Effect Of Copper Chloride Research Articles

Effect of Copper Chloride on Phase Structure and Properties of Synthesized Materials from Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum

This research investigates the influence of crystal modifying agent, copper chloride (CuCl2) (0.3, 0.45, and 0.6 g), on the phase structure and characteristics of materials derived from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum. The raw material underwent hydrothermal transformation with 0.01 M H2SO4 at 90°C for 1 hour. XRD analysis revealed a notable shift in phase structure from hexagonal calcium sulfate dihydrate (DH) in FGD gypsum to monoclinic calcium sulfate hemihydrate (alpha-HH) up to 91%in the synthesized products, with an increasing CuCl2 content. SEM analysis revealed the elongated whisker-shaped particles (110.70 µm to 207.90 µm) of alpha-HH with higher CuCl2 concentrations. Specifically, when incorporating 0.6 g of CuCl2 in 0.01 M H2SO4 at 90°C, the longest alpha-HH crystals resulted in the cast plaster with the highest flexural strength of approximately 4.92 MPa, demonstrating suitability for applications requiring sufficient mechanical strength. Thermal analysis confirmed the complete conversion of the solid phase to alpha-HH at 1200°C. Additionally, the study revealed that higher CuCl2 content led to shorter setting time. These results suggest potential applications of the present synthesized materials from FGD gypsum in industries such as ceramics casting and dental materials, where precise control over material properties is critical.

Antiviral effect of copper chloride on feline calicivirus and synergy with ribavirin in vitro

BackgroundFeline calicivirus (FCV) is a common and highly prevalent pathogen causing upper respiratory diseases in kittens and felines in recent years. Due to the substantial genetic variability of the viral genes, existing vaccines cannot provide complete protection. Therefore, research on FCV antiviral drugs has received much attention.ResultsIn this study, we found that copper chloride had dose-dependent antiviral effects on FCV in F81 cells. We also found that the combination of copper chloride and ribavirin had a synergistic protective effect against FCV in F81 cells. In contrast, the combination of copper chloride and horse anti-FCV immunoglobulin F (ab’)2 showed an antagonistic effect, likely because copper chloride has an effect on F (ab’)2 immunoglobulin; however, further research is needed to clarify this supposition.ConclusionsIn summary, we found that copper chloride had low cytotoxicity and significant antiviral effects on FCV in F81 cells, providing a new drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of FCV infection.

Inertisation of copper by using blended cement pastes

The inertisation of copper (II) by using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) or blended Portland cement with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) or metakaolin (MK) was studied. Various mixes were prepared by using a water/solid ratio (W/S) of 0·28 (by weight). Two ratios of copper ions (1·0 and 2·0% by weight of the solid binder) were incorporated by adding to the mixing water. The effects of copper chloride on the hydration characteristics of the different cement pastes were investigated by way of the examination of chemically combined water content and compressive strength, as well as X-ray diffraction analysis. Leaching of copper ions from the various hardened cement pastes was examined. The results showed that copper chloride retarded the cement hydration through the formation of double hydroxide of calcium and copper. The obtained leaching results showed a high degree of immobilisation of copper ions in the various cement pastes.

535 The teratogenic effect of copper chloride (II) on neural tube development of mouse embryos by emphazing on cervical spinal cord

535 The teratogenic effect of copper chloride (II) on neural tube development of mouse embryos by emphazing on cervical spinal cord

Expression of lysyl oxidase and effect of copper chloride and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate on bovine ovarian follicle granulosa cells cultured in serum-free media

Subfertility that will respond to appropriate copper supplementation is a widespread problem in the UK dairy herd and, although characterized by reduced or absent oestrus and reduced conception rates, the exact cause remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of mRNA for the copper-dependent enzyme, lysyl oxidase, and the effect of copper and/or copper chelating thiomolybdates on FSH-induced differentiation of bovine granulosa cells cultured in serum-free media. Expression of lysyl oxidase mRNA was investigated using bovine specific primers and RT-PCR on cell lysates obtained from bovine granulosa cells cultured under optimum conditions for 0, 16, 24, 48, 96, 144 and 192 h. The effect of thiomolybdates and copper were investigated by supplementing optimized granulosa cell culture media with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate at 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 micro g ml(-1), copper chloride at equimolar concentrations (0, 0.0516, 0.516, 5.16, 51.6, 516 micro g ml(-1)) or equimolar combinations of both media. Lysyl oxidase mRNA was expressed by the granulosa cells throughout the 192 h of culture. Thiomolybdate depressed oestradiol production in a dose-dependent manner at doses > 1 micro g ml(-1) and prevented the characteristic clumped appearance of granulosa cells in this serum-free system. Although the supplementation of copper alone had no effect at physiological doses, the use of the equimolar copper and thiomolybdate media ameliorated the effect of tetrathiomolybdates on both oestradiol production and cellular morphology. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that lysyl oxidase is expressed by granulosa cells, that thiomolybdates can prevent FSH-induced differentiation of bovine granulosa cells in vitro and that these effects can be reversed by copper supplementation. Overall, these data support the hypothesis that copper-responsive subfertility results from perturbation of the normal pattern of ovulatory follicle growth and development, an effect that may be mediated, at least in part, via lysyl oxidase activity.

Expression of lysyl oxidase and effect of copper chloride and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate on bovine ovarian follicle granulosa cells cultured in serum-free media

Subfertility that will respond to appropriate copper supplementation is a widespread problem in the UK dairy herd and, although characterized by reduced or absent oestrus and reduced conception rates, the exact cause remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of mRNA for the copper-dependent enzyme, lysyl oxidase, and the effect of copper and/or copper chelating thiomolybdates on FSH-induced differentiation of bovine granulosa cells cultured in serum-free media. Expression of lysyl oxidase mRNA was investigated using bovine specific primers and RT-PCR on cell lysates obtained from bovine granulosa cells cultured under optimum conditions for 0, 16, 24, 48, 96, 144 and 192 h. The effect of thiomolybdates and copper were investigated by supplementing optimized granulosa cell culture media with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate at 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 micro g ml(-1), copper chloride at equimolar concentrations (0, 0.0516, 0.516, 5.16, 51.6, 516 micro g ml(-1)) or equimolar combinations of both media. Lysyl oxidase mRNA was expressed by the granulosa cells throughout the 192 h of culture. Thiomolybdate depressed oestradiol production in a dose-dependent manner at doses > 1 micro g ml(-1) and prevented the characteristic clumped appearance of granulosa cells in this serum-free system. Although the supplementation of copper alone had no effect at physiological doses, the use of the equimolar copper and thiomolybdate media ameliorated the effect of tetrathiomolybdates on both oestradiol production and cellular morphology. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that lysyl oxidase is expressed by granulosa cells, that thiomolybdates can prevent FSH-induced differentiation of bovine granulosa cells in vitro and that these effects can be reversed by copper supplementation. Overall, these data support the hypothesis that copper-responsive subfertility results from perturbation of the normal pattern of ovulatory follicle growth and development, an effect that may be mediated, at least in part, via lysyl oxidase activity.

Effect of copper chloride on the emissions of PCDD/Fs and PAHs from PVC combustion.

The influences of temperature, air flow and the amount of copper chloride upon the types and amount of the toxic emissions such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during combustion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were investigated. The mechanism concerning the effect of temperature and copper chloride on the PCDD/Fs and PAHs formation was discussed. The results shown that without copper chloride, trace amounts of PCDD/Fs and large amounts of PAHs were found in the emissions from the pure PVC combustion under various combustion conditions. The addition of copper chloride enhanced PCDD/Fs formation, but it seems that the formation of PAHs decreased with increasing amount of copper chloride, and greater total amount of PAHs were produced at the higher temperature under our experimental conditions.

Effect of copper chloride on adrenocortical activities in adult and immature male rats

Although copper is an important biological trace element required for normal metabolism, occupational exposure to copper in different industrial workers may result in abnormal rise in plasma copper level which can bring about adverse effects. Intraperitoneal injection of copper chloride at the dose of 2000 μg/kg per day and higher doses for 26 days resulted in significant rise in adrenal weight, adrenal Δ 5-3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity and serum corticosterone level in both adult and immature male rats, while 1000 μg/kg per day dose for 26 days duration did not significantly alter the adrenocortical activities and adrenal weight in adult rats. On the contrary, the latter lower dose caused a significant decrease in adrenal Δ 5 3β HSD activity and serum corticosterone level in immature male rats.

Antitesticular effect of copper chloride in albino rats.

Copper chloride treatment adversely affects testicular activity in albino rats. To investigate its antitesticular effects mature (120 days) Wistar strain albino rats were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with copper chloride at doses of 1000, 2000 and 3000 micrograms/kg body weight/day for 26 days. Significant reduction of testicular and accessory sex organs (seminal vesicle, ventral prostate) weight, along with inhibition of testicular delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5-3 beta-HSD) and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) activity and reduction in plasma testosterone level, were observed at the doses of 2000 and 3000 micrograms/kg body weight/day. The degree of inhibition in all the parameters were increased with the increase of dosage. But no significant change was observed in the above parameters when the animals were treated with 1000 micrograms/kg body weight/day dose. This suggests that copper produces a suppressive influence on male reproductive activity, mainly on testicular weight and steroidogenesis and accessory sex organ weight in a dose-dependent manner.

Effect of copper chloride in vitro and in vivo on the hepatic erod activity in the fishDicentrarchus labrax

The effect of copper chloride was studied on the hepatic microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity of the fish Dicentrarchus labrax intraperitoneally injected with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). In vitro experiments showed that copper significantly decreased EROD activity, and IC50 was estimated at 50 μg Cu/L. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) of cytochrome P4501A was constant, whereas maximum velocity (Vmax) decreased as a function of copper added to the incubation medium. (Km) of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NADPH]-cytochrome P450 reductase increased as a function of copper concentration, whereas Vmax remained constant. Absorption spectra showed that the amount of cytochrome P420s increased as a function of copper concentrations added to the medium at the expense of cytochrome P450s. The injection of copper and BaP (in vivo experiments) to fish decreased EROD activity compared with the injection of BaP alone. An increase of immunoquantified CYP1A content measured by Western blotting (intense band of 55–60 kDa molecular weight) was noted in microsomes of fish injected with BaP compared with controls. In the case of fish treated with copper and BaP, the band was less intense and accompanied by another band of lower molecular weight. The destruction of the native P450s spectrophotometrically measured in the presence of copper implied that the catalytic activity would be diminished. This was confirmed by decreased EROD activity after either in vitro additions or in vivo treatment with copper. Moreover, immunodetection experiments suggested that the decrease of the catalytic activity resulted more from cytochrome P450s loss than from direct inhibition of EROD activity by copper.