Effects Of Chunking Research Articles

Role of combinative In and Sm additions in tailoring the discharge performance of extruded AZ31 alloys as anodes for seawater batteries

The discharge behaviors of AZ31 alloys, modified by the addition of In and Sm elements in conjunction with equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) processing, were systematically explored. The incorporation of In suppressed the formation of cathodic second phases. In contrast, Sm promoted the precipitation process and therefore led to higher microstructure uniformity following ECAP processing. The solid-solution In contributed to the activated dissolution of Mg matrix and the inhibited hydrogen evolution during discharge, while Sm was beneficial for the uniform dissolution and the alleviation of chunk effect. The results indicated that the 12-pass ECAP processed AZ31-In-Sm anode revealed the most enhanced discharge performance with a discharge voltage of 0.889 V and a utilization of 66.94% at 100 mA cm−2. This improvement can be primarily attributed to the combined effects of the decreased precipitations of cathodic phases by In addition and the enhanced microstructure homogeneity by Sm addition, collaborated with significant microstructure refinement.

Discharge Properties and Electrochemical Behaviors of Mg-Zn-xSr Magnesium Anodes for Mg-Air Batteries.

In this work, the electrochemical and discharge properties of Mg-Zn-xSr (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 wt.%) alloys used as anodes for Mg-air batteries were systematically studied via microstructure characterization, electrochemical techniques, and Mg-air battery test methods. The addition of Sr refines the grain size, changes the composition and morphology of the passivation film and discharge products, and enhances the electrochemical properties of the alloy. Excessive Sr addition breaks the grain boundaries and precipitates a large number of Sr-rich phases, resulting in microgalvanic corrosion and the 'chunk effect'. The anode efficiency of Mg-Zn-1Sr is the highest at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, reaching 61.86%, and the energy density is 2019 mW h g-1. Therefore, Sr is a microalloying element that can optimize the electrochemical performance of Mg-air battery alloy anodes.

Learning to predict: Second language perception of reduced multi-word sequences

The cognitive entrenchment of frequent sequences comes as ‘chunking’ (holistic storage) and as ‘procedure strengthening’ (predicting elements in a sequence). A growing body of research shows effects of entrenchment of multi-word sequences in the native language, which is learned and shaped continuously and intuitively. But how do they affect second language (L2) speakers, whose language acquisition is more analytic but who nonetheless also learn through usage? The present study tests advanced English learners’ receptive processing of multi-word sequences with a word-monitoring experiment. Recognition of to in the construction V to Vinf was tested for full and reduced forms ([tʊ] vs. [ɾə]), conditioned by the general frequency of the V- to sequence and the transitional probability (TP) of to given the verb (V > to). The results are compared with those previously obtained from native speakers. Results show that recognition profits from surface frequency, but not from TP. Reduced forms delay recognition, but this is mitigated in high-frequency sequences. Unlike native speakers, advanced learners do not exhibit a chunking effect of high-frequency reduced forms, and no facilitating effect of TP. We attribute these findings to learners’ lesser experience with spontaneous speech and phonetic reduction. They recognize reduced forms less easily, show weaker entrenchment of holistic representations, and do not draw on the full range of probabilistic cues available to native speakers.

Enhancing primary aqueous magnesium-air battery performance by tailoring anode texture

The mechanisms of the texture generated during the rolling process on the anodes of magnesium-air batteries remain unclear. This work systematically investigates the impact of texture on the dissolution and discharge processes of magnesium anodes using theoretical calculations combined with experiments. Results demonstrate that the ND (Normal Direction) plane of the rolled sheet contained a higher proportion of (0001) oriented grains, exhibiting excellent stability, the slowest anodic dissolution rate, superior corrosion resistance, and enhanced discharge performance. At a current density of 40 mA·cm−2, the discharge capacity and anode efficiency of the ND plane reached impressive values of 1369.86 mAh·g−1 and 61.57%. Additionally, hydrogen evolution, chunk effect, and loss of discharge during the discharge process of AZ31 anodes were quantified for the first time. Furthermore, the effect of texture on the cracking of the discharge product layer was investigated.

The semi-continuous (Mg,Al)2Ca second phase on Mg-Al-Ca-Mn alloys as an efficient anti-corrosion anode for Mg-air batteries

Developing high anti-corrosion and good discharge properties of magnesium based alloys for Mg-air batteries is still in challenge. In this work, a series of Mg-Al-Ca-Mn (AMX) alloys are prepared, and the second phases on AMX alloys are adjusting by varying the Al content. The AMX alloys with 3 wt% Al (denoted as AMX311) exhibits the excellent anti-corrosion behavior with a corrosion current density of 85.7 μA cm−2 and a low corrosion rate (4.1±0.21 mm y−1) in the 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Furthermore, AMX311 shows lower hydrogen evolution volume (20.9±1 ml/cm2) and weight loss (5.8±0.3 mg) compared to other contrast samples. The outstanding electrochemical corrosion performance of AMX311 is attributed to the Al-rich oxide film which slowing corrosion at the initial stage and the formation of semi-continuous (Mg,Al)2Ca phase which can acts as a physical barrier to prevent the electrolyte from further corroding the magnesium matrix. Moreover, the AMX311 exhibits the highest discharge voltage (-1.471 V) and a peak specific energy of 1684.7±30.0 mW h g−1 at 20 mA/cm2, due to its superior corrosion resistance and reduced chunk effect. This work provides a good guide for designing advanced Mg-based alloys and an excellent insight into the effect of second phase on the corrosion and discharge performance of Mg-air batteries anode materials.

Dual routes of chunking social interaction: Insights from grouping two agent actions in working memory.

Humans have evolved the sophisticated ability to extract social relations embedded in interactive entities. One typical demonstration is a social chunking phenomenon wherein the cognitive system chunks individual actions into a unified episode basing on perceived interactive actions. However, the mechanisms underlying social chunking remain to be elucidated. Most studies have adopted static images and manipulated interactions through agents' facingness (face-to-face vs. back-to-back). Connecting agents via directed contingent actions is crucial in forming real-life social interaction. Hence, we employed dynamic actions as stimuli, separated physical- and communicative-contingency interactive actions, and predicted that domain-general physical regularities and domain-specific social relationships are crucial in social interactions, respectively. We tested this prediction by using an involuntary chunking effect in working memory, wherein two individual actions are involuntarily chunked when containing task-irrelevant interactive information. We found that involuntary chunking occurred for both types of upright interactive actions (Experiments 1, 3, 5, and 6). Inverting actions erased the chunking of communicative- but not physical-contingency actions (Experiments 2, 4, and 5). The facingness of dyads did not participate in chunking physical-contingency actions but was a prerequisite for chunking communicative-contingency actions (Experiments 3 and 6). These results reveal the dual routes of chunking interactive actions. Moreover, they suggest that the chunking mechanisms of dynamic social interaction are distinct from those of static images, highlighting the importance of using dynamic stimuli to explore the mechanisms of social interaction in emerging people-watching interdisciplinarity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Superior specific capacity and energy density simultaneously achieved by Sr/In co-deposition behavior of Mg-Sr-In ternary alloys as anodes for Mg-Air cells

In this work, the combined addition of strontium/indium (Sr/In) to the magnesium anode for Mg-Air Cells is investigated to improve discharge performance by modifying the anode/electrolyte interface. Indium exists as solid solution atoms in the α-Mg matrix without its second-phase generation, and at the same time facilitates grain refinement, dendritic segregation and Mg17Sr2-phases precipitation. During discharge operation, Sr modifies the film composition via its compounds and promoted the redeposition of In at the substrate/film interface; their co-deposition behavior on the anodic reaction surface enhances anode reaction kinetics, suppresses the negative difference effect (NDE) and mitigates the “chunk effect” (CE), which is contributed to uniform dissolution and low self-corrosion hydrogen evolution rate (HER). Therefore, Mg-Sr-xIn alloy anodes show excellent discharge performance, e.g., 0.5Sr-1.0In shows an average discharge voltage of 1.4234 V and a specific energy density of 1990.71 Wh kg−1 at 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the decisive factor (CE and self-discharge HE) for anodic efficiency are quantitively analyzed, the self-discharge is the main factor of cell efficiency loss. Surprisingly, all Mg-Sr-xIn anodes show anodic efficiency greater than 60% at high current density (≥10 mA cm−2), making them excellent candidate anodes for Mg-Air cells at high-power output.

Achieving high power density and stability in aqueous Mg–air batteries using taurine electrolyte additives

Aqueous Mg–air batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage, but their practical application is significantly hindered by water-induced parasitic reactions and the chunk effect.

Improving Mastery of Indonesian Vocabulary through Music Mnemonic Method and Picture Cards in Elementary School

At this time, the subject of Indonesian is not a compulsory subject in schools. However, mastering Indonesian vocabulary still requires more work for many students. The complex information in the linguistic rules of the language subject in Curriculum 2013 makes it difficult for students to memorize. This study aims to improve grade 4 Indonesian vocabulary mastery in elementary school through music mnemonic and picture card methods. The research design used was a quasi-experimental study with a between-subject design. The between-subject design is an experimental research design involving two or more groups given different treatments. The design used in this study was a pre-test-post-test control group design. The participants were 30 students aged 9-11 with Indonesian vocabulary mastery scores below the average. The results showed an increase in Indonesian vocabulary mastery through music mnemonic and picture card methods for grade 4 students in elementary school. The group with music mnemonics has the highest score due to the multimodality of various memorization methods that impact the chunking effect on working Memory so that new information can more easily enter the Long-Term Memory. It is concluded that the use of accrostic-type mnemonic techniques has a significant effect on students’ memory level. This study provides input to teachers and schools to combine several methods in providing learning in accordance with children's cognitive development stage.

Tailoring the electrochemical behavior and discharge performance of Mg–Al–Ca–Mn anodes for Mg-air batteries by different extrusion ratios

This work investigates the electrochemical behavior and discharge performance of Mg–3Al-0.4Ca-0.7Mn alloys with three extrusion ratios (ER) of 10, 16 and 25 as anodes for Mg-air batteries. The results show that the ER16 sample has the lowest corrosion current density and the highest corrosion resistance. The corrosion performance of the ER25 sample is slightly reduced due to the excessive discontinuous second phase leading to elevated self-corrosion rate. The alloy exhibits higher discharge voltage and stable discharge process with increasing extrusion ratio. Increasing the extrusion ratio has a homogeneous microstructure, the increase in the area fraction of non-basal oriented grains is conducive to the homogeneous dissolution of the anode and the inhibition of the “chunk effect”. The ER25 sample showed the highest anode efficiency, specific capacity and energy density of 55.73 %, 1306.67 mA h g-1 and 1635.947 mW h g−1 at 20 mA cm−2, respectively.

Effects of trace amounts of Sn, Ca, and Cu on the electrochemical properties and discharge performance of Mg-2Zn-1Gd-0.5Zr as an anode for Mg-air battery

To explore the effect of microalloying on Mg-2Zn-1Gd-0.5Zr (wt.%) (ZG21), the discharge characteristics of ZG21 and ZG21-0.2X (X = Sn, Ca, Cu) were investigated comparatively. Sn solid solution into α-Mg, reduces galvanic corrosion and chunk effect, and greatly improves the discharge efficiency of ZG21. The efficiency of ZG21-0.2Sn are obtained at 20 mA cm−2 with 63.5%. Ca addition makes the open circuit potential more negative and forms Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase to further promote the activity, and because of the loose and easy to exfoliate products, in summary, ZG21-0.2Ca discharge voltage is higher which can reach 1.268 V at 10 mA cm−2. The addition of Cu to form the MgZnCu phase increases the activity and also reduces the grain size, which should be beneficial to the discharge performance, but still the discharge performance is bad due to severe hydrogen evolution. The addition of Sn and Ca provides new ideas and options composition design of Mg-air battery anodes.

A micro-alloyed Mg-Zn-Ge alloy as promising anode for primary Mg-air batteries

Alloying is one of the effective approaches to boost the discharge property of magnesium (Mg) anodes for primary Mg-air batteries and recently micro-alloying is highly recommended at the aim of developing advanced primary Mg system. In this study, micro-alloyed extruded Mg0.5Zn0.2Ge (in wt.%) alloy is evaluated as an anode candidate for primary Mg-air batteries in both half-cell and Mg-air full cell configurations, in comparison with commercially accepted Mg anodes, typified by as-cast HP Mg and extruded AZ31 alloy. The corrosion behavior at open circuit potential (OCP) condition of the three materials is also compared through electrochemical tests. Mg0.5Zn0.2Ge alloy displays the most negative OCP value and the highest corrosion resistance at OCP. During discharge, Mg0.5Zn0.2Ge anode exhibits low wasteful-discharge rate and homogeneous dissolution that gives rise to the absence of “chunk effect”. Consequently, the anodic efficiency and specific capacity of Mg0.5Zn0.2Ge anode are superior to those of HP Mg and AZ31 anodes, e.g. 57.3% and 1257 mAh g−1 at 1 mA cm−2. Additionally, Mg-air battery based on Mg0.5Zn0.2Ge anode offers higher cell voltage and specific energy than those assembled with HP Mg and AZ31 anodes, which can be further optimized by addition of electrolyte additives. Therefore, micro-alloyed Mg0.5Zn0.2Ge alloy can serve as a promising candidate for anode material of primary Mg-air batteries.

Discharge performance of Mg-Y binary alloys as anodes for Mg-air batteries

In this work, the electrochemical properties and discharge performance of Mg-xY (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 wt.%) binary alloys have been systematically investigated as anodes for Mg-air batteries, using electrochemical techniques and Mg-air battery tests. The results reveal that the Mg24Y5 and Y-rich phases in Mg-Y alloys play the micro-cathode and micro-anode roles, respectively. By adding a small amount of Y (0.5 and 1 wt.%), the electrochemical activity of the anode can be effectively enhanced, and hydrogen evolution during discharge can be inhibited. Among the investigated anodes, the Mg-1Y anode possesses the highest discharge voltage at all current densities. The Mg-0.5Y anode exhibits excellent comprehensive discharge performance, with the highest anodic efficiency, specific capacity, and energy density of 63%, 1376 mAh·g− 1, 1899 mWh·g− 1 at 10 mA·cm−2, respectively. The discharge voltage and anodic efficiency decrease as the Y content increase further, attributed to the excessive second phases accelerating the self-corrosion and causing the "chunk effect".

Linking the discharge behavior and microstructure of ternary Mg–Ca–Zn alloy anodes for magnesium-air cells

Three Mg–1Ca–1Zn (wt.%) alloy anodes with distinct microstructure characteristics (As-cast, water-cooled (WC) and furnace-cooled (FC)) are prepared by casting and homogenization treatment followed by different cooling methods. The relationship between microstructure and discharge behavior is systematically investigated. Due to the severe self-corrosion and discharge products adhesion caused by the formation of a large number of micro-galvanic couples, the As-cast anode shows the worst discharge performance. After homogenization treatment, the FC anode possesses an increased peak anodic efficiency of 56.6% and discharge capacity of 1250.11 mAh g−1 at 10 mA cm−2, however, the “chunk effect" induced by the linkage of discharge channels at the triple line boundary restricts cell efficiency. The WC anode exhibits the highest cell voltage at all discharge current densities, which is attributed to the high electrochemical activity and easily exfoliated discharge product layers. A novel discharge mechanism of the linear dissolution of α-Mg across grain boundaries results in uniform dissolution of the anode matrix, mitigative hydrogen evolution and smooth discharge pits. The WC anode exhibits the highest anodic efficiency of 62.9% and specific capacity of 1388.9 mA h g−1 at 10 mA cm−2, making it a promising anode material for Mg-air cells.

Electrochemical properties and discharge performance of Mg-3Sn-xCa alloy as a novel anode for Mg-air battery

In this work, Ca was introduced into the Mg-3Sn alloy as an environmentally friendly element. The electrochemical performance and discharge properties of Mg-3Sn-xCa (x = 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0 wt%) as an anode for Mg-air battery were investigated. The results revealed that the Mg-3Sn-1.0Ca alloy exhibited the best activity and the optimum discharge performance, reaching a voltage of 1.46 V at 2.5 mA cm−2 and a peak specific energy of 1277 mA h g−1 at 20 mA cm−2. The Ca element increases the activity of Mg-3Sn through phase modulation, which results in the presence of a large number of cracks in the discharge products and facilitates the maintenance of high and stable voltages. In addition, the refined grains increase the grain boundaries and expand the contact area with the cathode phase, which dissolves the Mg matrix sufficiently and reduces the chunk effect.

Boosting Mg-Air Primary Battery Performance Via Addition of Complexing Agents in the Electrolyte: A Mechanistic View on the Effect of EDTA

Diverse novel energy conversion and storage systems have developed rapidly in the last few decades to address the growing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources. In this respect, aqueous Mg-air batteries have drawn much attention for their high energy density, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness.A primary Mg-air battery can theoretically provide a relatively high voltage and specific energy density of 3.1 V and 6.8 kW.h.kg-1, respectively [1]. However, the high wasteful self-corrosion rate of Mg alloys during discharge in aqueous electrolytes and fouling of the anode surface with corrosion products significantly reduce the delivered voltage and the specific energy of the Mg-air battery. These drawbacks are exacerbated by the anodic polarization due to the well-known phenomenon called Negative Difference Effect (NDE). Recently, pioneered by Höche et al. [2], the use of Mg complexing agents in the battery electrolyte has revolutionized the performance of Mg-air batteries by mitigating the mentioned shortcomings. However, the understanding of the enhancement mechanism, which may differ for different complexing agents, is at its nascent stage.In this work, sodium salt of ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used as the additive for the electrolyte of a primary Mg-air battery with a commercially pure Mg anode [3]. The electrolyte pH was taken as the main parameter to explore the effect of EDTA on the discharge performance of the Mg anode.The battery voltage was improved at all tested electrolyte pH values, which ranged from 7.0 to 11.0. The utilization efficiency (UE) of the discharged Mg anode is also enhanced by the presence of EDTA in the electrolyte at pH of 11, resulting in a 10-fold increase in the full-cell battery discharge time as compared to the reference battery in NaCl electrolyte without EDTA.Different methods, including EIS, local pH and dissolved O2 measurements, and H2 evolution tests were employed to study the interaction of EDTA with the Mg anode surface during discharge. Several mechanisms of enhancement in the UE have been concluded, including suppressing the chunk effect, weakening the detrimental NDE, and promoting the formation of a more protective layer on the Mg anode surface.The findings of this study provides an improved understanding of the interaction of the complexing agents with the Mg anode in Mg-air batteries, which further helps finding the tuning parameters to optimize its performance.[1] T. Zhang, Z. Tao, J. Chen, Magnesium-air batteries: From principle to application, Materials Horizons, 1 (2014) 196-206.[2] D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, B. Vaghefinazari, T. Braun, R.P. Petrauskas, M. Fichtner, M.L. Zheludkevich, Performance boost for primary magnesium cells using iron complexing agents as electrolyte additives, Sci Rep, 8 (2018) 7578.[3] B. Vaghefinazari, D. Snihirova, C. Wang, L. Wang, M. Deng, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, M.L. Zheludkevich, Exploring the effect of sodium salt of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as an electrolyte additive on electrochemical behavior of a commercially pure Mg in primary Mg-air batteries, Journal of Power Sources, 527 (2022) 231176.

Effect of yttrium and calcium additions on electrochemical behaviors and discharge performance of AZ80 anodes for Mg−air battery

The effects of yttrium (Y) and yttrium + calcium (Y+Ca) additions on the electrochemical properties and discharge performance of the as-extruded Mg−8Al−0.5Zn−0.2Mn (AZ80) anodes for Mg−air batteries were investigated. The results show that the addition of 0.2 wt.% Y increased the corrosion resistance and discharge activity of AZ80 anode. This was attributed to the fine and spherical β-Mg17Al12 phases dispersing evenly in AZ80+0.2Y alloy, which suppressed the localized corrosion and severe “chunk effect”, and facilitated the rapid activation of α-Mg. Combinative addition of 0.2 wt.% Y and 0.15 wt.% Ca generated grain refinement and a reduction of the β-Mg17Al12 phase, resulting in a further enhancement in discharge voltage. However, the incorporation of Ca in Mg17Al12 and Al2Y compounds compromised the corrosion resistance and anodic efficiency of AZ80+0.2Y+0.15Ca anode. Consequently, AZ80+0.2Y anode exhibited excellent overall discharge performance, with the peak discharge capacity and anodic efficiency of 1525 mA·h·g−1 and 67% at 80 mA/cm2, 13% and 14% higher than those of AZ80 anode, respectively.

Role of micro-Ca/In alloying in tailoring the microstructural characteristics and discharge performance of dilute Mg-Bi-Sn-based alloys as anodes for Mg-air batteries

The influence of micro-Ca/In alloying on the microstructural characteristics, electrochemical behaviors and discharge properties of extruded dilute Mg-0.5Bi-0.5Sn-based (wt.%) alloys as anodes for Mg-air batteries are evaluated. The grain size and texture intensity of the Mg-Bi-Sn-based alloys are significantly decreased after the Ca/In alloying, particularly for the In-containing alloy. Note that, in addition to nanoscale Mg3Bi2 phase, a new microscale Mg2Bi2Ca phase forms in the Ca-containing alloy. The electrochemical test results demonstrate that Ca/In micro-alloying can enhance the electrochemical activity. Using In to alloy the Mg-Bi-Sn-based alloy is effective in restricting the cathodic hydrogen evolution (CHE) kinetics, leading to a low self-corrosion rate, while severe CHE occurred after Ca alloying. The micro-alloying of Ca/In to Mg-Bi-Sn-based alloy strongly deteriorates the compactness of discharge products film and mitigates the “chunk effect” (CE), hence the cell voltage, anodic efficiency as well as discharge capacity are greatly improved. The In-containing alloy exhibits outstanding discharge performance under the combined effect of the modified microstructure and discharge products, thus making it a potential anode material for primary Mg-air battery.

(Digital Presentation) Effect of Electrolyte Additives on the Discharge Behavior and Performance of a WE43 Mg Alloy As Mg-Air Battery Anode

Smartphones and electric cars have developed rapidly over the past ten years. Hence, high energy density storage devices are also getting increasing attention. Compared with commercial Li-ion batteries, Mg-air battery systems have the advantages of a high theoretical energy density (6800Wh/kg), natural abundance, environmental-friendliness, and low cost. However, Mg-air battery suffers from low anodic efficiency, discharge product accumulation, and sluggish reaction kinetics on both the anodes and cathodes. Adding additives to the electrolyte has been shown to increase the cell voltage and boost the anode efficiency. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of how electrolyte additives change the discharge behavior is still unclear. In this report, the discharge behavior and performance of a Mg-air battery with different electrolyte additives are investigated through a combination of electrochemical analysis, collection of the by-product hydrogen gas, and microscopic characterizations.A WE43 Mg alloy was selected as the anode for primary Mg-air batteries due to its high activity in 3.5wt% NaCl solution. Various amounts of electrolyte additives, such as chelating agents, e.g. salicylate salts, and corrosion inhibitors, e.g. Na3PO4, were added to 3.5wt% NaCl solution together or separately. The discharge behavior and performance with different additives were analyzed by recording the open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) before and after discharge, discharge voltage evolution, hydrogen evolved from the anodes, and cross-sectional observations of the alloy after discharge. The anodic efficiency loss contributed by the negative difference effect (NDE) and chunk effect (CE) were also quantified to study how different additives change the discharge behavior. The anode performance improvement and synergic effect of the electrolyte additives will be discussed. Figure 1

Exploring the effect of sodium salt of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as an electrolyte additive on electrochemical behavior of a commercially pure Mg in primary Mg-air batteries

In this study, sodium salt of Ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a strong and widely-used complexing agent, was utilized as an additive for a primary Mg-air battery electrolyte with a commercially pure magnesium anode. The electrolyte pH (ranged 7.0 to 11.0) was taken as the main parameter to explore the effect of EDTA on the discharge performance of the Mg anode. The results show that the most negative half-cell discharge potential of the Mg anode is achieved in the slightly alkaline pH around 9, at which the EDTA has the strongest ability to prevent the formation of fouling Mg(OH)2 and improve the anode activity. The utilization efficiency of the discharged Mg anode is enhanced with the increase in pH of the electrolyte due to several mechanisms, including suppressing the chunk effect, weakening the detrimental Negative Difference Effect (NDE), and promoting the formation of a more protective layer on the Mg anode surface.