Effects Of Building Parameters Research Articles

Build parameter influence on strut thickness and mechanical performance in additively manufactured titanium lattice structures

Additively manufactured lattices have been adopted in applications ranging from medical implants to aerospace components. For solid AM components, the effect of build parameters has been well studied but comparably little attention has been paid to the influence of build parameters on lattice performance. For this project, the main aim was to evaluate static compressive mechanical performance of regular and stochastic lattices as a function of build parameters. The second aim was to compare strut dimensions of the metal lattice structures as build parameters were changed. Both regular and stochastic lattices were fabricated with a designed strut diameter of either 200 μm or 300 μm on a laser powder bed fusion machine. A range of laser power (140–180 W), scan speed (1700–2100 mm/s), and laser offset (0–45 μm) were used in fabricating each lattice. Compression tests were performed following the ISO 13314 (2011) standard to measure modulus, yield strength, and ultimate compressive strength values. Laser power adjustments produced the most significant effect on lattice performance. A change of 50 W resulted in roughly a 2X increase in maximum load and modulus for both regular and stochastic lattice structures. Regular lattice structures had a higher mechanical response during the mechanical evaluation. Internal strut diameters varied between build parameters as well, with laser offset adjustments producing the most noticeable change in strut geometry between lattice samples. These findings suggest that build parameter optimization, in lieu of using OEM parameters developed for solid structures, is necessary to ensure the optimum mechanical performance of AM lattice structures.

Effects of building parameters on mechanical and surface properties of 3D printed bioplastic (PLA) using TOPSIS: An experimental study

Effects of building parameters on mechanical and surface properties of 3D printed bioplastic (PLA) using TOPSIS: An experimental study

Effect of Build Parameters on the Mechanical Behavior of Polymeric Materials Produced by Multijet Fusion

The figure depicts the multi-jet fusion printing of specimens used to study the effect of changing build parameters on mechanical properties. At each layer, heat is applied to a surface with fusing agent (black) deposited atop fresh powder. A transparent build volume shows the temperature distribution (white-red color map) on the printed layer. Further details can be found in the article number 2100974 by Grace X. Gu and co-workers. For the image, we would like to credit: "Fabiola Leyva from HP Labs".

Effect of Build Parameters on Process Energy Consumption and Material Usage in Fused Deposition Modelling Method

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) process is one of popular 3D printing technologies, especially on printing polymer materials for a rapid prototyping. The process is well known for its resource saving, with no tooling cost required and minimum energy demand. However, the challenge is that the process performances are highly influenced by selection of parameters. From literature, consideration on material usage and process energy demand in FDM processes is still limited. This study used an L9 Taguchi orthogonal array design in investigating effect of build orientation, printing speed and layer thickness on process energy consumption and total material usage in FDM processes. The p-values from ANOVA analysis revealed that only layer thickness and build orientation had significant effect on the outputs. In minimising material usage, the strategy is to select the correct build orientation to avoid need of support structure. For reducing energy demand, optimum layer thickness needs to be determined by considering other factors such as mechanical properties and surface roughness. This study provides preliminary findings which will benefit FDM users in using resources efficiently. Further studies are required to complement the findings from the aspects of mechanical and physical properties of the printed products.

Effect of Build Parameters on the Compressive Behavior of Additive Manufactured CoCrMo Lattice Parts Based on Experimental Design

Due to their high specific strength, toughness, and corrosion and wear resistance characteristics, CoCrMo alloys are widely used in different industries and applications: wind turbines and jet-engine components, orthopedic implants, dental crowns, etc. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of lattice parameters on the compressive behavior of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) parts from CoCrMo material. Build orientation, volume fraction, and lattice type are chosen as input parameters or control factors, and compressive yield strength (σy), elastic modulus (E), and specific energy absorption are chosen as the output or performance parameters for optimization. The Taguchi experimental design method is used in the arrangement of lattice parameters during experimental studies. The level of importance of the lattice parameters on σy, E, and specific energy absorption is determined by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). At the same material volume fractions, Diamond specimens showed higher σy and specific energy absorption than Gyroid and Primitive specimens, except σy at 0.4 volume fraction, where a Gyroid specimen showed the best result. The experimental and statistical results revealed that volume fraction and build orientation were found to be the major and minor effective factors, respectively, for all performance parameters (σy, E, and specific energy absorption). The effect of volume fraction on σy, E, and specific energy absorption was found to be 85.11%, 91.83%, and 57.71%, respectively. Lattice type was found to be the second-ranking factor, affecting σy, E, and specific energy absorption with contributions of 11.04%, 6.98%, and 39.40%, respectively. Multi objective optimization based on grey relation analysis showed that a Diamond specimen with 0.4 volume fraction and 45° build orientation was the best parameter set for the investigated performance outputs.

Design optimization of rural building in dry-hot and dry-cold area using a back propagation (BP) neural network

This study describes the numerical analyses of the indoor air temperature of the earth building located in dry-hot and dry-cold area in order to evaluate the effects of the passive design parameters on the indoor environment and then determine the optimal values of the design parameters. Firstly, a short-term monitoring was performed in an existing earth building, aiming to validate the numerical building model developed by using an advanced simulation software EnergyPlus. Then a series of regional studies on the effect of building parameters on indoor environment of the earth building were investigated and the simulated results indicated that four design parameters, i.e. building orientation, window to wall area ratio, projection factor of window shading and external wall thickness, exhibit the distinctly impacts on the indoor thermal environment in winter and summer. Next, a back propagation (BP) neural network model with ten neurons in the hidden layer was established using Matlab R2016a to predict the indoor environment, and the degree discomfort hours (DDH) in winter and summer were calculated as the output data. Finally, the itemized intensive scanning technique was used to successively select the values of the passive parameters in their range and the predicted results indicated that the optimal passive parameters are 6°east of south, 18.20 %, 0.66 and 643 mm, respectively.

Effect of Build Parameters on the Mechanical Behavior of Polymeric Materials Produced by Multijet Fusion

Multijet fusion (MJF) is a novel additive manufacturing (AM) process for the powder bed fusion of thermoplastic polymers. In recent years, MJF has been established as a promising manufacturing technique for the rapid prototyping and production of fully functional, large‐scale components at high resolution. Like other powder bed fusion techniques, MJF permits the printing of parts without support material, and does not require chemical postprocessing steps, making it especially suitable for fabricating parts with complex and intricate internal features. However, the effects of common build volume parameters (such as part orientation, location, and interpart spacing) on mechanical properties are currently not well understood. This study aims to provide a thorough and comprehensive description of the trends in mechanical properties observed in polyamide (PA)‐11 and PA‐12 samples printed using the MJF process. Tensile, flexural, and impact specimens are printed using varying build volume packing parameters and tested according to the corresponding ASTM standards. The fracture surfaces of tested specimens are studied and characterized to further understand the method of failure propagation through MJF‐printed PA‐11 and PA‐12. As this work demonstrates, determining an optimal bed packing algorithm will be instrumental for optimizing desired mechanical properties of printed parts.

Experimental investigation of wind characteristics and wind energy potential over rooftops: Effects of building parameters

In this study, the wind flow characteristics and wind energy potential over the flat rooftops of tall buildings were investigated systematically via wind tunnel testing. The effects of building parameters such as the building height ratio (Hr ​= ​3, 5, and 7) and the building width ratio (Wr ​= ​1, 2, and 3) were examined. Due to symmetry, the experiments were conducted up to 90° wind direction in a simulated boundary layer flow in increments of 22.5°. For a given building, a 3 ​× ​3 array of points was set on the roof plan and stretched vertically up to a height of z ​= ​2H, H for building height. The vertical wind profiles over the rooftops showed similar patterns at various locations and wind directions. The maximum wind energy amplification factor Cw,max generally increased with Wr and Hr, but it was far more sensitive to Wr than to Hr. The Cw,max values ranged from 1.6 to 2.7, which suggests the great potential for a large wind energy yield over rooftops. However, hub heights from z/H ​= ​1.02 to 1.19 demonstrated much lower values than those given in the literature. This study provides valuable experimental data for the guidance of roof-mounted wind turbines.

Effects of building parameters on occupant’s window opening behaviour

Nowadays a large portion of energy consumption is depends on Residential Building. For these reasons Mechanical ventilation, colling, heating such things also be improved. But Occupants take action to control their indoor environments to adjust their individual flavour. Window Opening & closing If this result is universally applicable most preferred behaviour to adjust their indoor environment. However these behaviour causes an increase in energy consumption in the building. Therefore, if the window opening and closing behavior can be predicted, it will lead to an increase the comfort in the building and a decrease in the energy consumption. Previous studies have confirmed that window opening and closing behavior is significantly affected by ambient temperature. This also indicates that the season also affects window opening. It can be seen that the machine learning algorithm has better prediction than the traditional regression model. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of building information (location, number of floors, area, completion year) and human characteristic for indoor environmental control(heating setting temperature), not on the environmental parameters(temperature, humidity, fine dust, etc.) applied to previous machine learning models in the prediction of window opening and closing behavior. If this result is normally applicable, it will make more realistic predictions possible than when predicting with existing environmental parameters alone. This will give a plausibility to the results of simulations on actual buildings.

Effects of building parameters on wind loads on flat-roof-mounted solar arrays

Roof-mounted solar panels play an increasingly important role in developing renewable energy. Wind loading is a major concern for these systems and is affected by parameters related to both building and array dimensions. The effects of building side ratio (D/B=0.4 to 1), aspect ratio (H/B=0.8 to 2) and parapet height (hp/H=0 to 0.06) are investigated under the condition of a constant building height (H=20 m) in wind tunnel tests. The local wind pressure distributions and area-averaged net pressure coefficients of solar panels are examined. The results indicate that the most critical negative peak area-averaged net pressure coefficients considering all wind directions and all panels show an increasing tendency with increase in side ratio, but that the most critical positive peak values show no significant change. An increase in aspect ratio leads to decrease the most critical positive and negative peak net pressures. Curves fitting for the envelopes of equivalent values (GCpn)eq in the format of ASCE 7-10 are introduced based on all tested models. The most critical positive peak area-averaged net pressures decrease with increase in parapet height, and the most critical negative peak values of building models with a parapet are smaller than those without a parapet.