancreas as well as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents in serum (P < 0.05). Only BA supplementation significantly enhanced the antioxidant capacity (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content) of hepatopancreas in L. vannamei (P < 0.05). The immune assay showed that at each CHO level, dietary 0.3% BA could promote antibacterial activity in plasma and the expression of immune-related genes (Imd and Relish) in intestine compared with L. vannamei without BA supplementation. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that the bacterial diversity and richness, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and functional genes associated with lipid metabolism all increased with increasing dietary CHO and BA levels.

Cholesterol-Induced M4-Like Macrophages Recruit Neutrophils and Induce NETosis.

The liver is the central organ for cholesterol synthesis and homeostasis. The effects of dietary cholesterol on hepatic injury, mainly of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDL), are not fully understood. Here, we show that the degree of cholesterol oxidation had different impacts on the global gene expression of human M2-like macrophages, with highly oxidized LDL causing the most dramatic changes. M2-like macrophages and Kupffer cells undergo M4-like polarization, decreasing the expression of important markers, such as IL10, MRC1, and CD163. These cells also displayed functional changes, with reduced phagocytic capacity, increased neutrophil recruitment, and more effective neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) induction. Our findings provide a link between LDL oxidation and modification of peripheral and liver macrophage function.

Differential effects of dietary cholesterol and triglycerides on the lipid homeostasis in Meibomian glands

Exocrine Meibomian glands (MG) play a central role in the ocular surface physiology by producing meibum – a lipid secretion composed of cholesteryl esters (CE), cholesterol (Chl), triacylgycerols (TAG), waxes and other types of lipids. MG were previously shown to synthesize Meibomian lipids (ML) in situ via a complex array of reactions termed meibogenesis. However, questions remain about the role of dietary lipids in meibogenesis. To establish if dietary Chl (DC) and TAG (DT) can participate in meibogenesis, we studied mice whose diet was supplemented with trace amounts of deuterated Chl (2H-Chl) and 13C-labeled triolein (13C-TO), and the products of their biosynthetic transformations were analyzed using LC/MS. We demonstrated that 2H-Chl, but not 13C-TO, could be directly incorporated into meibum. Furthermore, 2H-Chl was esterified into MG-specific ultra long 2H-CE, which were vastly different from plasma CE and 2H-CE. The measured 2H-Chl/Chl and 2H-CE/CE ratios in meibum increased in a time-dependent manner reaching ∼5% and ∼1.2 %, respectively. The 2H-Chl/2H-CE ratio was about 3.5x higher than that for endogenous unlabeled Chl and CE, indicating accumulation of 2H-Chl in meibum. The elongation pattern of Meibomian 2H-CE closely replicated that of unlabeled CE. On the other hand, 13C-TO was not detected in any of the ML samples as an intact lipid or its metabolized/hydrolyzed products. We conclude that DC can be directly esterified into MG-specific CE, while DT undergo extensive catabolic transformations before reaching MG. These findings demonstrate that DC can have a direct impact on MG and ocular surface lipid homeostasis and pathophysiology.

Cardiovascular Harm From Egg Yolk and Meat: More Than Just Cholesterol and Saturated Fat.

Cardiovascular Harm From Egg Yolk and Meat: More Than Just Cholesterol and Saturated Fat.

Dietary Cholesterol and Lipid Overload: Impact on Male Fertility

Lipid metabolic disorders due to poor eating habits are on the rise in both developed and developing countries, with a negative impact of the “Western diet” on sperm count and quality. Dietary lipid imbalance can involve cholesterol, fatty acids, or both, under different pathophysiological conditions grouped under the term dyslipidemia. The general feature of dyslipidemia is the development of systemic oxidative stress, a well-known deleterious factor for the quality of male gametes and associated with infertility. Sperm are particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), an important characteristic associated with normal sperm physiology and reproductive outcomes, but also targets of choice for oxidative thrust. This review focuses on the effects of dietary cholesterol or different fatty acid overload on sperm composition and function in both animals and humans. The links between oxidative stress induced by dyslipidemia and sperm dysfunction are then discussed, including possible preventive or therapeutic strategies to preserve gamete quality, longevity when stored in cryobanking, and male fertility.

Interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and phospholipids on the growth performance, expression of immune-related genes and resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

A 56-day feeding trial was done to investigate the interactive effects of cholesterol (CHO) and phospholipids (PL) on the growth performance, immune response, expression of immune-related genes, and resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus of freshwater cultured white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A 3 × 3 experimental design was conducted with nine experimental diets containing three levels of CHO (0, 0.2%, and 0.4%) and three levels of PL (0, 2%, and 4%). The results indicated that the growth performance significantly (P < 0.05) increased with the increase in dietary CHO levels. Interactive effects between dietary CHO and PL on the growth parameters were not observed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lysozyme activities were also significantly affected by dietary CHO levels. Furthermore, the interaction between these two additives was only detected in SOD activity. Shrimp fed experimental diet with CHO and PL supplementation showed better tolerance against Vibrio alginolyticus compared to the control, interactive effects (P < 0.05) were also detected on these two factors. The expression of immune deficiency (IMD) and lysozyme mRNA was up-regulated in shrimp fed diets with CHO and PL. The expression level of Toll-like receptor mRNA directly reflected the dietary CHO levels, which was not affected by dietary PL. The interaction between dietary CHO and PL was shown as the significant factor (P < 0.05) both in the expression of IMD and lysozyme mRNA, which indicated that different dietary levels of CHO and PL could strongly affect expression levels of some immune-relevant genes of the juvenile freshwater cultured L. vannamei.

Association of dietary lipid intake with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: analysis of two independent population-based studies.

Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, whether cholesterol and fat intake independently affect serum LDL-C levels remains controversial. We aimed to explore the differential effects of dietary cholesterol and fats on blood lipid profiles according to the presence of dyslipidemia. A cross-sectional study was conducted based on data from the sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015), and a prospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study. The analyses used data from 10,068 adults and from 9652 adults, respectively. Adjusted mean values of blood lipids were calculated according to cholesterol and fat intake using analysis of covariance. A repeated-measures covariance pattern linear mixed model with unstructured covariance within participants was used to examine longitudinal associations between cholesterol intake and serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-C. Substitutional analysis was conducted to estimate carbohydrate substitution with saturated fat or unsaturated fat. Serum LDL-C level was significantly higher in dyslipidemic subjects who consumed more than 300mg cholesterol per day than in those who consumed less than 300mg cholesterol per day. At a mean 9-year follow-up, levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C were significantly higher in dyslipidemic individuals with higher baseline cholesterol intake after adjustment for potential confounders. In regard to dietary fats, replacing carbohydrate with unsaturated fat was associated with lower level of LDL-C in subjects with dyslipidemia. Serum LDL-C is associated with the intake of dietary cholesterol, especially in individuals with dyslipidemia.

2027-P: Dietary Cholesterol and Neuropeptide Agouti Related Peptide Act in Concert to Regulate Locomotor Activity

In an ever-changing environment where food availability is highly unpredictable, the ability to maintain energy homeostasis requires proper sensing of dietary macronutrients, and subsequent adaptive adjustments in feeding behavior. Cholesterol is an important macronutrient, but cytotoxic in excess. Thus, cholesterol metabolism is under tight homeostatic regulation. Cholesterol is a major precursor of bile acids. After a meal, bile acids are released into the intestine and stimulate the secretion of fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF-15/19). FGF-15/19 is an enterokine known to specifically suppress Agouti-related protein (AgRP), a neuropeptide of the central melanocortin system (CMS) that increases with fasting and promotes feeding and locomotor activity. Studies show that the CMS plays a modulatory role in hepatic cholesterol metabolism. However, the effects of dietary cholesterol on feeding behavior and energy homeostasis have remained largely unexplored. In this study, we found, surprisingly, that dietary cholesterol modulates expression of AgRP. Specific removal of cholesterol from the diets of wild type mice under ad-lib conditions leads to increased hypothalamic Agrp, but not Npy, mRNA expression. Furthermore, these mice also have low intestinal fGF-15mRNA expression. Cholesterol deficiency also leads to increased locomotor activities, an effect that is AgRP dependent as locomotor activity in AgRP knockout mice is unaffected by alterations in dietary cholesterol content. In wild type mice, fasting induces increased locomotor activity, which is widely thought to be a proxy for food seeking behavior. Notably, we observe dietary cholesterol content has no effect on ad-libfood intake, suggesting food seeking behaviors may be uncoupled from food intake. Taken together, these results suggest a novel paradigm where dietary cholesterol can act as a peripheral nutrient signal that can ultimately affect locomotor activity and possibly food seeking behavior. Disclosure A. Huang: None. M.T. Maier: None. A. Xu: None.