Effects Of Cognitive Reappraisal Research Articles

Under pressure: Effects of distraction and reappraisal on adolescents' psychophysiological stress responses

Although cognitive reappraisal and distraction are generally both beneficial to down-regulate negative affect, it remains unknown whether one may be more effective in helping adolescents handle stressful situations. Therefore, this study compared the effects of both strategies on adolescent's psychophysiological stress responses. Belgian adolescents (N = 82, Mage = 13.99 years, SDage = 0.62; 38% males) received a 100-min training on cognitive reappraisal or distraction to ensure adolescents could use the strategies when instructed; subsequently they were exposed to a standardized interpersonal stressor after which they were instructed to use the learned technique. As compared to participants in the cognitive reappraisal condition, participants in the distraction condition reported larger increases in positive affect during the initial minutes of stress recovery. However, no clear differences emerged when examining negative affect and respiratory sinus arrythmia recovery. These findings provide new insights into the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal and distraction in adolescents.

The effect of cognitive reappraisal on emotion recognition in mothers of children with special needs

Intrinsic family dynamics are an important factor in the development of children with special needs, and mothers' emotion regulation ability influences children's development to some extent. This study examined the intrinsic mechanism of cognitive reappraisal of emotion regulation strategies affecting the emotion recognition ability of mothers of children with special needs. Results indicated that mothers of children with special needs recognized negative emotions significantly faster than typically developing child mothers. After receiving cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategies, they significantly improved emotional recognition of surprise and reduced attention bias towards anger. Overall, mothers of children with special needs may have obvious attention bias towards negative emotions, and cognitive reappraisal can target negative emotions to help them to better improve emotional resilience.

Effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal and distraction for induced acute pain: A laboratory study.

Cognitive reappraisal and distraction modulate pain; however, little is known about their effectiveness at different levels of pain intensity. Thus, the aim of this study has been to analyze the differential efficacy of both strategies to reduce perceived pain intensity and pain unpleasantness in low and moderate pain levels. 3 (emotion regulation strategy: cognitive reappraisal, distraction, and control) × 2 (intensity of the painful stimuli: low and moderate intensity) × 2 (time: pretest and posttest) mixed factorial design. Ninety healthy adults were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions. Pain-heat stimuli were administered with an advanced thermal stimulator. All participants completed the experimental pretest and posttest phases; in each phase, 12 pain stimuli were administered. Participants received brief training on how to apply cognitive reappraisal, distraction, and the control condition for the posttest phase. Data were collected from May 2022 to November 2022. Analyses of repeated-measure analysis of variance showed that at posttest cognitive reappraisal and distraction were equally effective in reducing perceived pain intensity in low pain levels, while distraction was more effective than cognitive reappraisal in decreasing perceived pain intensity in moderate pain levels. Both distraction and cognitive reappraisal were effective in decreasing pain unpleasantness regardless of the intensity of the painful stimuli. These findings highlighted the beneficial use of both strategies in the short term for pain relief, distraction being more effective in moderate pain levels. Applying both strategies to everyday situations that may cause short-term acute pain could be of great clinical relevance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The effect of cognitive reappraisal and early-life maternal care on neuroendocrine stress responses

Early-life adversity (ELA) is related to profound dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, reflected in both, blunted or exaggerated cortisol stress responses in adulthood. Emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal might contribute to this inconsistent finding. Here, we investigate an interaction of early-life maternal care (MC), where low MC represents a form of ELA, and instructed emotion regulation on cortisol responses to acute stress. Ninety-three healthy young women were assigned to a low (n = 33) or high (n = 60) MC group, based on self-reported early-life MC. In the laboratory, participants received regulation instructions, asking to cognitively reappraise (reappraisal group, n = 45) or to focus on senses (control group, n = 48) during subsequent stress exposure, induced by the Trier Social Stress Test. Salivary cortisol and subjective stress levels were measured repeatedly throughout the experiment. Multilevel model analyses confirmed a MC by emotion regulation interaction effect on cortisol trajectories, while controlling for hormonal status. Individuals with low MC in the control compared with the reappraisal group showed increased cortisol responses; individuals with high MC did not differ. These results highlight the significance of emotion regulation for HPA axis stress regulation following ELA exposure. They provide methodological and health implications, indicating emotion regulation as a promising target of treatment interventions for individuals with a history of ELA.

The effect of cognitive reappraisal on food craving and consumption: Does working memory capacity influence reappraisal ability? An event-related potential study

Regulating cravings for unhealthy foods in favour of healthier options is essential for weight management. Cognitive reappraisal, which involves changing the meaning of a stimulus to modify its emotional impact, has shown promise for regulating food craving and consumption. Eighty participants were presented with high-calorie (HC) and low-calorie (LC) food pictures preceded by cues signalling instructions to naturally view the food (i.e., passive viewing; LOOK) or to imagine the future consequences of consuming that food (i.e., cognitive reappraisal; REGULATE). Participants' subjective craving and event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured, and food consumption after the task was assessed. Participants’ working memory capacity (WMC) was measured with the automated Operation Span task. During cognitive reappraisal, cravings for HC foods decreased, whereas cravings for LC foods increased, compared to passive viewing. Cravings for LC and HC foods were correlated with consumptions of LC and HC foods, respectively. Occipital N1 (100–200ms) amplitudes were more negative for LC than for HC pictures, but were not modulated by strategy (LOOK or REGULATE), whereas early posterior negativity (EPN; 200–300ms) was not sensitive to food type (HC or LC) or strategy. Late positive potential (LPP; 400–1000ms) ERPs were largest in the HC-REGULATE condition, possibly due to cognitive processes induced by focusing on the consequences of unhealthy foods. Late LPP (1000–3000ms) was not affected by food type or strategy. LPP amplitudes were not correlated with cravings. WMC was weakly correlated with cravings for LC following reappraisal, suggesting that WMC may influence reappraisal ability. In sum, focusing on future consequences of eating may promote healthier food choices through craving regulation. Further research is needed to examine how regulatory effects evolve over time and how they relate to WMC and brain activity.

The effects of cognitive reappraisal and sleep on emotional memory formation

ABSTRACT Emotion regulation (i.e. either up- or down-regulating affective responses to emotional stimuli) has been shown to modulate long-term emotional memory formation. Further, research has demonstrated that the emotional aspects of scenes are preferentially remembered relative to neutral aspects (known as the emotional memory trade-off effect). This trade-off is often enhanced when sleep follows learning, compared to an equivalent period of time spent awake. However, the interactive effects of sleep and emotion regulation on emotional memory are poorly understood. We presented 87 participants with pictures of neutral or negative objects on neutral backgrounds paired with instructions to either increase or decrease their emotional response by altering personal relevance, or to passively view the stimuli. Following a 12 h period of sleep or wakefulness, participants were tested for their memory of objects and backgrounds separately. Although we replicated the emotional memory trade-off effect, no differences in the magnitude of the trade-off effect were observed between regulation conditions. Sleep improved all aspects of memory, but it did not preferentially benefit memory for emotional components of scenes. Irrespective of a period of sleep or wake following encoding, findings suggest emotion regulation during encoding did not influence memory for emotional items at a 12-hour delay.

Emotion regulation among competitive youth athletes: exploring the independent and interactive effects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression

ABSTRACT Emotion regulation is important for individual well-being and performance across sport and non-sport contexts. However, studies focusing specifically on youth athletes’ emotion regulation are comparatively rare. This study examined how youth athletes’ engagement in two common emotion regulation strategies, namely cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, related to key outcomes including pleasant and unpleasant emotions felt, enjoyment, intentions to return, confidence, satisfaction, and emotional and social loneliness. Prior to the main analyses, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test the factorial validity of the responses obtained with the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents [ERQ-CA; Gullone & Taffe, 2012. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA): A psychometric evaluation. Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 409–417] that was adapted to youth sport contexts. A cross-sectional online survey was administered with 448 youth athletes (Mage = 15.1 years old, SD = 2.3) in competitive sports. Confirmatory factor analyses showed suboptimal factor loadings for three items, and they were thus removed from subsequent analyses. Polynomial regressions with response surface analyses were used to explore the independent effects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression on the outcome variables, as well as their interactive effects on these outcomes. The results showed that more favourable levels of outcome variables were associated with greater use of cognitive reappraisal and less use of expressive suppression. The results demonstrate the benefits of cognitive reappraisal and the detriments of expressive suppression for youth athletes, and provide evidence for the usefulness of the adapted version of the ERQ-CA in youth sport contexts.

Effect of Cognitive Reappraisal on Archery Performance of Elite Athletes: The Mediating Effects of Sport-Confidence and Attention.

Through empirical studies or laboratory tests, previous studies have shown that sport-confidence, attention, and emotion regulation are key factors in archery performance. The present study aims to further identify the effects and pathways of sport-confidence, attention, and cognitive reappraisal (a specific emotion regulation strategy) on real-world archery performance by constructing a hypothesized model to provide a basis for scientific training of athletes to improve sport performance. A survey design was utilized on a sample of 61 athletes (12 international-level athletes, 30 national-level athletes, and 19 first-class athletes) from the Chinese National Archery Team to test the model. The measurement and hypothesized models were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that the model fit well and explained 33.6% of the variance in archery performance. Sport-confidence (total effects = 0.574, p < 0.001) and attention (total effects = 0.344, p = 0.009) were important predictive indicators of archery performance, while the relationship between cognitive reappraisal and archery performance showed considerable complexity (direct effects = −0.268, p = 0.020; total effects = −0.007, p = 0.964). We conclude that the development of sport-confidence and attention of archery athletes should be strengthened, but athletes who use cognitive reappraisal in archery competition should be mindful of its potential appropriation of cognitive resources and should be directed to improve sport-confidence or develop a positive orientation to arouse excitement.

Neural and self-report indices of cognitive reappraisal moderate the association between sensitivity to uncertain threat and problem alcohol use

Exaggerated reactivity to threats that are uncertain (U-threat) is a risk factor for problem alcohol use. Data suggest that exaggerated reactivity to U-threat is associated with chronic anxiety and motivation for coping-oriented drinking. Not all individuals with high U-threat reactivity engage in excessive drinking and theory and research suggest that individual differences in emotion regulation, particularly frequency and effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal, are potential moderators of this well-established link. The aim of the current study was to test this hypothesis using a multimodal laboratory design. A total of 83 volunteers with depression and/or anxiety completed a well-validated threat sensitivity task and two complimentary assessments of cognitive reappraisal. Threat sensitivity was measured using startle eyeblink potentiation during threat-of-electric shock. Cognitive reappraisal was measured using self-report and estimates of prefrontal cortex activation (PFC; i.e., ventrolateral, dorsolateral and dorsomedial) during instructed reappraisal during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results revealed self-reported and PFC indices of reappraisal were correlated within-subjects. Additionally, self-reported and ventrolateral (vlPFC) activation during reappraisal moderated the association between reactivity to U-threat and problem alcohol use. Across both measures, at low engagement in reappraisal, greater startle reactivity to U-threat was associated with greater problem alcohol use. At high engagement in reappraisal, there was no association between U-threat reactivity and problem alcohol use. Together, the findings reveal that exaggerated reactivity to U-threat may be a particularly robust risk factor for problem alcohol use in the context of impaired or ineffective emotion regulation.

Effects of Cognitive Reappraisal on Subjective and Neural Reactivity to Angry Faces in Children with Social Anxiety Disorder, Clinical Controls with Mixed Anxiety Disorders and Healthy Children

Cognitive models of social anxiety suggest that social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by both enhanced emotional reactivity and deficits in emotion regulation. Emotional reactivity to socially threatening children’s faces and their modulation through reappraisal were measured via subjective ratings and electrocortical responses in children (age 10–13) with SAD (n = 28), clinical controls with mixed anxiety disorders (n = 28), and healthy controls (n = 29). Children with SAD showed higher subjective reactivity to the images of angry children’s faces while all children reported reduced reactivity in their subjective ratings following reappraisal. Reduced electrocortical reactivity after reappraisal was only evident in older children and boys and was unrelated to anxiety. The present study indicates that cognitive reappraisal may be beneficial in reducing subjective reactivity in children with anxiety disorders, while neural effects of reappraisal may emerge at older ages.

Determinan Perasaan SDM (Cognitive Reappraisal dan Expressive Suppression) Terhadap Job Search Behavior (Studi kasus pada mahasiswa tingkat akhir sebuah PTS di Jakarta Pusat)

&#x0D; This study aims to determine (1) the effect of cognitive reappraisal on job search behavior, (2) the effect of expressive suppression on job search behavior, (3) the effect of anxiety on job search behavior, (4) the role of anxiety as a mediation in the influence of emotional regulation strategies and job search behavior. The population in this study were final year students of a private university in Central Jakarta in 2015. The sample used in this study was 210 people. The sampling technique used proportional sampling method. In this study, the validity test used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the reliability test used the Cronbach's Alpha method and hypothesis testing used the causal steps method with SPSS software. The results of this study indicate that cognitive reappraisal has a positive and significant effect on job search behavior, meanwhile expressive suppression has a negative and significant effect on job search behavior, and anxiety partially mediates the effect of emotional regulation strategies on job search behavior.&#x0D;

성인 여성에게서 나타나는 부정적 정서 자극에 대한 인지 재평가와 억제 기제의 사용 및 효과

성인 여성에게서 나타나는 부정적 정서 자극에 대한 인지 재평가와 억제 기제의 사용 및 효과

Effects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression on daily work-related outcomes: Comparison between younger and older Chinese workers.

The existing models of emotion regulation (ER) do not make any specific prediction about the differential effects of the same ER strategy among individuals of different ages. However, such assumption may not be necessarily true, given that older adults emphasise emotional goals greater than their younger counterparts. Using a daily diary approach, this study investigated whether the effects of cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES) on daily work-related outcomes would vary by age when individuals were experiencing negative events at work. A total of 141 Chinese managerial employees (Mage =42.40, SD=9.16) completed the diary report for 15 consecutive workdays by recording their daily work experiences. The results of the multilevel analyses showed that age moderated the effects of ES on daily negative emotions, perceived work stress, and job satisfaction. More beneficial effects were observed among older workers than among younger workers. By contrast, the use of CR significantly lowered the levels of negative emotions and perceived work stress for both younger and older workers. These findings revealed the importance of considering the role of age in evaluating the effects of ES on work-related outcomes, which provides important implications for future research and training programs in ER.

Effect of Cognitive Reappraisal on Sadness in Different Regulatory Timing

Effect of Cognitive Reappraisal on Sadness in Different Regulatory Timing

I Believe I Am Creative and Therefore Less Exhausted

This study proposes that creative self-efficacy protects individuals from emotional exhaustion through the mediating effects of cognitive reappraisal and positive affect. The results of a pilot stu...

Superior emotional regulating effects of creative cognitive reappraisal

Although the effects of cognitive reappraisal in regulating negative emotion are generally well documented, its regulatory effects are usually not very strong because the ordinary reappraisals employed in previous studies were insufficient to overcome the mental set or response bias toward negative situations. In this study, we developed a new strategy employing creative reappraisals that provides an insightful reinterpretation of the negative stimulus. We believe this approach, through adopting a guided (creative) reappraisal rather than self-generation strategy, will greatly improve the emotion regulation effect of reappraisal through activating the neural networks representing the process of deep and structural mental representational change accompanied by the feeling of positive emotion and mental reward. The behavioral results suggested that 1) regarding the transient regulatory effect, creative reappraisal resulted in a positive rating for standardized negative pictures; 2) creative reappraisal had a long-lasting effect in reducing negative affect. In parallel with these behavioral results, the imaging data indicated that 1) creative reappraisal was specifically associated with greater engagement of the amygdala and hippocampus as well as regions in the ventral striatum, and 2) the engagement of the amygdala predicted the transient regulatory effect of creative reappraisal, while the involvement of the hippocampus and the ventral striatum predicted long-term regulatory effects. These findings suggest that the superior regulatory effect of creative reappraisal could be mediated by amygdala-based salient emotional arousal, hippocampus-based new association formation, and striatum-based mental rewarding to lead to a novel and positive experience that could be kept in long-term memory. This research indicates the key role of creative insight in reappraisal and presents a novel and highly efficient reappraisal strategy.

The Effect of Cognitive Reappraisal on Reactive Aggression: An fMRI Study.

A number of empirical researches have shown that reactive aggression, which is the behavior that is impulsive, thoughtless, driven by anger, and causes harm toward another individual, can lead to a series of negative effects. Cognitive reappraisal may have the potential to reduce reactive aggression, but evidence for this effect in healthy populations is lacking. We randomly assigned participants to a Reappraisal Group (n = 19) or Control Group (n = 20) in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) version of the well-established Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP). TAP was employed to elicit and measure reactive aggression, during which participants were informed that they would play a competitive reaction time task against two opponents in turn and the winner would punish the loser. The TAP used in this study separates the decision-making (during which participants were asked to set a punishment level for the opponent) and affective processes (during which the punishment was applied or received) that underlie reactive aggression. Behavioral data showed that there was no difference between the Reappraisal Group and Control Group in the punishment level selections (i.e., reactive aggression). However, on the neural level, cognitive reappraisal reduced the activation of left insula, right cuneus, and right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) during the decision phase, independently of the level of provocation. In addition, cognitive reappraisal reduced the activation of the caudate under the provocative condition when making decisions about aggressive behavior. The results of the outcome phase showed that, after winning a competition, cognitive reappraisal increased the activation of the right orbital middle frontal gyrus (OMFG) under the provocative condition and reduced the activation of the bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA) under the non-provocative condition. The results suggest that cognitive reappraisal would be effective in modulating the neural activity of reactive aggression.

Anxiety moderates the effects of stressor controllability and cognitive reappraisal on distress following aversive exposure: An experimental investigation

Background and objectivesEmerging evidence suggests that the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal (CR) depends on different factors, including the individual's psychological wellbeing (e.g., level of anxiety) and the context in which the strategy is used (e.g., stressor controllability). The present study aimed to investigate the emotional (negative affect) and physiological (skin conductance levels) effects of emotion regulation following exposure to controllable versus uncontrollable stress. MethodsNinety-five undergraduate students completed measures assessing anxiety, and were randomly assigned to a condition in which they had (a) control or (b) no control over the viewing duration of distressing film clips, and were then instructed to either (a) cognitively reappraise or (b) ruminate about the clips. ResultsThere were no significant interactions between controllability, emotion regulation, and pre-post changes in responses. However, individual differences in anxiety moderated the effects of controllability and emotion regulation on distress responses. For participants low in anxiety, CR was related to smaller increases in distress following uncontrollable than controllable stress. This pattern was not observed for those high in anxiety following stress exposure. LimitationsThis study used a non-clinical sample, limiting the generalizability of the findings. ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the utility of CR may depend upon contextual factors such as stressor controllability, and individual differences in psychological symptoms.

The mediating effects of cognitive reappraisal and spiritual coping on the relationship between grief reaction and post-traumatic growth

The mediating effects of cognitive reappraisal and spiritual coping on the relationship between grief reaction and post-traumatic growth

The Effects of Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression on Memory of Emotional Pictures.

In the field of emotion research, the influence of emotion regulation strategies on memory with emotional materials has been widely discussed in recent years. However, existing studies have focused exclusively on regulating negative emotion but not positive emotion. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the influence of emotion regulation strategies for positive emotion on memory. One hundred and twenty college students were selected as participants. Emotional pictures (positive, negative and neutral) were selected from Chinese Affective Picture System (CAPS) as experimental materials. We employed a mixed, 4 (emotion regulation strategies: cognitive up-regulation, cognitive down-regulation, expressive suppression, passive viewing) × 3 (emotional pictures: positive, neutral, negative) experimental design. We investigated the influences of different emotion regulation strategies on memory performance, using free recall and recognition tasks with pictures varying in emotional content. The results showed that recognition and free recall memory performance of the cognitive reappraisal groups (up-regulation and down-regulation) were both better than that of the passive viewing group for all emotional pictures. No significant differences were reported in the two kinds of memory scores between the expressive suppression and passive viewing groups. The results also showed that the memory performance with the emotional pictures differed according to the form of memory test. For the recognition test, participants performed better with positive images than with neutral images. Free recall scores with negative images were higher than those with neutral images. These results suggest that both cognitive reappraisal regulation strategies (up-regulation and down-regulation) promoted explicit memories of the emotional content of stimuli, and the form of memory test influenced performance with emotional pictures.