Effects Of Community Social Capital Research Articles

Community Social Capital and Accounting Conservatism

ABSTRACT The combination of peer pressure and who you know in our society can be powerfully influential. Likewise, firms headquartered in high social capital locations can exhibit associated economic outcomes and financial qualities. Our study examines the impact of a critical firm-level qualitative characteristic, community social capital, on firm accounting conservatism. The results of our research show firms headquartered in areas of high community social capital tend to exhibit less accounting conservatism. These findings suggest high community social capital mitigates issues related to contracting efficiency, social disciplinary instruments, and information asymmetry, reducing the corporate impetus for using accounting conservatism. We apply alternative proxies for community social capital, and further robustness analyses include entropy balance matching and instrumental variable regressions. Our study extends and complements literature investigating the effects of various firm-specific traits affecting accounting conservatism and contributes to research examining the effect of community social capital on corporate policies. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: A13; D91; M14; M41; Z13.

Intensified discrimination against tenants and its health effects during the COVID-19 pandemic in large Chinese cities

The COVID-19 pandemic in many senses reconstructs social norms and reshapes social behaviour, which typically assumes a close correlation between mobility with a higher risk of COVID-19 infection. This may intensify the pre-existing discrimination against tenants and widen tenure-based health inequalities. Drawing on an online questionnaire survey conducted in five major cities in China in 2020, we employ multi-level regression models to examine the intensified discrimination against tenants during COVID-19 and its impacts on residents’ physical and mental health inequalities. Results show that the pre-existing inequalities have been intensified during COVID-19 and the perceived discrimination has rendered worsened self-rated health and mental health and enlarged health inequalities. The discrimination particularly affected tenants with better economic profiles or worse health conditions; by contrast, despite being exposed to more tenant-related discriminatory experiences, rural hukou holders suffered from less severe health inequalities. A clear linkage is found between renting in poorly-managed and larger health gaps generated by discrimination. The negative health impact of intensified discrimination is found to be more significant in communities with lower infection risk, which points to the necessity of understanding the long-term health impact of discrimination against tenants in a more holistic way. In terms of community environment, we discover a positive effect of community social capital, i.e., higher level social capital helps mitigate the health threat of discrimination against tenants during COVID-19. Besides, public housing tenants reported better health outcomes and were less exposed to intensified discrimination during COVID-19 than private housing tenants. These findings provide a nuanced understanding of variations determined by individual and territorial factors, thus present timely policy implications for promoting healthy and inclusive urban development in the post-pandemic era.

Revisiting the influence of community social capital indices on child maltreatment rates: The moderating effects of place

AbstractThe study of the antecedents of child maltreatment has advanced through ecological research, but there has been a limited focus on the role of community social capital. This study investigates the effects of community social capital on child maltreatment and how these associations differ by regional type, using data on child maltreatment rates in 226 localities in South Korea from 2014 to 2019. Surprisingly, our results show that social trust, networks, and engagement in community affairs are positively associated with child maltreatment rates. Additionally, the mechanisms of social capital effects on child maltreatment vary by place, being more pronounced in small‐ and medium‐sized cities and rural areas. Our findings suggest that a more nuanced understanding of social capital mechanisms across dimensions and locations is required to effectively address child maltreatment. This study contributes to both theory and practice by highlighting the importance of community social capital in preventing child maltreatment and demonstrating the contextual nature of these associations.

Social capital and capital allocation efficiency

AbstractBased on the social norms and structural theories of social capital, this study examines the relationship between community social capital and the firms’ capital allocation efficiency. We hypothesize and find that the community social capital of a firm's headquarter area has a negative and statistically significant impact on its capital allocation inefficiency, which is robust to alternative proxies for community social capital and capital allocation inefficiency, propensity score matching and instrumental variable regressions. In addition, we find that the effect of community social capital is more pronounced for firms with poor internal ethical culture and weak network connections to outside executives and directors, implying that community social capital becomes important in these situations. This finding links prior social norms and networks literature to capital allocation studies in that the norms and networks components of community social capital discipline self‐interested managers’ behavior and reduce information asymmetry‐two channels of capital allocation efficiency. Overall, community social capital works as a compensatory monitoring and information transfer mechanism and improves the firms’ capital allocation efficiency.

Community Social Capital, Family Support, Confucian Pro-Setback Coping and Geriatric Depression: Evidence from China

It is important to explore the factors influencing geriatric depression in the context of aging. This research aimed to investigate the association between community social capital and depressive symptoms among the urban elderly in China, and the mediating role of family support and Confucian pro-setback coping in the impact of community social capital on geriatric depression. Data were collected via a community survey targeting 300 adults aged 60 and above living in urban communities in Chengdu, China, in 2021. SPSS and a structural equation model were used for the analysis of data and test the proposed hypothesis. The findings showed that civic participation and social cohesion were significantly related to geriatric depression. Family support and Confucian pro-setback coping played a mediating role or chain mediating role in the associations between civic participation and geriatric depression. This research has offered support for both direct and indirect effects of community social capital on geriatric depression. Promoting community-level civic participation and social cohesion, improving family support and Confucian pro-setback coping are seen to contribute positively to the management and intervention on geriatric depression.

Community Social Capital and Corporate Pollution: An Informal Governance

This study focuses on the influence of headquarters community social capital on facility-level corporate pollution. Our findings reveal that the level of pollution is lower for facilities whose headquarters are located in communities with higher social capital. Further, we find that firm’s and CEO’s long-term orientation helps to moderate the influence of community social capital on facility pollution, by affecting the extent to which firm value is aligned with community’s cooperative norms. Facility-level contexts such as facility’s geographic location also affect the effect of community social capital on facility pollution. Based on a sample of US firms during the period of 1998-2015, we find empirical support for our predictions.

The Impact of Community Social Capital on Asymmetric Behavior of Cost

Objective: The purpose of this research is investigating the effect of community social capital on asymmetric behavior of cost. Social capital refers to features of social organization such as norms and networks that simplify cooperation and harmony for mutual benefit. Community social capital captures the strength of cooperative norms and the density of social networks in a region. Cost stickiness is a behavioral property of cost that is substantially based on managerial decisions. In this case of cost behavior, managers are quick to expand resources when demand is increasing, but for a variety of reasons choose to stick with unutilized capacity when sales are decreasing. As such, community social capital is a socio-economic factor that might affect managerial resource adjustment decisions via different channels. Methods: The method of the present research is descriptive-correlation because in this study the principle is to make hypotheses, test them, explain the relationships between phenomena and also analyze the dependent variable based on independent variables.For this purpose, we have collected the financial information related to 191 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2012 to 2018 and measure the community social capital index by different provinces of the country. In order to measure the community social capital index, we used the components of participation rate in elections, labor force participation rate, density of social networks and density of non-profit organizations by quarterly method. We also use multiple linear regression patterns to test research hypotheses. Results: Research findings indicate that, there is a significant relationship between community social capital and the degree of stickiness in selling, general and administrative costs. In this regard community social capital significantly increases the degree of stickiness in selling, general and administrative costs. The findings also show that, there is no significant relationship between community social capital and the degree of stickiness in the total operating costs and cost of goods sold. Hence, we observe an issue related to the personal motivations of managers and their opportunistic behaviors. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, it can be argued thatcommunity social capital restrains managers from taking opportunistic resource adjustment decisions that would reduce costs stickiness. And this leads to an increase in the degree of costs stickiness. This article confirms the important role of managerial opinion in cost behavior and how local environmental factors show differences in firm’s cost behavior.

The Buffering Effects of Social Capital on Inequalities in Subjective Well-Being Among Older People

Empirical evidence regarding the buffering effects of community social capital on health inequality is limited. This study aims to examine the moderating effects of a community’s social capital on socioeconomic inequalities in subjective well-being (life satisfaction) among older people. Using cross-sectional data from Seoul, South Korea, 5000 older people (65 years old or older) were analyzed. Cognitive social capital was operationalized as the average level of generalized and public trust, and structural social capital was measured by the average group membership per capita. As social capital has been found to function in beneficial ways by promoting social interactions, norms and resources, it was hypothesized that it would reduce the socioeconomic gradients of life satisfaction. Multilevel models were applied to examine the contextual and cross-level interaction effects. The results showed that socioeconomic inequalities in life satisfaction among older people do exist. Some moderating effects of community social capital were also found. Generalized trust at the community level decreased the association between education and life satisfaction (B = − .472, p < .001). In addition, the average level of public trust in the community also moderated the association between education and life satisfaction (B = − .653, p < .05). The results of this study expand previous findings on the beneficial effects of social capital: Community social capital not only improves the health of individuals but also reduces the level of inequalities in health.

Social Capital and the Improvement in Functional Ability among Older People in Japan: A Multilevel Survival Analysis Using JAGES Data.

We investigated the contextual effects of community social capital on functional ability among older people with functional disability in Japan, and the cross-level interaction effects between community social capital and individual psychosocial characteristics. We used data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study for 1936 men and 2207 women nested within 320 communities and followed for 46 months. We used objective data for functional ability trajectories derived from the national long-term care-insurance system, and a validated measure of health-related community social capital comprising three components: civic participation, social cohesion, and reciprocity. A multilevel survival analysis with a community-level random intercept showed that in communities with high civic participation, women who actively participated in any community group showed greater functional ability improvement than did women who did not participate (pinteraction = 0.05). In communities with high social cohesion, older men who perceived that their communities’ social cohesion was high showed greater functional ability improvement than men who perceived it to be low (pinteraction = 0.02). Community social capital can thus affect functional ability improvements variously, depending on individual psychosocial characteristics and gender. Community interventions aiming to foster social capital should focus on people who are excluded from existing opportunities to participate.

Multilevel Effect of Community Social Capital and Community Characteristics on Depressive Symptoms among Community-dwelling Older Adults in Korea

Multilevel Effect of Community Social Capital and Community Characteristics on Depressive Symptoms among Community-dwelling Older Adults in Korea

Moderating Effects of Community Social Capital on Depression in Later Years of Life: A Latent Interaction Model

ABSTRACTObjective: This study tested the stress-buffering model and examined the buffering role of community social capital on late-life depression.Methods: This study used the data from the second wave of National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP, 2010–2012). In the present study, a total of 2,362 older adults aged 65 and older (Mage = 74.5, SD = 6.69) were included. Latent moderated structural equations model was tested by comparing the main effect model and interaction model. Depression, stress, and community social capital were constructed as latent variables for the analyses.Results: The main effect model was acceptable: χ2 (df = 334) = 1596.4, p = .000; RMSEA = .04 (.038 - .042); CFI = .91; and SRMR = .05. And interaction model was significant (D = 35.0, p < .001). The latent constructs of stress (β = . 50, p < .001) and community social capital (β = −.14, p < .001) not only had a direct effect on depression, but their interaction was also significant (β = −.21, p < .01).). The group with a high level of social capital presented a relatively stable slope in the prediction of stress on depression, suggesting their resilience, while the group with a low level of community social capital demonstrated a steep slope, indicating heighten vulnerability to depression when faced with stress.Conclusions: The findings support the hypothesis of stress buffering model and identify the protective effects of community social capital on depression of older adults.Clinical Implications: Older adults with lower community social capital are particularly vulnerable to depression. The results highlight that practitioners and policymakers should pay more attention to finding ways to enhance community resources to improve older adults’ mental health.

Is community social capital associated with subjective symptoms of dementia among older people? A cross‐sectional study in Japan

Many studies have reported the preventive effects of community social capital on health outcomes, such as mortality and incidence of diseases. However, evidence on the association between community social capital and dementia-related outcomes remains sparse. The present study examined the contextual association of social capital with subjective symptoms of dementia among community-dwelling older adults in Japan, using a population-based, large-scale questionnaire survey. Data were used from a cross-sectional survey for all community-dwelling individuals aged ≥65 years in Adachi Ward, Tokyo (n = 132 005). Subjective dementia symptoms were assessed using a self-administered dementia checklist, which was validated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Social capital was assessed by neighborhood cohesion (neighborhood trust, neighborhood attachment and sense of belonging to the neighborhood) and neighborhood network (i.e. social relationships with neighbors). Individual responses from each district were aggregated to create indicators of district-level social capital. A total of 75 338 questionnaires were analyzed (covering 260 districts). The average age of participants was 73.8 ± 6.0 years (45.0% men). A multilevel binomial logistic regression analysis by sex showed that a denser neighborhood network in a district was associated with a lower likelihood of subjective dementia symptoms (odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.83-0.96) among women. No association was found for men between district-level social capital and subjective dementia symptoms. Fostering structural aspects of social capital in a community is a potential dementia-prevention strategy, and policymakers should focus on such community-based approaches as well as on approaches that target individuals. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1537-1542.

Cluster Shocks and Firm Failure: The Contingent Effects of Community Social Capital

This study examines how the social capital associated with communities embedded in a cluster enhances or ameliorates the influence of agglomeration economies or diseconomies on firm failure during ...

Community social capital and the improvement of functional ability among older people in Japan

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the contextual effects of community social capital on the improvement of functional ability among older people in Japan. Methods We performed a multilevel survival analysis on 1936 men and 2207 women nested within 320 communities included in Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study in 2010. We used the objective data of the functional ability trajectories based on national long-term care insurance systems. We used multilevel Weibull survival models including a community-level random intercept. We stratified the analyses by gender. We used a validated measure of community social capital that captured three components: the levels of civic participation, social cohesion, and reciprocity. Results In a community with high social cohesion, older men with the low perception of community social cohesion were less likely to improve their functional ability than older men with the high perception of community social cohesion (P for interaction = 0.007). Among women, community social cohesion was inversely associated with the improvement of functional ability regardless of the individual perception of community social cohesion. In a community with high civic participation, women who did not participate in any group in the community were less likely to improve their functional ability than women who participate in some groups (P for interaction = 0.008), whereas such cross-level interaction was not found among older men. Community reciprocity was not associated with the improvement in functional ability in men and women. Conclusion The effect of community social capital on the improvement of functional ability might differ between individuals depending on their psychosocial components in the same community. There might be older people who do not benefit from and excluded from community social capital.

Effects of multi-dimensional social capital on mental health of children in poverty: An empirical study in Mainland China.

Using the data of 1314 underprivileged children in Xiushui, China, this study adopted an ecological framework to explore how social capital embedded in family, peer, school, and community interplay and affect the mental health of poor children. Structural equation modeling was employed to verify the hypothesized model. The results demonstrated that higher levels of family, peer, and school social capital were all associated with better mental health outcomes of children in poverty. Moreover, family, peer, and school social capital fully mediated the effect of community social capital on children's mental health. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.

Effects of Social Capital in Multiple Contexts on the Psychosocial Adjustment of Chinese Migrant Children

Drawing upon a sample of 772 migrant children and their parents in Shanghai, China, this study used an ecological framework to investigate how social capital embedded in a range of social contexts (i.e., family, school, peer, and community) influenced the psychosocial adjustment of Chinese migrant children. Using structural equation modeling with latent variables, the study results suggested that higher levels of family, school, and peer social capital were all associated with better psychosocial adjustment of migrant children, with school social capital showing the strongest effect. In addition, these three dimensions of social capital also mediated the effect of community social capital on children’s psychosocial adjustment. Implications of these findings for theory, practice, and future research were discussed.

The Effect of Community Social Capital on the Elderly's Subjective Quality of Life： Focusing on the Mediating Effect of the Elderly Depression

The Effect of Community Social Capital on the Elderly's Subjective Quality of Life： Focusing on the Mediating Effect of the Elderly Depression

Community social capital and entrepreneurship: analyzing the links

This study examines the effects of community social capital on entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) in rural communities in a developing country. Entrepreneurship, in the form of business start-ups, is widely recognized as an integral component of local economic development programs designed to address poverty and limited livelihood opportunities, especially among poor and marginalized communities in rural areas in developing countries. Using a survey of 496 individuals residing in five rural communities in the Philippines, and drawing from the theory of planned behavior and social capital theory, we examine the direct and indirect effects of community social capital (CSC) on an individual’s EIs. The findings show that CSC largely influences EI by shaping an individual’s perceived self-efficacy (PSE) to engage in entrepreneurship, perceived desirability of entrepreneurship (PDE), and perceived social norms toward entrepreneurship (PSNE). High levels of PSE, PDE, and PSNE have a positive influence on an individual’s EI. These findings offer more nuanced explanations of how social capital within a community can facilitate entrepreneurship as a means of community economic development. Implications of the findings and areas for future research are discussed.

Community Social Capital and Entrepreneurship

The literature on social capital and entrepreneurship often explores individual benefits of social capital, such as the role of personal networks in promoting self-employment. In this article, we instead examine social capital’s public good aspects, arguing that the benefits of social trust and organization memberships accrue not just to the individual but to the community at large. We test these arguments using individual data from the 2000 Census that have been merged with two community surveys, the Social Capital Benchmark Survey and the General Social Survey. We find that individuals in communities with high levels of social trust are more likely to be self-employed compared to individuals in communities with lower levels of social trust. Additionally, membership in organizations connected to the larger community is associated with higher levels of self-employment, but membership in isolated organizations that lack connections to the larger community is associated with lower levels of self-employment. Further analysis suggests that the entrepreneurship-enhancing effects of community social capital are stronger for whites, native-born residents, and long-term community members than for minorities, immigrants, and recent entrants.

Community social capital and suicide mortality in the Netherlands: a cross-sectional registry-based study

BackgroundEvidence on the effect of community social capital on suicide mortality rates is fragmentary and inconsistent. The present study aims to determine whether geographic variations in suicide mortality across the Netherlands were associated with community social capital.MethodsWe included 3507 neighbourhoods with 6207 suicide deaths in the period 1995–2000. For each neighbourhood, we measured perceived social capital using information from interview surveys, and we measured structural aspects of social capital using population registers. Associations with mortality were determined using Poisson regression analysis with control for confounders at individual level (age, sex, marital status, country of origin) and area level (area income, population density, religious orientation).ResultsSuicide mortality rates were related to the measure of perceived social capital. Mortality rates were 8 percent higher (95% confidence interval (CI): 2 to 16 percent) in areas with low capital. In stratified analyses, this difference was found to be significantly larger among men (12 percent, CI: 2 to 22) than women (1 percent, CI: -9 to 13), larger among those age 0–50 (18 percent, CI: 8 to 29) than older residents (−2 percent, CI: -12 to 8), and larger among the unmarried (30 percent, CI: 16–45) than the married (−2 percent, CI: -12 to 9). Associations with the structural aspect of social capital were in the same direction, but weaker, and not statistically significant.ConclusionsThis study contributed some evidence to assume a modest effect of community social capital on suicide mortality rates. This effect may be restricted to specific population groups such as younger unmarried men.