Effect Of Cumulative Exposure Research Articles

Assessment of combined risk to pesticide residues through dietary exposure.

Plant protection products (PPPs) are preparations intended to protect plants and their products including one or more active substances. The use of PPPs may cause direct or indirect risks. Residues that can remain in or on food might pose a danger to human health through consumption and acute or/and chronic exposure. Authorisation of active substances and PPPs are decided at European and national level, respectively. Risk assessment of dietary exposure to residues of PPPs is regulated by a very extensive legal framework, ensuring consumer safety. The review and evaluation of the residue section of active substance monographs and the dossiers for PPP authorisations within the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) helped gain hands‐on experience on food risk assessment, as previewed in the framework of the European Food Risk Assessment Fellowship Programme (EU‐FORA). The programme also focused on the cumulative effects of acute exposure to pesticides in food on the human nervous system using probabilistic methodology and it was in continuation of the work carried out by ANSES and the regulated products department residue unit. Using the European Database for processing factors for pesticides in food was one of the main challenges in order to approach a more realistic scenario of exposure. The probabilistic methodology followed was used in accordance with the European Food Safety Authority harmonised guidance.

Risk of myocardial infarction among people living with HIV: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveCardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading non-AIDS-defining causes of death among HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals. However, the evidence surrounding specific components of CVD risk remains inconclusive. We conducted a...

Effect of a gradually increasing temperature on the behavioural and physiological response of juvenile Hippocampus erectus: Thermal preference, tolerance, energy balance and growth.

The physiological and behavioural responses of ectotherms to temperature is strongly dependent on the individuals' previous thermal history. Laboratory based studies investigating the mechanisms of thermoregulation in marine ectotherms, however, rarely consider key temporal elements of thermal exposure, such as the rate at which temperature changes. We tested the hypothesis that juvenile seahorses, Hippocampus erectus, from a tropical coastal lagoon in Yucatan, Mexico, would exhibit variations in physiological and behavioural descriptors of thermoregulation when submitted to contrasting regimes during 30 days: temperature constant at 25 °C (C 25); gradually increasing 1 °C every 5 days from 25 to 30 °C (GI 25-30); and constant at 30 °C (C 30). Immediately after exposure, critical maximum temperature, thermal preference, oxygen consumption, partial energy balance, growth rate and survival of seahorses were measured. Seahorses exposed to GI 25-30 showed a significantly higher critical thermal maxima (37.8 ± 0.9 °C), preference (28.7 ± 0.4 °C), growth (1.10 ± 0.49%) and survival (97.6%) than those exposed to C 30 (36.5 ± 1, 29.4 ± 0.3 °C, 0.48 ± 0.32%, 73.8%, respectively). Both high temperature regimes induced metabolic depression, but ramping resulted in a greater amount of energy assimilated (278.9 ± 175.4 J g-1 day-1) and higher energy efficiency for growth (89.8%) than constant exposure to 30 °C (115.4 ± 63.4 J g-1 day-1, 65.3%, respectively). Gradually increasing temperature allowed physiological mechanisms of thermal adjustment to take place, reflecting the capacity of juvenile H. erectus to respond to environmental change. Despite its advantage, this capacity is limited in time, since the cumulative effect of thermal exposure affected metabolic performance, eventually compromising survival. The study of seahorse response to thermal variations in the context of ocean warming needs to consider the temporal elements of thermal exposure to foresee its vulnerability under future scenarios.

Feasibility and efficacy of using gaseous chlorine dioxide generated by sodium chlorite-acid reaction for decontamination of foodborne pathogens on produce

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas generated by dry media (sodium chlorite and ferric chloride) and sodium chlorite-hydrogen chloride dosing methods for decontamination of foodborne pathogens on produce. Tomatoes, blueberries, and baby-cut carrots inoculated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes were treated with ClO2 gas in a pilot-scale decontamination process. The effects of cumulative ClO2 exposure, i.e., ClO2 concentration (ppm) × treatment time (h) (ppm-h), on the reductions of inoculated pathogens were determined. Results showed that the increase of cumulative ClO2 exposure between 300 and 1900 ppm-h increased the log reductions of pathogens on produce, whereas no significant increase in log reductions was observed after 1900 ppm-h. The cumulative ClO2 exposures of 300, 1300, and 1600 ppm-h caused >4.0-log CFU/g reductions of the pathogens on baby-cut carrots, tomatoes, and blueberries, respectively. The treatment was most effective against the pathogens on baby-cut carrots, likely due to the moisture on the surface of the peeled carrots. This study showed that the two ClO2 generation methods are suitable and effective for decontamination of produce. The correlation between the cumulative ppm-h and pathogen reduction was independent of the quantity of products and other factors that may affect the consumption rate of ClO2. Therefore, the treatment parameters obtained from this study can be used for decontamination applications of similar scale or as references for evaluating using ClO2 gas for decontamination of tomatoes, blueberries, and baby-cut carrots in commercial-scale trials.

Cumulative asbestos exposure and mortality from asbestos related diseases in a pooled analysis of 21 asbestos cement cohorts in Italy

BackgroundDespite the available information on cancer risk, asbestos is used in large areas in the world, mostly in the production of asbestos cement. Moreover, questions are raised regarding the shape of the dose response relation, the relation with time since exposure and the association with neoplasms in various organs. We conducted a study on the relationship between cumulative asbestos exposure and mortality from asbestos related diseases in a large Italian pool of 21 cohorts of asbestos-cement workers with protracted exposure to both chrysotile and amphibole asbestos.MethodsThe cohort included 13,076 workers, 81.9% men and 18.1% women, working in 21 Italian asbestos-cement factories, with over 40 years of observation. Exposure was estimated by plant and period, and weighted for the type of asbestos used. Data were analysed with consideration of cause of death, cumulative exposure and time since first exposure (TSFE), and by gender. SMRs were computed using reference rates by region, gender and calendar time. Poisson regression models including cubic splines were used to analyse the effect of cumulative exposure to asbestos and TSFE on mortality for asbestos-related diseases. 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were computed according to the Poisson distribution.ResultsMortality was significantly increased for ‘All Causes’ and ‘All Malignant Neoplasm (MN)’, in both genders. Considering asbestos related diseases (ARDs), statistically significant excesses were observed for MN of peritoneum (SMR: men 14.19; women 15.14), pleura (SMR: 22.35 and 48.10), lung (SMR: 1.67 and 1.67), ovary (in the highest exposure class SMR 2.45), and asbestosis (SMR: 507 and 1023). Mortality for ARDs, in particular pleural and peritoneal malignancies, lung cancer, ovarian cancer and asbestosis increased monotonically with cumulative exposure. Pleural MN mortality increased progressively in the first 40 years of TSFE, then reached a plateau, while peritoneal MN showed a continuous increase. The trend of lung cancer SMRs also showed a flattening after 40 years of TSFE. Attributable proportions for pleural, peritoneal, and lung MN were respectively 96, 93 and 40%.ConclusionsMortality for ARDs was associated with cumulative exposure to asbestos. Risk of death from pleural MN did not increase indefinitely with TSFE but eventually reached a plateau, consistently with reports from other recent studies.

The relationship between multiple exposures to violence and war trauma,and mental health and behavioural problems among Palestinian children and adolescents.

The current study aims to investigate the effect of cumulative exposure to violence on mental health amongst children and adolescents living in the Gaza Strip. The sample consists of 1029 children and adolescents aged 11-17years. Of them, 533 (51.8%) were female and 496 (48.2%) were male. War-traumatic events were measured using the War-Traumatic Events Checklist (W-TECh). Violence was derived from the Multicultural Events Schedule for Adolescents (M.E.S.A.) containing three domains: violence at home, violence in the neighbourhood, and violence at school. Emotional and behavioural problems were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder was measured using thePost-Traumatic Stress Disorders Symptoms Scale (PTSDSS). Finally, depression symptoms were measured by the Depression scale. Around two thirds of the children (64.5%, N = 665) reported that they were exposed toviolence at home, 48.2% (N = 497) toviolence in the neighbourhood, 78.2% (N = 806) toviolence at school. In addition, boys significantly showed more exposure to violence compared to girls. Moreover, the prevalence of PTSD according to DSM-5 is 53.5% (N = 549). The results also showed that cumulative effect of exposure to violence in more contexts (politicalwar trauma, violence athome, neighbourhood and/or school)predicted higher levels of PTSD, social and emotional problems, depression, and overall mental health problems amongst children. Cumulative exposure to violence may increase the propensity of developing mental health problems such as PTSD, emotional and behavioural problems, and depression symptoms and thus interventions should be targeted to these populations.

Association between prenatal exposure to household inhalants exposure and ADHD-like behaviors at around 3 years of age: Findings from Shenzhen Longhua Child Cohort Study

Prenatal exposure to air pollutants has been suggested as a possible etiologic factor for the occurrence of ADHD or ADHD-like behaviors. But we still lack a comprehensive assessment of household air pollutants exposure on the development of ADHD-like behaviors during childhood. We aimed to assess whether prenatal household inhalants exposure is associated with preschoolers' ADHD-like behaviors in a nonclinical population. This study used the baseline data of the Longhua Child Cohort Study. During 2015-2017, we recruited 42,983 mothers and their kindergarten-aged children who enrolled at kindergarten in the Longhua district of Shenzhen, to obtain the demographic data and relevant exposure information through self-administrated questionnaire survey. The source of prenatal household inhalants exposure include cooking fumes, environmental tobacco smoke, mosqutio coils, home renovated and indoor burning incense. Logistic and censored least absolute deviations (CLAD) models were used to reveal the association between prenatal exposure to household air pollutants and hyperactive behaviors in child. We found that exposure to five types of household inhalants during pregnancy were independently associated with an increased risk of child hyperactive behaviors. Moreover, we observed a significant interaction between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cooking fumes during gestation on child hyperactive behaviors in CLAD models. We also found a significant joint effect between burning mosquito coils and incense during gestation for child hyperactive behaviors risk both in CLAD and Logistic models. Furthermore, a household inhalants exposure index was used to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between the cumulative effect of exposure to the five household air pollutants and child hyperactivity. Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to different household inhalants might increase the risk of children's hyperactive behaviors at around 3 years of age with the presence of interaction effects between some inhalants.

Home and day-care microenvironment exposure to Blomia tropicalis allergens and their associations with salivary eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) among preschool children in Singapore.

To date, exposure studies linking dust-mite allergens with asthma and allergic morbidities have typically relied on sampling from representative locations in the home for exposure assessment. We determine the effects of differing microenvironments allergen exposures on asthma and asthma severity among 25 case and 31 control preschool children in Singapore. Blo t 5 allergen levels in various niches from the children's home and day-care microenvironments as well as their Blo t 5 time-weighted concentrations were determined. Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) levels from the children's saliva as markers for airway inflammation were obtained. Salivary ECP levels were higher in children with asthma than those without and the strength of association increased with higher salivary ECP levels. Although there was no relationship between time-weighted Blo t 5 concentrations with salivary ECP levels among the controls, a positive statistically significant relationship was noted among cases, demonstrating the effects of cumulative exposure on asthma severity. Avoidance measures to reduce Blo t 5 allergen exposure should include all microenvironments that asthmatic children are exposed throughout the day.

Fine-scale temporal dynamics of herpes virus and vibrios in seawater during a polymicrobial infection in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is currently being impacted by a polymicrobial disease that involves early viral infection by ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) followed by a secondary bacterial infection leading to death. A widely used method of inducing infection consists of placing specific pathogen-free oysters ('recipients') in cohabitation in the laboratory with diseased oysters that were naturally infected in the field ('donors'). With this method, we evaluated the temporal dynamics of pathogen release in seawater and the cohabitation time necessary for disease transmission and expression. We showed that OsHV-1 and Vibrio spp. in the seawater peaked concomitantly during the first 48 h and decreased thereafter. We found that 1.5 h of cohabitation with donors was enough time to transmit pathogens to recipients and to induce mortality later, reflecting the highly contagious nature of the disease. Finally, mortality of recipients was associated with increasing cohabitation time with donors until reaching a plateau at 20%. This reflects the cumulative effect of exposure to pathogens. The optimal cohabitation time was 5-6 d, the mortality of recipients occurring 1-2 d earlier.

Cognitive Disorders Among Incoming College Football Athletes: Legal and Medical Implications of Undisclosed Inclusion in Concussion Research

Concussion research in the United States commonly relies on collegiate athletes as study subjects. Such research recognizes learning disabilities and attention deficit disorders (LD/ADHD) as co-morbidities that should be addressed in concussion research and management. This forensic study has three objectives: 1) to investigate the prevalence of such diagnoses and examine neuropsychological test results among incoming college football players at a major US university 2) to examine how LD/ADHD diagnoses were addressed in concussion research that included such athletes, and 3) to address the implication of these results for ongoing concussion litigation. This study observed LD/ADHD rates among football athletes exceeding 50% in multiple cohort-years, a degree of magnitude greater than the rate among general college student populations. Neuropsychological testing revealed scores among some incoming freshman college football players consistent with those of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Evidence of cognitive impairment among incoming college football players raises concern over the potential effects of cumulative exposure to head trauma and the increased risk associated with continued participation in collision sports. We discuss the implications of our findings for concussion litigation and research ethics.

What to Do When Accumulated Exposure Affects Health but Only Its Duration Was Measured? A Case of Linear Regression.

Background: We considered a problem of inference in epidemiology when cumulative exposure is the true dose metric for disease, but investigators are only able to measure its duration on each subject. Methods: We undertook theoretical analysis of the problem in the context of a continuous response caused by cumulative exposure, when duration and intensity of exposure follow log-normal distributions, such that analysis by linear regression is natural. We present a Bayesian method to adjust duration-only analysis to incorporate partial knowledge about the relationship between duration and intensity of exposure and illustrate this method in the context of association of smoking and lung function. Results: We derive equations that (a) describe under what circumstances bias arises when duration of exposure is used as a proxy of cumulative exposure, (b) quantify the degree of such bias and loss of precision, and (c) describe how knowledge about relationship of duration and intensity of exposure can be used to recover an estimate of the effect of cumulative exposure when only duration was observed on every subject. Conclusions: Under our assumptions, when duration and intensity of exposure are either independent or positively correlated, we can be more confident in qualitatively interpreting the direction of effects that arise from use of duration of exposure per se. We can use external information on the relationship between duration and intensity of exposure (namely: correlation and variance of intensity), even if intensity of exposure is not available at the individual level, to make reliable inferences about the magnitude of effect of cumulative exposure on the outcome.

Accumulation of psychosocial risk factors and incidence of cardiovascular disease: a prospective observation of the Polish HAPIEE cohort.

Psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are known to cluster in individuals, but the effect of cumulative exposure has not been thoroughly described in terms of CVD risk. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between accumulation of psychosocial risk factors such as low education, material deprivation, depressive symptoms, and low perceived control and the risk of incident CVD. This cohort study with 11‑year follow‑up included a random population sample (age, 45-69 years). Psychosocial factors were assessed using standard tools. Accumulation of psychosocial risk factors was determined by summing up the number of psychosocial factors experienced. The risk of incident CVD depending on the number of psychosocial factors was estimated (reference, no psychosocial factors). Cox proportional hazards models were fitted. In total, 43 572 and 51 772 person‑years were analyzed. There were 479 and 291 new CVD cases in men and women, respectively. An age‑adjusted model showed an increase in CVD risk in men exposed to 3 and 4 psychosocial risk factors by nearly 60% and 125%, respectively (P <0.05). Further adjustment waved the association in individual strata, but a significant linear trend was observed. In women, in a fully adjusted model, the second and subsequent risk factors increased the risk of CVD by nearly 70% up to over 2‑fold (P <0.001). The total population attributable risk associated with exposure to psychosocial risk factors in women was 34.1%. The accumulation of psychosocial risk factors was associated with increased risk of CVD. In men, the relation was substantially explained by classic risk factors. In women, about one-third of incident CVD cases could be attributed to psychosocial risk factors.

On prognostic estimates of radiation risk in medicine and radiation protection

The problem of expressing cumulative detrimental effect of radiation exposure is revisited. All conventionally used and computationally complex lifetime or time-integrated risks are based on current population and health statistical data, with unknown future secular trends, that are projected far into the future. It is shown that application of conventionally used lifetime or time-integrated attributable risks (LAR, AR) should be limited to exposures under 1 Gy. More general quantities, such as excess lifetime risk (ELR) and, to a lesser extent, risk of exposure-induced death (REID), are free of dose constraints, but are even more computationally complex than LAR and AR and rely on the unknown total radiation effect on demographic and health statistical data. Appropriate assessment of time-integrated risk of a specific outcome following high-dose (more than 1 Gy) exposure requires consideration of competing risks for other radiation-attributed outcomes and the resulting ELR estimate has an essentially non-linear dose response. Limitations caused by basing conventionally applied time-integrated risks on current population and health statistical data are that they are: (a) not well suited for risk estimates for atypical groups of exposed persons not readily represented by the general population; and (b) not optimal for risk projections decades into the future due to large uncertainties in developments of the future secular trends in the population-specific disease rates. Alternative disease-specific quantities, baseline and attributable survival fractions, based on reduction of survival chances are considered here and are shown to be very useful in circumventing most aspects of these limitations. Another main quantity, named as radiation-attributed decrease of survival (RADS), is recommended here to represent cumulative radiation risk conditional on survival until a certain age. RADS, historically known in statistical literature as “cumulative risk”, is only based on the radiation-attributed hazard and is insensitive to competing risks. Therefore, RADS is eminently suitable for risk projections in emergency situations and for estimating radiation risks for persons exposed after therapeutic or interventional medical applications of radiation or in other highly atypical groups of exposed persons, such as astronauts.

Assessment of the healthy worker survivor effect in the relationship between psychosocial work-related factors and hypertension

ObjectivesThe healthy worker survivor effect (HWSE) usually leads to underestimation of the effects of harmful occupational exposures. HWSE is characterised by the concomitance of three associations: (1) job status–subsequent exposure,...

Prenatal EDC Exposure Followed by Chronic Treatment with Estradiol Affects Brain Monoamine Levels in Female Rats

In utero exposure to low doses of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), in particular the widely prevalent plasticizers bisphenol A (BPA) and di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), has been shown to produce long‐lasting behavioral effects in rats. Additionally, changes in estrogen are associated with the development of affective disorders in women; however, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are unclear. A previous study from our lab found that chronic estradiol treatment led to decreased dopamine (DA) levels within the central amygdala (CeA). This study was conducted to further examine the cumulative effects of prenatal exposure to EDCs followed by chronic estradiol exposure in adult female rats on DA levels in stress‐related brain areas. Dams were orally administered saline (control; 10 μL/kg), BPA (B; 5 μg/kg), DEHP (D; 7.5 mg/kg) or a combination of BPA+DEHP (B+D) during days 6 through 21 of pregnancy. Adult female offspring were sham‐implanted or implanted with pellets that release 17β‐estradiol (E2) for 90 days (20 ng/day; Innovative Research America). The offspring then underwent a battery of behavioral tests at the end of treatment. Brains collected from the offspring were sectioned and the CeA, hippocampus (HC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were microdissected and analyzed for levels of DA using High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Prenatal exposure to DEHP and/or B+D, but not B, was significantly associated with reductions in DA levels in the CeA and PFC. Within the CeA, only B+D‐E2 treated offspring showed a significant decrease in DA (p&lt;0.05) in comparison with control offspring. Levels of DA were found to be lower in the PFC as well, particularly in D‐sham (p&lt;0.05), D‐E2 (p&lt;0.01), and B+D‐E2 (p&lt;0.05) offspring compared to controls. No differences were observed in hippocampal DA levels in any of the treatment groups. These results indicate that prenatal exposure to DEHP or a mixture of EDCs in females may lead to alterations in monoamine levels in a region‐specific manner, and E2 treatment in adulthood may exacerbate these effects.Support or Funding InformationUniversity of Georgia Research Foundation and start‐up funds.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Effects of cumulative language exposure on heritage and majority language skills

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of the amount of cumulative heritage language (HL) exposure during three time periods, on heritage and majority language performance in young adulthood, among two distinct groups of immigrant populations in the USA. Within each time period, exposure from three different sources were examined, and amount of cumulative exposure was calculated encompassing exposure from preceding periods. Factors that may modulate exposure effects were also assessed. Results showed that greater cumulative HL exposure from people at home during all three time periods significantly predicted HL skills for both language groups. For effects on English skills, only the Spanish group showed any influences of exposure. These effects were modulated by parental English proficiency. Input from other sources had less impact. The present findings support the role of parental input throughout childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood in improving HL skills, with less noticeable consequences for the majority language.

Cumulative smoking exposure and cessation associated with the recurrence of periodontitis in periodontal maintenance therapy: A 6-year follow-up.

This study followed individuals in periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT) over 6 years and longitudinally evaluated the effects of cumulative smoking exposure and duration of smoking cessation on the recurrence of periodontitis. From a 6-year follow-up cohort study with 212 individuals in PMT, 142 patients who attended at least one PMT visit within 12 months were determined to be elegible. According to smoking habits they were categorized into three groups: non-smokers (NS; n=95), former smokers (FS; n=22), and current smokers (CS; n=25). Complete periodontal examination and smoking habits were evaluated at two instances: T1 (first time, after active periodontal therapy) and T2 (second time, 6 years). Associations between the recurrence of periodontitis (RP; probing depth ≥4mm and clinical attachment loss ≥3mm, together with the presence of bleeding on probing and/or suppuration), smoking status, and potential risk variables were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis, when appropriate. The RP in NS, FS, and CS groups was 44.2%, 68.2%, and 80.0%, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for the RP in T2 was 2.80 (2.11 to 5.14) for FS and 5.97 (3.58 to 9.88) for CS. There was a significant dose-response relationship between pack-years of smoking and the RP, as well as a significant decrease in the risk for the RP as the years of smoking cessation increased. During 6 years of PMT, cumulative smoking exposure and shorter time since smoking cessation were significantly associated with the RP.

Abstract P175: Association of Midlife Hypertension and a Novel Biomarker of Accelerated Epigenetic Age: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Introduction: Hypertension (HTN) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), a hallmark of aging. A new biomarker of epigenetic age using 513 DNA methylation and clinical biomarkers, referred to as phenotypic age, has been derived and validated. Phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAA) is defined as the residual value of phenotypic age regressed on chronologic age, and is thus independent of chronologic age. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that higher blood pressure is associated with greater PhenoAA. Methods: A subset of CARDIA cohort participants (ppts) (n=957) underwent genome-wide blood DNA methylation profiling with the Illumina EPIC 850K array at Year 20 (Y20; age 38-54 years) for estimation of PhenoAA. Ppts with adjudicated CVD or cancer history or who were pregnant at Y20 were excluded (n=113). We used robust linear regression models to examine the association of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) with PhenoAA at Y20 after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, study center, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, and anti-hypertensive treatment. We also compared mean PhenoAA across three groups: no HTN (BP &lt;130/&lt;80), HTN controlled with treatment (BP &lt;130/&lt;80), and uncontrolled HTN (BP ≥130/≥80). Results: Ppts were 48% female and 40% black with mean chronological age 45±4 years, and mean SBP 116±15 and DBP 73±11 mmHg. Phenotypic age was accelerated by 0.36 years per 10 mmHg higher for SBP (p=0.018, Figure A ) but not for DBP. Compared with ppts with no HTN, those with controlled HTN had 1.8 years greater (P=0.044) and those with uncontrolled HTN had 3.2 years (P=0.0001) greater PhenoAA ( Figure B ); there was no significant difference between controlled and uncontrolled ppts with HTN. Conclusions: PhenoAA is a promising molecular biomarker of aging associated with higher concurrent SBP levels, which reflect greater cumulative SBP exposure. These data suggest that controlling BP after onset of HTN may not fully reverse possible effects of cumulative BP exposure on aging.

Exposure to phthalate-containing prescription drugs and the risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma: A Danish nationwide case-control study.

Some drug products contain phthalates as excipients, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that phthalates interfere with cellular mechanisms involved in colorectal cancer development. We therefore examined the association between cumulative phthalate exposure from drug products and risk of colorectal adenocarcinomas. We used the Danish Cancer Registry to identify all patients with incident colorectal adenocarcinoma from 2008 to 2015 (n=25814). Each cancer case was matched to ten population controls. Linking information from Danish registers, we quantified cumulative phthalate exposure to the ortho-phthalates diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as well as enteric phthalate polymers from orally administered drugs. The association between cumulative phthalate exposure and colorectal cancer was estimated using conditional logistic regression. Cumulative exposure to ortho-phthalates exceeding 500mg was associated with lower odds of colorectal cancer diagnosis (ORadj =0.89; 95% CI, 0.81-0.96). Similar associations were observed for all DEP exposure exceeding 500mg. Subgroup analysis excluding NSAID users, demonstrated that ortho-phthalate exposure was positively associated with colorectal cancer (ORadj =1.26; 95% CI, 1.05-1.51). We found an apparent overall protective effect of cumulative phthalate exposure from drug excipients for colorectal adenocarcinoma. Omitting NSAID users reversed the signal and suggested a slightly increased risk associated with high cumulative ortho-phthalate exposure.

Association between particulate matter air pollution and risk of depression and suicide: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Some recent studies examined the effect of ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution on depression and suicide. However, the results have been inconclusive.AimsTo determine the overall relationship between PM exposure and depression/suicide in the general population. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-crossover and cohort studies to assess the association between PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less) or PM10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 µm) exposure and depression/suicide. A total of 14 articles (7 for depression and 7 for suicide) with data from 684 859 participants were included in the meta-analysis. With a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 we found a 19% (odds ratio [95% CI] 1.19 [1.07, 1.33]) increased risk of depression and a marginally increased risk of suicide (odds ratio [95% CI] 1.05 [0.99, 1.11]) in the general population. We did not observe any significant associations between increasing exposure to PM10 and depression/suicide. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were used to determine the robustness of results. The strongest estimated effect of depression associated with PM2.5 appeared in a long-term lag pattern (odds ratio [95% CI] 1.25 [1.07, 1.45], P &lt; 0.01) and cumulative lag pattern (odds ratio [95% CI] 1.26 [1.07, 1.48], P &lt; 0.01). The meta-analysis suggested that an increase in ambient PM2.5 concentration was strongly associated with increased depression risk in the general population, and the association appeared stronger at long-term lag and cumulative lag patterns, suggesting a potential cumulative exposure effect over time.Declaration of interestNone.