Effects Of Cognitive Training Research Articles

Effects of motor and cognitive complex training on obstacle walking and brain activity in people with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial.

The difficulties in obstacle walking are significant in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) leading to an increased fall risk. Effective interventions to improve obstacle walking with possible training-related neuroplasticity changes are needed. We developed two different exercise programs, complex walking training and motor-cognitive training, both challenging motor and cognitive function for people with PD to improve obstacle walking. To investigate the effects of these two novel training programs on obstacle walking and brain activities in PD. A single-center randomized, single-blind controlled study. University laboratory; outpatient. Individuals with idiopathic PD. Thirty-two participants were randomly assigned to the complex walking training group (N.=11), motor-cognitive training group (N.=11) or control group (N.=10). Participants in training groups received exercises for 40 minutes/session, with a total of 12-session over 6 weeks. Control group did not receive additional training. Primary outcomes included obstacle walking, and brain activities (prefrontal cortex (PFC), premotor cortex (PMC), and supplementary motor area (SMA)) during obstacle walking by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Secondary outcomes included obstacle crossing, timed up and go test (TUG), cognitive function in different domains, and fall efficacy scale (FES-I). The motor-cognitive training group demonstrated greater improvements in obstacle walking speed and stride length, SMA activity, obstacle crossing velocity and stride length, digit span test, and TUG than the control group. The complex walking training did not show significant improvement in obstacle walking or change in brain activation compared with control group. However, the complex walking training resulted in greater improvements in Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test, TUG and FES-I compared with the control group. Our 12-session of the cognitive-motor training improved obstacle walking performance with increased SMA activities in people with PD. However, the complex walking training did not lead such beneficial effects as the cognitive-motor training. The cognitive-motor training is suggested as an effective rehabilitation program to improve obstacle walking ability in individuals with PD.

Effects of cognitive training and behavior modification on aggressive behavior and sleep quality in schizophrenia

BackgroundSchizophrenia (SCZ) is linked to a heightened risk of impulsive aggression and disturbances in sleep patterns. Cognitive and social cognitive impairments have been connected to aggression, with social cognitive deficits appearing to play a more immediate role. In this investigation, we conducted a retrospective analysis of the impact of cognitive training and sleep interventions on aggressive behavior and the quality of sleep among individuals with SCZ who were hospitalized.MethodsThis study divided 80 hospitalized patients into two groups according to medical advice, namely the normal group and the study group. The control group received routine drug treatment and education; The research group implemented cognitive training and sleep intervention based on the normal group. Collect basic clinical data, aggressive behavior indicators, and sleep quality indicators.ResultsThere is no difference in the basic information statistics between the two groups. Both groups can reduce aggressive behavior and improve sleep quality. In the study group, there was a notable decrease in aggressive behavior compared to the control group. Furthermore, the sleep quality in the study group exhibited significant improvement when compared to the control group.ConclusionCognitive training and sleep intervention have been proven to be effective nonpharmacological treatments, effectively reducing aggressive behavior and improving sleep quality.

Comparing the effects of dual-task training and single-task training on walking, balance and cognitive functions in individuals with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review.

This systematic review aimed to examine whether dual-task (DT) training was superior to single-task (ST) training in improving DT walking, balance and cognitive function for individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Literature search was performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Metstr covering inception to May 10, 2023. And in order to facilitate comparison across trials, we calculated the effect size (Hedges' g) of gait, balance, cognitive, and other parameters under both ST and DT conditions, using the mean change score and standard deviation (SD) of change score of the experimental and control groups. Randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of DT motor and cognitive training in individuals with Parkinson's disease were included for this systematic review. A total of 335 participants recruited from six articles (five studies) were involved in this review. In terms of walking function, only double support time and stride time variability showed significant between-group difference (Hedges' g=0.34, 0.18, respectively). Compared to ST training group, DT training group had a more improvement effect in laboratory balance measurement (Hedges' g=0.18, 0.25), but no significant improvement in clinical balance measurement. No significant between-group differences were observed, thus its training effect on cognitive function was inconclusive. The DT training failed to achieve promising results better than ST training in improving DT walking and balance functions for individuals with PD. Any firm conclusion cannot be drawn at present, due to the limited number of eligible publications. Larger sample size and high-quality studies are needed to investigate the effectiveness of DT training in individuals with PD.

A Pilot Study of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Resilience Training on Anxiety, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation Among Students of a Selected University in Mexico

ABSTRACT Mental distress burdens student populations; meanwhile, intervention-based studies are insufficient. This pilot study examined the effectiveness of cognitive resilience training (CRT) in enhancing students’ mental health. This experimental design study recruited 29 participants (mean age = 21.70; SD = 2.55) from the Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez (UACJ) in northern Mexico. A questionnaire pack containing the General Anxiety Disorder-2, Patient Health Questionnaire-2, Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale, and Brief Resilience Scale was utilized. At the pretest, there was no significant difference between the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG). At the posttest, the CG scored higher on anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation compared to its EG counterparts. However, the EG’s participants exhibited higher resilience, leading to a reduction in mental distress compared to their control group counterparts. The study concluded that CRT is an effective intervention for enhancing students’ mental health. Therefore, it is recommended for use in university clinical settings.

330. Assessing the Combined Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Cognitive Training for Improving Response Inhibition

330. Assessing the Combined Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Cognitive Training for Improving Response Inhibition

Home-Based Cognitive Intervention for Healthy Older Adults Through Asking Robots Questions: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Asking questions is common in conversations, and while asking questions, we need to listen carefully to what others say and consider the perspective our questions adopt. However, difficulties persist in verifying the effect of asking questions on older adults' cognitive function due to the lack of a standardized system for conducting experiments at participants' homes. This study examined the intervention effect of cognitive training moderated by robots on healthy older adults. A focus on the feasibility of the intervention at participants' homes was also maintained. Feasibility was evaluated by considering both the dropout rate during the intervention and the number of questions posed to each participant during the experiment. We conducted a randomized controlled trial with 81 adults older than 65 years. Participants were recruited through postal invitations and then randomized into 2 groups. The intervention group (n=40) received sessions where participants listened to photo-integrated stories and posed questions to the robots. The control group (n=41) received sessions where participants listened to photo-integrated stories and only thanked the robots for confirming participation. The participants participated in 12 dialogue sessions for 2-3 weeks. Scores of global cognitive functioning tests, recall tests, and verbal fluency tasks measured before and after the intervention were compared between the 2 groups. There was no significant intervention effect on the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Japanese scores, recall tests, and verbal fluency tasks. Additionally, our study successfully concluded with no participant dropouts at follow-up, confirming the feasibility of our approach. There was no statistically significant evidence indicating intervention benefits for cognitive functioning. Although the feasibility of home-based interventions was demonstrated, we identified areas for improvement in the future, such as setting up more efficient session themes. Further research is required to identify the effectiveness of an improved cognitive intervention involving the act of asking questions.

Effects of combined cognitive and resistance training on physical and cognitive performance and psychosocial well-being of older adults ≥65: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionWith increasing life expectancy of older adult population, maintaining independence and well-being in later years is of paramount importance. This study aims to investigate the impact of three distinct interventions:...

Vision and hearing difficulty and effects of cognitive training in older adults.

Cognitive training is delivered visually and aurally. It is unknown whether self-reported sensory difficulty modifies the effects of cognitive training on cognition. Participants (N=2788) in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Study were randomized to training in memory, reasoning, speed of processing, or control. Differences in the 10-year effect of cognitive training on cognition by self-reported vision and hearing difficulty were assessed using linear mixed effect models. Benefit (intervention vs. control) of reasoning training was smaller among participants with versus without vision difficulty (difficulty: -0.25, 95% confidence interval: [-0.88, 0.39], no difficulty: 0.58 [0.28, 0.89]). Benefit of memory training was greater for participants with versus without hearing difficulty (difficulty: 0.17 [-0.37, 0.72], no difficulty: -0.20 [-0.65, 0.24]). Older adults with sensory loss have increased risk for cognitive decline; benefits of cognitive training may be greater for these individuals. Sensory loss should be considered in training design. Memory training was more beneficial for participants with hearing loss.Participants with vision difficulties did not benefit as much from reasoning training.Low accessibility in design and learned compensation strategies may contribute.Consideration of sensory impairment in study design is needed.Inclusion of older adults with sensory impairment in cognitive training is needed.

Electrical Activity Changes and Neurovascular Unit Markers in the Brains of Patients after Cardiac Surgery: Effects of Multi-Task Cognitive Training.

There is growing interest in finding methods to enhance cognitive function and comprehend the neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie these improvements. It is assumed that non-pharmacological interventions have better results in cognitive recovery. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of multi-task cognitive training (MTT) on electroencephalographic (EEG) changes and markers of the neurovascular unit in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This prospective cohort study involved 62 CABG patients aged 45-75 years, 30 of whom underwent a 5-7-day MTT course. The groups of patients were comparable with respect to baseline clinical and anamnestic characteristics. An EEG study was performed before surgery and 11-12 days after CABG. Markers of the neurovascular unit (S100β, NSE, and BDNF) were examined at three time points: before surgery, within the first 24 h after surgery, and 11-12 days after CABG. Patients without training demonstrated higher relative theta power changes compared to the MTT patients. The course of MTT was associated with low plasma S100β concentration but high BDNF levels at the end of the training course. The theta activity changes and the markers of the neurovascular unit (S100β, BDNF) indicated that the severity of brain damage in cardiac surgery patients after a short course of MTT was slightly reduced. Electrical brain activity indicators and vascular markers can be informative for monitoring the process of cognitive rehabilitation in cardiac surgery patients.

Effects of Gaze Stabilization Exercise and Cognitive Training on Balance and Gait in Subacute Stroke Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial

Effects of Gaze Stabilization Exercise and Cognitive Training on Balance and Gait in Subacute Stroke Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial

Development of a Cognitive Training Support Programme for prevention of dementia and cognitive decline in at-risk older adults

BackgroundEvidence for the beneficial effects of cognitive training on cognitive function and daily living activities is inconclusive. Variable study quality and design does not allow for robust comparisons/meta-analyses of different cognitive training programmes. Fairly low adherence to extended cognitive training interventions in clinical trials has been reported.AimsThe aim of further developing a Cognitive Training Support Programme (CTSP) is to supplement the Computerised Cognitive Training (CCT) intervention component of the multimodal Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER), which is adapted to different cultural, regional and economic settings within the Word-Wide FINGERS (WW-FINGERS) Network. The main objectives are to improve adherence to cognitive training through a behaviour change framework and provide information about cognitive stimulation, social engagement and lifestyle risk factors for dementia.MethodsSix CTSP sessions were re-designed covering topics including (1) CCT instructions and tasks, (2) Cognitive domains: episodic memory, executive function and processing speed, (3) Successful ageing and compensatory strategies, (4) Cognitive stimulation and engagement, (5) Wellbeing factors affecting cognition (e.g., sleep and mood), (6) Sensory factors. Session content will be related to everyday life, with participant reflection and behaviour change techniques incorporated, e.g., strategies, goal-setting, active planning to enhance motivation, and adherence to the CCT and in relevant lifestyle changes.ConclusionsThrough interactive presentations promoting brain health, the programme provides for personal reflection that may enhance capability, opportunity and motivation for behaviour change. This will support adherence to the CCT within multidomain intervention trials. Efficacy of the programme will be evaluated through participant feedback and adherence metrics.

The Effects of Cognitive Interventions in Individuals with Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Review

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of cognitive interventions (CIs) on cognitive function, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), self-management, physical activity, physical function, and psychosocial outcomes among individuals with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). Methods: The methods adhered to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions for data analysis and synthesis guidelines. Additionally, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for the reporting of data. Database searches were conducted from inception to May 2023 across Medline, Embase, Emcare, PsycINFO, Scopus, and CINAHL. Included studies evaluated the effects of cognitive training, cognitive behavioural therapy, and transcranial brain stimulation in adults with CRDs. Studies were evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. Results: Five eligible studies with 347 participants were included and showed very low-quality evidence of inconsistent improvements in cognition and no difference between groups for HRQoL and self-management; low evidence for no difference between groups in physical function; moderate evidence for no difference between groups in physical activity and psychosocial outcomes. Conclusion: The effects of CIs on cognitive function in people with CRDs are inconclusive.

Effect of cognitive training on cognitive function in community-dwelling older people with mild-to-moderate dementia: A single-blind randomised controlled trial.

The purpose of this assessor-blinded, randomised controlled trial was to determine the effect of computerised cognitive training (CT) on executive function, processing speed and working memory in 61 people with mild-to-moderate dementia. The primary outcomes were forward Digit Span and Trail Making Tests (TMT) at the completion of the 6-month intervention. Secondary outcomes included cognitive and physical performance, rate of falls, participant and caregiver's quality of life and usability and adherence to the CT program. The study was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617000364370). Intervention group (n = 31) participants averaged 81 min of CT per week, and system usability scores were acceptable (participants: 68.8 ± 22.1; caregivers: 79.4 ± 23.5). There were no statistically significant differences in cognitive or physical performance outcomes between the intervention and control groups at 6- or 12-months (between-group differences [95% CI] for primary outcomes at 6-months: Forward Digit Span -0.3 [-0.8, 0.3]; TMT-A 2.7 s [-14.1, 19.5]; TMT-B -17.1 s [-79.3, 45.2]). At the 12-month follow-up reassessment, the intervention group reported significantly more depressive symptoms and had lower caregiver-rated participant quality of life and higher caregiver quality of life compared to control. This study showed no benefit of the CT program on working memory, processing speed and executive function. Future studies are required to better understand how CT can be used to improve cognitive and physical functioning in older people with mild-moderate dementia.

The effect of cognitive training on children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis

Objective This document is a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of cognitive training interventions on attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from the inception of each database to April 28, 2022. Data were analyzed using Stata 15 software. The risk of bias assessment was conducted using five domains from the Cochrane Collaborations tool. Results A total of 10 studies with 446 children with ADHD were included. The results showed that cognitive training was effective in improving attention symptoms [SMD= −0.78 (95% CI: −1.46, −0.1)] and executive function [SMD = −0.3 (95% CI: −0.56, −0.05)] in children with ADHD compared to controls. No significant difference in the degree of improvement in hyperactivity/impulsivity with cognitive training compared to the control group [SMD = −0.65 (95% CI: −1.35, 0.05)]. In addition, subgroup analyses also found that cognitive training significantly improved attention in children with ADHD <10 years of age [SMD = −1.3 (95% CI: −2.58, −0.02)] and children with ADHD with length of training >30 days [SMD = −0.94 (95% CI: −1.81, −0.07)] compared to controls. Conclusion This meta-analysis found that the beneficial effects of cognitive training on attention (particularly for children with ADHD <10 years old and >30 days of training) and executive function in children with ADHD, but not on hyperactivity/impulsivity.

Supporting Learning Differences: Effects of Cognitive Training on Cognitive Abilities in a School-Based Sample

A growing body of research demonstrates the effectiveness of computerized cognitive training (CCT) in building specific abilities (e.g., working memory) among school-age children. As a result, CCT is increasingly cited as a means to enhance and support students’ academic performance and school experience. However, many studies exploring CCT as an intervention have done so outside of the school setting, limiting its potential impact with regard to students who may benefit from it but cannot access such supports. This project examined the efficacy of a CCT program implemented within the academic day for all students attending a private school. The findings showed that two CCT programs resulted in improvements in working memory, cognitive flexibility, and/or processing speed among third graders through sixth graders (N = 95). Furthermore, this project demonstrates a model for the effective integration of CCT into a school day without interrupting the academic curriculum. The present results have important implications for the current ideological shift in education that focuses on how to more broadly address students’ learning differences.

Effects of Cognitive Sensory Motor Training Versus Repetitive Facilitation Exercises of Upper Limb in Hemiparetic Patients

Stroke [CVA] is the sudden loss of neurological function caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain. Large numbers of people who survive a stroke are left with permanent impairment of arm and hand function, even after completion of conventional rehabilitation programs. The standard neuro physiological facilitation technique use for hemiplegic upper limb have not been confirmed to promote functional recovery of hemiplegic limb. This promote that more research needs to be conducted for same. Cognitive Sensory Motor Training Therapy &amp; The repetitive facilitation exercises (RFEs) Both techniques will promote functional recovery of hemiparetic upper limb and hand by improving joint perception and realization of movement. Hence, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of cognitive sensory motor training versus repetitive facilitation exercises on quality of movement of upper limb, functional activity and Range of motion of upper limb in hemiparetic patients. A blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted 30 patients were divided into 2 groups (GROUP A and GROUP B)- those who performed cognitive Sensory Motor exercises(GROUP A- experimental group) and those who performed repetitive facilitation exercises (GROUP B-control group) Data for measures quality of movement performance of the hemiparetic arm and hand on MESUPES scale, Barthel Index (BI) measures the extent to which somebody can function independently and has mobility in their &amp;, goniometer measuring the joint ranges in each plane of the joint was collected on day 1 (pretreatment session), and on 190 day after the experiment. This study produced a stastically significant increase in overall on quality of movement, functional activity and range of motion in both the group of upper limb in hemiplegic patients. This research also provides evidence that training exercise may be a valuable and important tool in clinical practice and is consistent with the current use by clinical physiotherapist in the treatment of upper limb in hemiplegic patients.

Bilingualism, like other types of brain training, does not produce far transfer: It all fits together

Purpose: The purpose of this review is to integrate an important new synthesis of the literature examining the effects of cognitive training on far transfer tests of cognitive ability with the expansive literature testing for bilingual advantages in executive functioning (EF). Approach: The secondary meta-analysis of cognitive training on far transfer reported by Gobet and Sala is compared and contrasted with the many recent meta-analyses for bilingual advantages in EF. Data and Analysis: The Gobet and Sala secondary meta-analysis is based on ten independent meta-analyses with a median of 24 samples per analysis. The meta-analyses of the bilingual advantage in EF are partitioned into nine analyses that focus on inhibition, switching, working memory capacity, and general EF. Findings and Conclusions: Both cognitive training and bilingualism yield overall effects that are not distinguishable from zero when corrected for publication bias. Furthermore, both clusters of meta-analyses show that study quality moderates performance, but that type of experience/training does not. In the absence of a compelling reason for considering bilingual language-language to have a special status in cognitive training, these two conclusions mesh. Originality: Although brain training and the bilingual advantage in EF are both instances of the general hypothesis that practicing cognitive tasks can produce far transfer, they have not been considered as two tests of the same general hypothesis. However, the twin null results resonate and strengthen each other. Significance: If bilingualism does not enhance EF in children and young adults (or maintain it in older adults), the argument that bilingualism enhances EF and/or delays the onset of dementia is substantially weakened. However, it is clear and indisputable that, more broadly, there are important advantages to being able to communicate and connect with more people.

Effects of engagement, persistence and adherence on cognitive training outcomes in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Limited understanding exists regarding the influences of engagement, persistence and adherence on the efficacy of cognitive training for age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative cognitive impairment. This study conducted a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We systematically searched MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and CINAHL databases from 1 January 2012 to 13 June 2023, and included RCTs assessing the effects of cognitive training in older adults, both with and without cognitive impairment. Hedges' g with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to synthesise cognitive training effect sizes on various neuropsychological tests. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on variables including engagement, persistence, adherence and cognitive conditions of normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or neurodegenerative dementia. This meta-analysis included 55 RCTs with 4,455 participants with cognitive conditions spanning normal cognition, MCI and neurodegenerative dementia. The mean age of participants was 73.9 (range: 65.7-84.5) years. Overall, cognitive training showed a significant cross-domain effect (Hedges' g = 0.286, 95% CI: 0.224-0.348). Training effects are significant when engagement or persistence rates exceed 60% or when adherence rates exceed 80%. Higher levels of persistence are required to achieve significant training effects in memory, visuospatial ability and reasoning than in executive function and attention and language. Higher persistence is also required for older adults with normal cognition to achieve significant training gains compared to those with cognitive impairment. This systematic review highlights the critical roles of engagement, persistence and adherence in augmenting the efficacy of cognitive training.

Effect of cognitive training on working memory and mindful attention: A study on sportsmen

Effect of cognitive training on working memory and mindful attention: A study on sportsmen

LOCATION MODERATES THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE TRAINING ON CRASH RISK OVER 20 YEARS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVE STUDY

Abstract Driving is a critical everyday function that helps older adults remain independent. The Advanced Cognitive Training in Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study has shown cognitive training improves driving safety outcomes for older adults. Few studies have examined the longitudinal effects of cognitive training on crash risk beyond 5 years. To address this empirical gap, we aimed to determine the effects of cognitive training on crash risk over 20 years, and how urbanicity moderates these relationships. Using participants from the no-contact control and intervention (speed of processing, memory, and reasoning training) groups in the ACTIVE study (n=2170) and state-recorded crash reports, cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the effect of three cognitive training interventions as predictors of time to first at-fault crash over 20 years. Participants (mean age 73, 73% White, 23% Male) reported driving 90.6 miles/week on average and 12.6% experienced an at-fault crash. Overall, speed of processing training was the only intervention related to lower crash risk, but this varied by urbanicity. Namely, speed of processing training was related to lower crash risk for individuals living in rural environments (HR=.16, 95% CI [.04-.73], p=.018) but not for individuals in urban environments (HR=.89, 95% CI [.54-1.50], p=.679). Findings highlight the safety benefits of speed of processing training for older drivers living in rural environments where more fatal crashes occur. However, interventions are still needed to improve safety in urban environments where more crashes occur generally. Consideration of location in future interventions may help improve safe driving for older adults.