In this study, carbonated recycled aggregates (CRA) were used in preparing geopolymeric recycled concrete (GRC). The influence of CRA with different carbonation durations on the compressive strength of GRC was studied, and the physical properties of CRA were tested. Bi-material Brazilian disc (BBD) was explored to simulate interfacial transition zones (ITZ). According to the test results, CRA was found to introduce quantities of carbonate ions, causing a similar adverse effect of efflorescence in GRC. Therefore, the compressive strength decreased in the first 24 h of carbonation. After 96 h carbonation, the reduction in compressive strength was insignificant. When using CRA to prepare GRC, it would be advisable to carbonate recycled aggregates for longer than 96 h. The results of the splitting tensile tests and nanoindentation test of BBD revealed that the carbonate ions introduced by carbonation treatment could slightly weaken the bonding properties of ITZ in GRC.