Effects Of Dietary Arachidonic Acid Research Articles

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on growth, gonadal development, and tissue fatty acid composition in the hermaphroditic swamp eel (Monopterus albus)

10-week dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) feeding trials were conducted in 14-month-old swamp eel (Monopterus albus) to evaluate the effects on growth performance, gonadal development, tissue fatty acid profile, and gene expression related to lipid metabolism. The results showed that swamp eels fed diets supplemented with 1.4% or 2.8% ARA had a significantly higher weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) than those fed the control diet. Dietary supplementation with ARA improved oocyte development and maturation. Higher gonadosomatic index (GSI) was detected in 1.4% and 2.8% ARA groups. ARA supplementation delayed sexual reversal in females. The ARA content in the muscle, liver and gonads increased with increasing dietary ARA concentration; however, ARA supplementation significantly reduced the transcriptional expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the gonads, such as fad2, pla2g4a, and elovl5. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the ARA 1.4% group were significantly lower than those in the control and ARA 2.8% groups. Total cholesterol (T-CHO) and triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly lower in the 1.4% and 2.8% ARA groups than in the control group. Catalase (CAT) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased with dietary ARA concentrations. This study found that dietary ARA is important for improving growth, Ovarian development, and antioxidant capacity in swamp eels.

Dietary arachidonic acid affects the growth performance, fatty acid profile, immunity and resistance to heat stress in juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A 93-day feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) on the growth performance, antioxidative capacity, immunity and anti-stress capacity of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino with an initial mean body weight of 4.26 ± 0.11 g. Six practical diets with 0.04% (the control), 0.31%, 0.44%, 0.68%, 0.94% and 1.34% of ARA were designed. After the feeding trial, abalones were subjected to a heat stress test. The findings showed that the survival of abalone (91.7–96.7%) after the feeding trial was not significantly influenced by dietary ARA. The 0.31–0.44% of dietary ARA significantly increased the weight gain rate (WGR). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased by 0.31–0.68% of dietary ARA. The 0.44% of dietary ARA significantly enhanced the activity of trypsin, lipase and α-amylase in the intestine. Besides, dietary ARA supplementation significantly elevated the total antioxidative capacity and activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and lysozyme in the cell-free hemolymph. Higher levels of dietary ARA (≥0.94%) significantly up-regulated the mRNA levels of nuclear factor κB, inhibitor of κBα and transcription factor AP-1 in the digestive gland. The 0.68% of dietary ARA significantly decreased the falling rate of abalone after heat stress. In conclusion, appropriate dietary ARA levels improved the growth performance and feed utilization of abalone. The optimal dietary ARA content for juvenile abalone was 0.52% based on the quadratic regression analysis of WGR. The 0.44–0.68% of dietary ARA improved the antioxidative capacity, immunity and anti-heat stress of abalone.

Effects of dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) composition on growth performances and non-specific immunity in pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) and linoleic acid (LA) on growth, fatty acid composition, antioxidant capacity and immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei. Eight diets were prepared with different LA or ARA content and approximately equal amounts of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), including a control diet (CK0) without ARA and LA supplementation. 720 shrimp were fed above diets in triplicate for 56 days. The results showed that, the specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG) of shrimp fed the experimental diets were significantly enhanced compared to the control group. In general, the content of LA or ARA in the experimental shrimp tissues closely mirrored their respective dietary fatty acid levels. The expressions of delta 6 fatty acid desaturase (Δ6FAD) and fatty acid elongase 5 (Elovl5) genes in the intestine and hepatopancreas increased significantly with increasing dietary LA from 5.3 to 9.5, or ARA from 0.2 to 11.1 g kg−1. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased with increasing dietary LA from 5.3 to 9.5, or ARA from 0.2 to 3.8 g kg−1, then increased as dietary LA increased to 16.2, or ARA increased to 11.1 g kg−1. The activities of lysozyme (LZM), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkine phosphatase (AKP) increased accordingly with the increase of dietary LA from 5.3 to 9.5 or ARA from 0.2 to 1.9 g kg−1. SOD and CAT gene expressions were opposite to the enzyme activity in ARA groups. The results suggested that appropriate dietary LA (9.5 g kg−1) or ARA (3.8 g kg−1) had positively effects on growth, EPA biosynthesis, antioxidant ability and immunity of L. vannamei.

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) on immunity, growth and fatty acids of Apostichopus japonicus

As an important aquaculture species, improving the immunity of cultured Apostichopus japonicus (A. japonicus) is vital for its health in aquaculture farming. It has been shown that ARA is an important metabolite for A. japonicus infected by Vibrio splendidus. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of dietary exogenous ARA on healthy sea cucumber cultures, including assessments of immunity, growth, and fatty acid content. Five experimental diets containing 0.01%, 0.29%, 0.46%, 0.70%, and 1.09% ARA were tested. The specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumbers did not be significantly affected by exogenous ARA diet groups. The results showed that dietary ARA between 0.49 and 1.09% notably improved the survival rate of sea cucumbers infected by Vibrio splendidus compared with the control group without exogenous ARA. The results also showed the effects of dietary ARA on immune-related genes, enzymes, and oxidation indices; most of the exogenous ARA significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of the genes NFκB, TLR, TLR3, TRAF6, Toll, and MyD88. The activities of ACP, AKP, and lysozyme increased in the 0.49–1.09% ARA groups, especially the dietary 0.49% ARA group. The SOD1 and NOS activities were enhanced by dietary ARA between 0.29 and 0.70%. Compared with the control, the MDA content increased, but the 0.49% ARA-diet group had a lower MDA content. Based on these data, 0.49–0.70% ARA significantly enhanced immunity in cultured A. japonicus. Exogenous 0.49% and 0.70% ARA also elevated the ARA, total PUFA and n-6 PUFA in the body walls. In conclusion, the appropriate exogenous ARA (0.49%–0.70%) in diets could improve immunity and fatty acid content considerably. The results provide basic evidence that ARA can serve a useful immune enhancer for A. japonicus aquaculture.

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on the growth performance, feed utilization and fatty acid metabolism of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) levels on growth performance, feed utilization, muscle fatty acid composition and body proximate composition for juvenile Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Six semi-purified diets containing 0.11% (control group, G1), 1.20% (G2), 2.37% (G3), 3.52% (G4), 4.76% (G5) and 7.39% (G6) ARA of total lipid content were formulated to feed six groups of crabs (the initial weight, 1.01 ± 0.12 g), respectively. Crabs in G3 showed the highest final weight, weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR). The highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found in crabs in G1. In addition, the fatty acid composition of muscle was significantly affected by dietary ARA levels. For ARA, 22:2 and 20:5n-3, with the dietary ARA level increased, their contents increased first and then decreased, the highest values were all found in crabs of G4. High dietary ARA significantly affected the fatty acid composition of muscle in E. sinensis by increasing the relative expression of Srebp, while decreasing the relative expression of FAS, FAD 6 and ELOVL 6. Based on the results of the quadratic regression analysis of SGR and FCR, the optimum level of ARA for E. sinensis was suggested to be 4.54% and 3.88% of total lipid content, respectively.

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on growth, immunity and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei under microcystin-LR stress

The harmful effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) stress are unavoidable in shrimp culture. Arachidonic acid (AA) is a fatty acid that regulates immune responses in aquatic animals. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary AA on growth, immunity and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei under MC-LR stress. The shrimp were fed a control diet (non-supplemented with AA) or a AA diet (supplemented with 8.0 g/kg AA) for 56 days, followed by an acute MC-LR stress for 72 h. The results showed that dietary AA improved the growth and feed utilization of the shrimp. Microcystin-LR exposure increased the mRNA expressions of reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (ROMO1), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), caspase-3 (Casp-3), NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (NCPR) and sulfotransferase (SULT), but decreased that of catalase (CAT) and cytochrome C (Cytc). Dietary AA supplementation reversed the expressions of ROMO1, CAT, GPx and NCPR to the control level, but still maintained the higher levels of Cytc, Casp-3 and SULT than the control and MC-LR stress groups. Dietary AA could not effectively reverse the changes of intestinal microbial diversity, but it could improve intestinal microbial composition variation induced by MC-LR stress. Specially, dietary AA increased the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria Bacteroides and Lactobacillus, and reversed the changes of pathogenic bacteria Vibrio and Photobacterium induced by MC-LR stress to the control level. The changes of intestinal bacteria were correlated with immune gene expression. These results revealed that dietary AA had a positive effect on L. vannamei resistance to MC-LR stress by modulating immune response and intestinal microbial composition.

The influence of dietary arachidonic acid on growth, fatty acid profile and sex steroid hormones of F2 generation Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis)

An 22-week feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) on the growth performance, tissue fatty acid, ARA metabolites, sex steroid hormones and steroidogenesis-related gene expression in F2 generation Chinese sturgeon. Four diets with different ARA levels (0.0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 2.0 % in the diets) were formulated. The results showed that dietary ARA did not affect final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (SR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI), condition factor (CF) and gonadalsomatic index (GSI) (P > 0.05), while tissue ARA deposition was significantly effected by the dietary ARA (P < 0.05). In the ovary and liver, the metabolites of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) increased significantly with increasing dietary ARA (P < 0.05). In the muscle, the contents of the two metabolites in the 1.0 % ARA diet were significantly higher than that the 0.0 % and 2.0 % ARA diets (P < 0.05). Significantly decreased liver and ovary estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) levels were found in the 0.0 % ARA diet compared with 2.0 % ARA diet (P < 0.05). In the ovary and liver, the contents of vitellogen (Vtg) increased significantly with increasing dietary ARA (P < 0.05). E2 and Vtg contents in the serum of fish fed the 1.0 % ARA diet were significantly higher than the 0.0 % ARA diet (P < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary ARA did not affect growth, but ARA levels greater than 1 % in the diets plays vital roles in the ARA deposition, metabolism, steroid regulation and Vtg synthesis in F2 generation female Chinese sturgeon. The best efficiency was achieved 1 % ARA, based on roles or cost effective, which were beneficial to promote ovary development.

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid at different carbohydrates levels on gilthead sea bream growth performance and intermediary metabolism

A growth trial was performed to assess the interactive effects of high dietary levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and carbohydrates on growth performance, feed utilization, proximate composition, plasma metabolites, and intermediary metabolism. Four isoproteic (47% crude protein) and isolipidic (18% crude lipids) diets were formulated for gilthead sea bream juveniles (47.5 g of initial mean body weight) to include low or high gelatinized starch (5 and 20% starch; LS and HS diets, respectively) and different dietary ARA/DHA content (2.3/0.3 and 0/2.6; ARA and DHA diets, respectively). Dietary ARA/DHA content did not affect growth performance or feed utilization. However, dietary starch inclusion increased feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and energy retention (% intake). Dietary ARA/DHA profile did not affect the whole-body composition, but dietary starch increased whole-body dry matter, lipid, and gross energy content and decreased protein content. Low dietary ARA/DHA ratio increased plasma total protein and total lipids, triglycerides, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), independently of the dietary starch level. On the other hand, in LS diets, total cholesterol levels were lower in fish fed the diet rich in DHA than those fed with ARA. HS diets increased glucose, total protein and lipids, triglycerides, and VLDL plasmatic values, and decreased HDL. HS diets increased the carbohydrates intermediary metabolism and lipogenic enzymes. ARA and HS increased fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) and decreased elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 5 protein (ELOVL5) in the liver, and only HS decreased ELOVL5 in the intestine. The muscle fatty acid content followed the dietary fatty acid profile, but ARA, EPA, and DHA content were increased in LS diets. In conclusion, few interactions between ARA or DHA and dietary digestible carbohydrates were found. The results indicate that at least in the presence of high ARA levels the n-3 LC-PUFA requirements were fulfilled with 0.5% EPA + DHA and gilthead sea bream tolerates well dietary inclusion of 20% starch.

Parental dietary arachidonic acid altered serum fatty acid profile, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of dietary arachidonic acid on serum fatty acid profile, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in pigeon squabs by supplementing arachidonic acid in their parental diets. A completely randomized design was conducted consisting of control group, 0.05% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group, 0.1% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group, and 0.2% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group. Six randomly selected squabs from each group were sampled on Day 21 post-hatch. Results indicated that moderate level (0.05%) of arachidonic acid in parental diets for pigeon squabs improved lipid metabolism via regulation on serum lipid profile and fatty acid composition and tended to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation in the premise of negligible damage to antioxidant status. Unfortunately, excessive parental supplementation of dietary arachidonic acid might be harmful to squab health. The regulatory effects of arachidonic acid were sensitive to the arachidonic acid doses. In conclusion, parental dietary arachidonic acid at 0.05% could be beneficial for squabs to maintain health as reflective aspects in ameliorative serum lipid profile, fatty acid composition, and reduced hepatic lipid accumulation.

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on reproduction performance, tissue fatty acid profile and gonadal steroidogenesis in female yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on reproduction performance, tissue fatty acid profile and gonadal steroidogenesis in female yellow catfish <i>Pelteobagrus fulvidraco</i>

Dietary ARA Improves COX Activity in Broodstock and Offspring Survival Fitness of a Model Organism (Medaka Oryzias latipes).

Simple SummaryThe impact of arachidonic acid in broodstock diets on cyclooxygenase activity and quality of offspring was investigated on model fish species. The results have shown that arachidonic acid in the broodstock diet improves sperm motility parameters. The cyclooxygenase activity in the liver of females increased with the amounts of arachidonic acid in diets. The arachidonic acid bioconversion activity during the reproductive season via cyclooxygenase activity is involved in female fertility and embryo and larval survival and growth.A 3-week feeding trial was conducted in medaka broodstock (age five months) to examine the effect of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) level (range: 4–23 mg g−1 of total fatty acids (TFAs)) on fertility, cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, egg size, sperm motility parameters, hatching rate and weight of hatch, survival and growth of larvae. After spawn induction and dietary exposure to 4 mg ARA g−1 TFA, broodstock were fed a diet containing ARA in the amounts: 4 (continued, as control), 5, 14 and 23 mg g−1 TFA. COX1 activity in the liver and the number of COX2-positive cells in the ovaries was increased in females fed the diets containing the two highest amounts of ARA. The highest sperm motility parameters were observed in males fed a diet containing 23 mg ARA g−1 TFA. The hatchability rate and bodyweight of hatchlings were higher in the group obtained from broodstock fed a diet containing 23 mg ARA g−1 TFA (79% and 0.66 mg fish−1, respectively) compared with 4 mg ARA g−1 TFA (50% and 0.40 mg fish−1). The average mortality of offspring obtained from this group at 7 days post hatching was significantly higher than that of all other groups.

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on final maturation, spawning and composition of gonad of black sea urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778)

This study investigated the effect of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) on final maturation, spawning performance and composition of the gonad of black sea urchin (Diadema setosum). Four different dietary ARA levels of 0.3 g/kg (Control diet), 1.4 g/kg (ARA 1.4), 2.5 g/kg (ARA 2.5) and 3.7 g/kg (ARA 3.7) were prepared and tested in this feeding trial for 90 days. The result showed that growth in terms of weight was not relatively affected by dietary ARA. Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of animals were gradually increased in all the diets throughout the trial. The highest GSI level (25.7 ± 3.16%) was observed in animals fed with the diet ARA 1.4. ARA content in the gonad proportionally increased with dietary ARA levels. The highest larval survival rate (85.5 ± 5.67%) was found in diet ARA 2.5. The results of this study indicate that ARA plays an important role in the reproduction functions of black sea urchin and supplementing an appropriate level of ARA in the broodstock diet could induce the final maturation and improve reproduction of black sea urchin, but a higher level of ARA (3.7 g/kg) seems to have a negative effect on both growth rate and GSI.

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) distal intestine lipid classes and gut health.

The use of low fishmeal/fish oil in marine fish diets affects dietary essential fatty acids (EFAs) composition and concentration and, subsequently, may produce a marginal deficiency of those fatty acids with a direct impact on the fish intestinal physiology. Supplementation of essential fatty acids is necessary to cover the requirements of the different EFAs, including the ones belonging to the n-6 series, such as arachidonic acid (ARA). ARA, besides its structural role in the configuration of the lipid classes of the intestine, plays an important role in the functionality of the gut-associated immune tissue (GALT). The present study aimed to test five levels of dietary ARA (ARA0.5 (0.5%), ARA1 (1%), ARA2 (2%), ARA4 (4%), and ARA6 (6%)) for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles in order to determine (a) its effect in selected distal intestine (DI) lipid classes composition and (b) how these changes affected gut bacterial translocation rates and selected GALT-related gene expression pre and post challenge. No differences were found between distal intestines of fish fed with the graded ARA levels in total neutral lipids and total polar lipids. However, DI of fish fed with the ARA6 diet presented a higher (P < 0.05) level of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and sphingomyelin (SM) than those DI of fish fed with the ARA0.5 diet. In general terms, fatty acid profiles of DI lipid classes mirrored those of the diet dietary. Nevertheless, selective retention of ARA could be observed in glycerophospholipids when dietary levels are low (diet ARA0.5), as reflected in the higher glycerophospholipids-ARA/dietary-ARA ratio for those animals. Increased ARA dietary supplementation was inversely correlated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content in lipid classes, when data from fish fed with the diets with the same basal composition (diets ARA1 to ARA6). ARA supplementation did not affect intestinal morphometry, goblet cell number, or fish survival, in terms of gut bacterial translocation, along the challenge test. However, after the experimental infection with Vibrio anguillarum, the relative expression of cox-2 and il-1β were upregulated (P < 0.05) in DI of fish fed with the diets ARA0.5 and ARA2 compared with fish fed with the rest of the experimental diets. Although dietary ARA did not affect fish survival, it altered the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes after infection when included at the lowest concentration, which could be compromising the physical and the immune functionality of the DI, denoting the importance of ARA supplementation when low FO diets are used for marine fish.

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid metabolism of sea cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus )

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 饲料中花生四烯酸含量对刺参生长性能、抗氧化能力及脂肪酸代谢的影响 DOI: 作者: 作者单位: 1. 山东省海洋资源与环境研究院, 山东省海洋生态修复重点实验室, 山东 烟台 264006;2. 上海海洋大学 水产与生命学院, 上海 201306 作者简介: 王成强(1988-),男,研究实习员,主要从事水产动物营养与饲料研究.E-mail:chengqiangwang@126.com 通讯作者: 中图分类号: S963 基金项目: 山东省科技发展计划项目（2016GSF115005）；山东省现代农业产业技术体系项目（SDAIT-22-06）. Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid metabolism of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) Author: Affiliation: 1. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China;2. College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为探究饲料中添加花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid，ARA）对刺参（）生长性能、抗氧化能力及脂肪酸代谢的影响，选用初始体重为（10.78±0.06）g的刺参为研究对象，以鱼粉和发酵豆粕为主要蛋白质源，小麦粉为主要糖源制作基础饲料，通过在基础饲料中添加不同比例的ARA-纯化油，制成ARA含量分别为0.02%（对照组）、0.17%、0.36%、0.51%、0.59%和0.98%（占饲料干重）的6组等氮等脂的实验饲料，在室内循环水养殖系统进行为期56 d的养殖实验。结果表明，随着饲料中ARA含量的升高，刺参增重率（weight gain rate，WGR）呈先上升后降低的趋势，0.36%和0.51% ARA饲料组刺参WGR显著高于其他处理组（<0.05），刺参的特定生长率（specific growth rate，SGR）和饲料效率（feed efficiency，FE）与WGR具有相同的变化趋势；刺参体壁粗脂肪含量随饲料ARA含量升高呈先降低后升高的趋势，在0.51% ARA饲料组含量最低，且显著低于对照组与0.98% ARA饲料组（< 0.05）；同时，随饲料中ARA含量的提高，刺参体壁中ARA和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸（n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids，n-6 PUFA）含量呈显著上升趋势，而二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenioc acid，EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid，DHA）和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids，n-3 PUFA）含量显著降低（<0.05）；抗氧化能力方面，0.36%和0.51% ARA饲料组刺参肠道中超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase，CAT）和总抗氧化能力酶（total antioxidant capacity enzyme，T-AOC）活性均显著高于对照组与0.98% ARA饲料组（<0.05）；刺参肠道中脂肪酸合成酶（fatty acid synthase，FAS）和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（acetyl-CoA carboxylase，ACC）活性随饲料ARA含量的升高呈显著降低趋势（<0.05）；刺参肠道中肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶-1（carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1，CPT-1）活性随饲料ARA含量升高呈先升高后降低的趋势（>0.05）。研究表明，在本实验条件下，饲料中添加适量ARA （0.36%~0.51%）能够对刺参生长、抗氧化能力起到一定的促进作用，同时结果显示，饲料ARA含量会对刺参肠道内脂肪酸代谢产生一定的影响。 Abstract:A 56-d feeding experiment in an indoor flowing-through water system was conducted to evaluate the effects of arachidonic acid (ARA) in diets on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and body wall fatty acid composition of sea cucumbers () with initial weights of (10.78 ±0.06) g. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with varying levels of dietary ARA[0.02% (control group), 0.17%, 0.36%, 0.51%, 0.59%, and 0.98%] were formulated. The ARA content had no significant effect on survival rate (87.50%-94.17%; >0.05). However, both growth rate (WGR) and feed efficiency (FE) increased with increasing ARA content until reaching peak levels at 0.51% dietary ARA, but decreased thereafter (<0.05). Body wall composition analysis indicated that the whole-body lipid content initially decreased but then increased with increasing dietary ARA, whereas the whole-body protein, ash, and moisture contents were unaffected. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity enzyme (T-AOC) activities in the intestinal tract initially increased with increasing ARA content but then decreased (<0.05), whereas the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the intestinal tract exhibited a contrasting pattern (<0.05). Fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-COA carboxylase (ACC) activities in the intestinal tract were unaffected when dietary ARA content decreased from 0.02% to 0.59% but decreased significantly when the dietary ARA content increased from 0.59% to 0.98% (<0.05). The ARA and n-6 PUFA contents of the body wall increased with increasing dietary ARA, whereas the EPA and DHA content of the body wall decreased. Therefore, dietary ARA contents of 0.36%-0.51% could be used to promote the growth performance and intestinal antioxidant capacity of sea cucumbers under experimental conditions. The effects of ARA level in diet on the activities of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in the intestinal tract of sea cucumber were also observed in the study. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Effect of dietary arachidonic acid levels on growth performance, fatty acid profiles and lipid metabolism of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) levels on growth performance, fatty acid composition, hepatic intermediary metabolism and antioxidant responses for juvenile yellow catfish. An ARA-enriched oil was supplemented into the basal diet to formulate six iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic practical diets containing 0.03% (the control diet), 0.30%, 0.60%, 0.90%, 1.20% and 1.50% of dry weight. Dietary ARA levels were 0.39%, 2.47%, 4.96%, 7.49%, 9.79% and 12.64% total fatty acids, respectively. Triplicate groups of 20 fish (average initial weight is about 1.55±0.01g) were fed to apparent satiation twice daily. The results indicated that fish fed the diets containing 4.96% and 7.49% ARA of total fatty acids have higher final body weight and percent weight gain (PWG) than those fed the other diets. Survival, feed conversion ratio, hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index were not significantly influenced by the dietary ARA levels. Fatty acid compositions both in liver and muscle reflected closely those of fatty acid profiles in diets, ARA proportion in liver and muscle significantly increased with dietary ARA levels increasing from 0.39% to 12.64% of total fatty acids, while, EPA proportion in liver significantly decreased with increase of dietary ARA levels. Fish fed the control diet had the highest aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glucose content in serum among all treatments, and fish fed the 9.79% and 12.64% ARA of total fatty acids had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver than those fed the other diets. However, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and catalase (CAT) in liver were not significantly influenced by dietary ARA levels. The relative gene expression of accα, g6pd, 6pgd and evovl5 in liver down-regulated significantly with the dietary ARA levels increasing from 0.39% to 12.64% of total fatty acids. The relative gene expression of atgl and hslb in liver down-regulated significantly with the dietary ARA levels increasing from 0.39% to 7.49% of total fatty acids, and then up-regulated as dietary ARA levels increasing from 9.79% to 12.64%. However, relative gene expression of cpt1a and ppara in liver are down-regulated in ARA supplemental groups. These results suggested that dietary moderate ARA levels (4.96% and 7.49% of total fatty acids) could improve growth performance and antioxidant response, and up-regulate or down-regulate relative expression levels of some lipid metabolism-related gene in liver. Two slope broken-line regression analysis of PWG against dietary ARA levels indicated that optimal dietary ARA requirement for juvenile yellow catfish was 6.45% of total fatty acids.

Comparative analysis of effects of dietary arachidonic acid and EPA on growth, tissue fatty acid composition, antioxidant response and lipid metabolism in juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus

Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic purified diets containing free arachidonic acid (ARA) or EPA (control group), 0·30 % ARA, 0·30 % EPA and 0·30 % ARA+EPA (equivalent) were designed to feed juvenile grass carp (10·21 (sd 0·10) g) for 10 weeks. Only the EPA group presented better growth performance compared with the control group (P<0·05). Dietary ARA and EPA were incorporated into polar lipids more than non-polar lipids in hepatopancreas but not intraperitoneal fat (IPF) tissue. Fish fed ARA and EPA showed an increase of serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and decrease of glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde contents (P<0·05). The hepatopancreatic TAG levels decreased both in ARA and EPA groups (P<0·05), accompanied by the decrease of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in the ARA group (P<0·05). Fatty acid synthase (FAS), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase and apoE gene expression in the hepatopancreas decreased in fish fed ARA and EPA, but only the ARA group exhibited increased mRNA level of adipose TAG lipase (ATGL) (P<0·05). Decreased IPF index and adipocyte sizes were found in the ARA group (P<0·05). Meanwhile, the ARA group showed decreased expression levels of adipogenic genes CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α, LPL and FAS, and increased levels of the lipid catabolic genes PPAR α, ATGL, hormone-sensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) in IPF, whereas the EPA group only increased PPAR α and CPT-1 mRNA expression and showed less levels than the ARA group. Overall, dietary EPA is beneficial to the growth performance, whereas ARA is more potent in inducing lipolysis and inhibiting adipogenesis, especially in IPF. Meanwhile, dietary ARA and EPA showed the similar preference in esterification and the improvement in antioxidant response.

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on the reproductive physiology of female Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

The present study was designed to investigate potential effects of arachidonic acid (ARA) on the reproductive physiology of female Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.).Two-year old Atlantic cod of both sexes were equally distributed into eight sea cages after completion of their first spawning in May 2005. Four experimental groups were established and fed diets with different levels of ARA corresponding to 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% of total fatty acid. Ovarian growth and development was documented every month. Fatty acid composition was analysed in ovaries, liver and plasma at the beginning of the experiment, one month prior to spawning, and in spent fish, one month after spawning was completed. Plasma concentrations of estradiol-17β, testosterone and vitellogenin, and ovarian gene transcript levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star), P450aromatase (cyp19a1a) and 20β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (20bhsd/cbr1) were monitored every month in fish fed the experimental diets and related to oocyte stage. Potential fecundity was calculated based on ovarian samples taken one month before onset of spawning.Ovarian and plasma ARA levels were highly correlated to dietary ARA levels. There was a net accumulation of ARA compared to other essential fatty acids in ovarian tissue that was reflected in a decrease in EPA:ARA ratio. Plasma concentrations of vitellogenin, estradiol-17β and testosterone and key gene transcript levels were affected by dietary ARA and stage of maturation. The results show that ARA has a significant influence on the reproductive physiology of female Atlantic cod.

Dietary Long‐chain PUFAs Enrich Porcine Alveolar Macrophages and Alter Prostaglandin E2 Production Following LPS Challenge

The US swine industry experiences severe production and profit losses from respiratory infections despite the wide spread use of vaccines and antibiotics. Long‐chain PUFAs can modulate immune cell function through the production of eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) which is capable of stimulating both inflammation and inflammatory resolution upon infection. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on cultured porcine alveolar macrophages stimulated with LPS. Day‐old pigs (n=60) were fed milk replacer for 21d. Diets contained 0.5% ARA (control), 2.5% ARA or 3.5% EPA of total fatty acids. Alveolar macrophages were isolated via bronchoalveolar lavage, cultured and stimulated with LPS for 24h. Total fatty acids in alveolar macrophages and lung tissue were analyzed via gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Alveolar macrophages were cultured and stimulated with 10ng/mL LPS or unstimulated (control). Concentrations of PGE2 in tissue culture media were measured via competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Average body weight and clinical hematology were unaffected by diet treatments (P &gt;0.5). Concentration of ARA (% of fatty acids, w/w) in alveolar macrophages from pigs fed 2.5% ARA had an 82% increase in ARA compared to controls, and the concentration was decreased 21% in pigs fed 3.5% EPA compared to control (P &lt; 0.01). Lung parenchymal tissue showed a similar enrichment pattern; tissue was enriched by 39% in pigs fed 2.5% ARA, while pigs fed the 3.5% EPA diet had a 45% decrease in ARA compared to control (P &lt; 0.002). Media concentration of PGE2 was increased following LPS stimulation of alveolar macrophages. The increase in PGE2 concentration was greater in macrophages enriched in ARA, exceeding that from control cells by 187% and that from EPA‐enriched cells by 191% (P &lt; 0.05). These data demonstrate that dietary supplementation of LC‐PUFAs can effectively alter lung tissue and alveolar macrophage fatty acid composition. Furthermore, these data validate that increased dietary ARA is an effective means to increase eicosanoid production by LPS‐stimulated immune cells.Support or Funding InformationUSDA Animal Health Funds

Dietary arachidonic acid differentially regulates the gonadal steroidogenesis in the marine teleost, tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), depending on fish gender and maturation stage

A 3-month feeding trial with tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis broodstock was conducted before and during the spawning season to investigate the effects of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) on the production of sex steroid hormones and gonadal gene expression of key proteins in steroidogenesis. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain different ARA levels: the control diet without ARA supplementation (C, 0.58% ARA of total fatty acids (TFA)) and two diets with low (5.14% of TFA, ARA-L) or high ARA (15.44% of TFA, ARA-H) supplementation. The diets were randomly assigned to 9 tanks of 3-year-old tongue sole (10 females and 15 males in each tank). Fish were reared in a flowing seawater system and fed to apparent satiation twice daily. At the end of the feeding trial, tissue samples from mature females (MF, with spontaneous ovulation), immature females (IMF, early vitellogenesis), and mature males (MM, expressing milt) were collected to assay the production of sex steroid hormones, gonadal gene expression of sex steroid-synthesizing proteins, as well as the fatty acid profiles of gonad, liver and muscle lipids. Results showed that ARA supplementation significantly reduced the estradiol production in females, but stimulated the testosterone production in males. ARA supplementation significantly reduced the mRNA expression of aromatase in ovaries but significantly increased the gene expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) in testes. In mature ovaries, diet ARA-L significantly reduced the gene expression of follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD; however, in immature ovaries, it significantly increased the gene expression of FSHR, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450ssc), 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD. In all gonads, 17α-hydroxylase (P450c17) responded to dietary ARA differently from other sex steroid-synthesizing proteins. ARA was preferentially accumulated in tongue sole gonad lipids. ARA concentrations were highest in gonad, liver and muscle lipids of MM fish and lowest in MF fish. Compared to female tongue sole, males had higher DHA concentrations in gonad lipids, but lower concentrations in liver lipids. In conclusion, results suggest dietary ARA regulates sex steroid hormone synthesis in tongue sole broodstock, and accumulates in gonad lipids, depending on both fish gender and maturation stage. Dietary ARA supplementation appears more important for male fish than for female fish, and more important for immature females than for mature females. Statement of relevanceThis study is beneficial to the broodstock diet formulation.

Effects of Dietary Arachidonic Acid Levels on Growth Performance, Whole-Body Proximate Composition, Digestive Enzyme Activities and Gut Morphology of Juvenile Golden Pompano Trachinotus

The effects of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) levels on growth performance, whole-body proximate composition, digestive enzyme activities, and gut morphology were studied in juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus. Six diets were formulated with six levels of ARA. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 56 days (8 weeks). Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and viscerosomatic index (VSI) were significantly affected by dietary ARA levels (P &lt; 0.05). WG, SGR and PER increased with the increasing levels of ARA (P &lt; 0.05), and thereafter slightly declined (P &gt; 0.05); they were highest in fish fed the diet with 0.51% ARA and the lowest in fish fed the diet containing 0.15% ARA. Linear regression analysis on SGR indicated that the recommended optimum dietary ARA level for optimal growth of juvenile golden pompano was 0.53%. Whole body protein significantly declined when dietary ARA levels increased from 0.15% to 0.88% (P &lt; 0.05), and were lowest in fish fed the diet containing 0.88% ARA. The whole body lipid content showed an opposite trend compared with whole body protein. Pepsin activities showed no significant differences among treatments (P &gt; 0.05), while lipase activities of fish were significantly influenced by dietary ARA levels (P &lt; 0.05). The number of goblet cells and intestinal villus length increased with increasing levels of ARA from 0.15% to 0.51% (P &lt; 0.05), and decreased thereafter. Goblet cells of fish fed diets with 0.36%, 0.51%, 0.71% ARA were higher than in the other groups (P &lt; 0.05).