Effect Of Binder Concentration Research Articles

Effect of binder on the performance of zinc‐tin‐sulfide nano flakes for the high‐performance supercapattery devices

Here in this work, we report the role of binder concentration on the electrochemical performance of Zn-Sn-S (ZTS) mesoporous material for high-performance supercapattery devices. The desired material is synthesized through the facile hydrothermal technique followed by ultra-sonication for 1 h. Material’s morphology, crystallinity, porosity, surface area, elemental analysis, and composition were analyzed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effect of binder concentration on the electrochemical properties was investigated by performing cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in three-electrode assembly while maintaining the 1 M KOH electrolyte environment. In three-electrode setup, the electrodes with a binder concentration of 50%, 25%, and 10% show a specific capacity of 69.24, 154.17, and 247.91 C/g at the current density of 1.0 A/g. Correspondingly, the series resistance observed in EIS for these three electrodes are 3.27, 2.12 and 1.29 Ω, which suggests that ZTS with 10% nafion possesses better electrochemical properties. Therefore, the electrode with a 10% binder concentration was then coupled with the activated carbon to assemble a supercapattery. This assembly (ZTS//AC) was then characterized with CV, GCD, and EIS, which delivers a specific capacity of 135.27 C/g, energy density of 30.06 Wh/kg, and 3200 W/kg of power density. At last, the device's cyclic life had been investigated by initiating GCD for 2500 continuous cycles at the current density of 3.0 A/g. We found that the material’s performance significantly got affected by the binder concentration, and it showed better performance with the optimized concentration of the binder. Furthermore, the ZTS material can be utilized as an appealing electrode material for future supercapattery devices that can deliver a high energy and power density because the material had shown a stable behavior at higher current densities.

Effect of Binder Concentration on Piezoelectric Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics Based on Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing

Effect of Binder Concentration on Piezoelectric Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics Based on Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing

Effect of binder concentration on properties of low-cost fly ash-based tubular ceramic membrane and its application in separation of glycerol from biodiesel

Removal of glycerol to obtain cleaner biodiesel is a matter of concern for many industries as glycerol in biodiesel can be a fatal source of engine failure. Looking at the efficacy of ceramic membranes in separation processes, fly ash based tubular membranes are being used for this purpose. Use of fly ash in membrane fabrication itself is a step towards converting hazardous waste into valuable resource, which ultimately helps in achieving a healthy and cleaner environment. As in the production of ceramic membranes, binders play a crucial role, membranes were fabricated using different concentrations (2–3.5 wt%) of sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) binder in order to get the optimized membrane properties. The fabricated membranes portrayed a wide range of properties (mechanical strength 12.60–20.28 MPa, average pore diameter 0.133–0.190 μm, porosity 40.17–41.65%) and hence, an optimized binder concentration was chosen for further application. The membranes synthesized with 2 wt% Na-CMC solution (membrane M2) showed outstanding mechanical (20.28 ± 2.09 MPa) and chemical stability (6.56 ± 1.67% weight loss in acid; 2.77 ± 0.67% weight loss in base) along with a mean pore size of 0.133 μm. Membrane M2 was further taken for separation of glycerol from biodiesel emulsion. It was found that the membrane successfully removed glycerol from a synthetic solution of biodiesel and the final permeate was found to satisfy ASTM D6751 and EN14214 regulations regarding the free glycerol content in biodiesel.

Effect of Binder Concentration and Dye Loading Time on Titania based Photoanode in DSSC Application

Effect of Binder Concentration and Dye Loading Time on Titania based Photoanode in DSSC Application

Effects of binder concentration on the nanometric surface characteristics of WC-Co materials in ultra-precision grinding

The influence of the binder concentration on the nanometric surface characteristics of WC/Co in ultra-precision grinding is investigated in the present work. The results firstly show that the surface finish of the ground WC/Co changed with increasing Co content, and the machined surfaces were covered by many micro-pits and surface burs induced by the plastic deformation and the prior removal of Co binder, which also led to the micro-chipping of the WC grains near the boundaries for the lack of support by Co. Many finer scratching grooves in the feed marks appeared, but the periodic grinding grooves caused by the feed of the diamond wheel became unclear with increasing Co content and the vibration induced marks on the machined surface turned to be primary, the spatial frequency of which is identified to be around 130 1/mm by the Fast Fourier transform. In addition, for the isotropic of the statistical size of the WC grains and the thickness of Co binder along each direction, a circular symmetry shape of the spatial frequency forms and the radius increases with increasing Co content.

EFFECT OF GRANULE SIZE, COMPACTION PRESSURE AND CONCENTRATION OF MALVA VERTICILLATA MUCILAGE ON THE IN VITRO PROPERTIES OF TABLETS

Objective: To evaluate the effect of binder concentration, granule size and distance between punches on mechanical strength and drug release properties of tablets containing Malva verticillata mucilage (MVM) as a binder.Methods: Paracetamol and lactose were converted into wet coherent masses by a liquid solution containing 1-3% w/w MVM as a binder. Granules containing 2% w/w binder was used to investigate the effect of granule size and distance between punches. Compressed tablets were evaluated for crushing strength, disintegration time and in vitro drug release using pharmacopeial methods.Results: Granules containing MVM were found to be free-flowing and compatible with paracetamol. Mechanical strength and drug release properties of mucilage tablets significantly correlated with the amount of MVM binder. Tablet crushing strength was 3.54-7.12 kg/cm2 while disintegration time 7.13-16.67 min. Compression pressure and granule size had no significant effects on drug release properties of mucilage tablets. Crushing strength of mucilage tablets were higher and significantly different (t(26) = 7.9631, p<0.05) from acacia tablets in the tested variables. The cumulative drug release rate of mucilage tablets was also lower than that of acacia tablets in tested concentrations.Conclusion: Properties of tablets containing 2.5% w/w MVM matched the prescribed pharmaceutical limits and hence M. verticillata root mucilage has a great potential to become a new source of tablet binder.

The effect of binder concentration in fluidized-bed granulation: Transition between wet and melt granulation

According to the binder nature, fluidized-bed granulation (FBG) is usually classified as wet or melt granulation. In particular, the industrial urea granulation performed in fluidized beds, is often called “melt granulation” because a highly concentrated urea solution is used as binder (between 95–97wt%) (Cotabarren et al., 2012). However, plant disturbances can cause changes in binder urea concentration and thus granulation can shift from melt to wet granulation and vice versa.In a previous investigation, the granulation system urea (seeds)–urea (binder) was extensively studied in a pilot-scale batch fluidized-bed granulator (Veliz Moraga et al., 2015). Besides, the effect of seed size, bed temperature, binder flowrate and fluidization and atomization air flowrates on process variables as well as on product properties were studied. The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of the binder urea concentration on the urea granulation performance and product properties. This concentration was varied from 87.5wt% to 98wt%, while the fluidization air velocity, urea melt flowrate, bed temperature set-point and atomization air flowrate were kept constant. The product properties (percentage of agglomerates and coated particles, crushing strength and moisture content) and granulation efficiency are discussed in terms of the transition from wet to melt granulation. The critical urea content was experimentally found; indeed, urea concentrations lower than the critical one dramatically affect the product quality. Finally, the criterion proposed by Villa et al. (2016) for predicting agglomerates formation is used to determine the minimum allowable binder urea concentration. The prediction is consistent with the trends experimentally observed, indicating the good capacity of the criterion to identify the boundary for agglomeration occurrence.

The effect of binder concentration and dry mixing time on granules, tablet characteristics and content uniformity of low dose drug in high shear wet granulation

High shear mixers are classically used for wet granulation because they provide granules with a high density and a high strength in a short granulation time. In this study, the high shear wet granulation process was employed using chlorpheniramine maleate as a model drug, since it represents an example of low dose drug employing 32 randomized full factorial design and optimized in terms of different properties using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach. The effect of binder concentration (X1) and dry mixing time (X2) at three levels on the granules and tablet properties was studied. Chlorpheniramine maleate tablets were prepared from the produced granules to evaluate the impact of dry mixing time and the binder concentration on the produced granules and tablet properties as well as tablet content uniformity. The results show that both evaluated variables had an impact on the produced granules and tablets as well as tablet content uniformity. The high shear mixer is found to be an efficient mixer for dry blending prior to the wet massing of a low dose drug formulation when impeller speed and chopper speed were carefully selected. The results of RSM optimization indicated that formulation containing 4.46% Binder concentration at a dry mixing time of 5 min, gave the most desirable properties for the produced granules and tablets. The observed results of the optimized formula were: Carr's Index:12.72%, Hausner Rati:1.14, angle of repose: 35.18°, hardness: 5.5 Kp, friability: 0.42%, disintegration time: 60 s, average of content uniformity: 112.18% with RSD: 4.6%, and d (0.9): 982 μ which are in consistence with the predicted results, having low values of standard error.

Biomass Briquettes Using Indonesia Durian Seeds as Binder Agent: the Effect of Binder Concentration on the Briquettes Properties

Biomass briquette is an energy source, available abundantly in Indonesia that can prevent world energy crisis when used in efficient ways. In the conventional system, starch from food commodities are applied in the briquettes production causing conflict of interest between energy and food consumption. Durian seeds, which are agricultural waste, contain large amount of starch especially amylose and amylopectin and have the potential as binder agent to replace conventional binder. Several tests were done on briquettes made using durian seed as the binder agent with different binder concentrations. The results show that the durian seed has potential to be utilised as binder agent due to its high shear strength properties. The physical properties of the briquettes can also satisfy standards values of commercial wood charcoal briquettes such as density, heating value, compressive strengths and shatter index.

Effect of Physical States of Binders on High-Shear Wet Granulation and Granule Properties: A Mechanistic Approach Toward Understanding High-Shear wet Granulation Process, Part 3: Effect of Binder Rheological Properties

Ternary blends consisting of efavirenz (a model drug compound), lactose monohydrate, and a polymeric binder were investigated to verify the "physical state theory" in which granulation occurs only when binders undergo transition from glassy state to rubbery solution state. Furthermore, it was found that the rheological properties of the binders can significantly affect the granulation process. The blends with binders of viscous flow [polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K17, PVP K25, and PVP K29/32 after exposure to 96% RH] showed an increase in particle size with both binder concentration and mixing time. On the contrary, binders with viscoelastic properties, such as hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) EXF and PVP K90, did not flow well and thereby, the blends with HPC and PVP K90 did not show much effect of binder concentration and mixing time on their granule size. Moreover, the friability of granules made with HPC EXF and PVP K90 is low, indicating that the strength of the granules largely depends on the viscosity of the binders, as the binders of higher viscosity tend to produce stronger granules. Finally, the viscoelastic state of the polymeric binders upon absorbing water was analyzed using the glass-rubber transition model, which shows five regions with different viscoelastic properties.

English

The ability to convert potent herbal medicines into robust tablet will require a good understanding of certain critical factors such as effect of binder concentration on granule particles and tablets properties. In this study, granules of AM-1, a prototype herbal extract has been produced by the wet granulation process of massing and screening using different concentrations of maize starch gel as binder. The effect of the binder concentrations and granule particles’ size on the granules’ flow and moisture uptake characteristics as well as, their effect on the friability and tensile strength of tablets produced with the granules were investigated. The AM-1 granules prepared with the different concentrations of maize starch gel as binder were of variable particulate dimensions. The particle size and size distribution of the granules showed a remarkable binder concentration sensitivity with a shift to larger particles with increasing binder concentrations. The flow of the granules as determined by evaluating their angle of repose and Carr compressibility indices showed enhanced flow relative to the unformulated AM-1. At simulated tropical humidity and temperature conditions, the AM-1 granules exhibited binder concentration sensitivity to moisture uptake. There was also a reduction in the moisture uptake ability of the granulated AM-1 relative to the ungranulated sample. The tensile strength and friability of the AM-1 tablets showed binder concentration and granule particle size sensitivity: the duo increased with increase in binder concentrations as swell as particle size. This study has shown the effects of granulation as well as starch gel concentration on some critical formulation properties of an herbal extract AM-1, obtained by freeze drying the aqueous decoction of a powdered root material. Key words: Herbal extract AM-1, starch gel, binder concentration, granule properties, tablet properties.

Experimental Study of Fluidized Bed Co-Granulation of Two Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: An Industrial Scale-Up Perspective

This article presents our efforts toward the development and scale-up of a fluidized bed process for co-granulation of two highly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with a polymeric binder. The granulations were produced at three scales using Glatt GPCG3 (small), GPCG15 (pilot), and GPCG120 (commercial) fluid bed columns. The effects of binder concentration, atomization air pressure, and inlet air temperature were first investigated at the small scale. Based on the process knowledge generated at the small scale, various granulations were produced at the pilot scale to determine the effects of solution spray rate. We have demonstrated that, for a given binder solution, the droplet size distribution can be maintained similar by adjusting the atomization pressure when different spray rates were used upon scale-up. Superficial air velocity and moisture level in the powder bed appear to be the other key response parameters, which are, in turn, governed by various process and design parameters as well as formulation properties. This article demonstrates that the process and product quality remains invariant when the aforementioned key response variables are maintained during scale-up through some simple scale-up rules.

3D printing of hydroxyapatite: Effect of binder concentration in pre-coated particle on part strength

Pre-coating of hydroxyapatite particles with low-cost water-soluble natural polymer binder by spray drying technique was used to prepare raw material. Influence of binder concentration in the slurry for pre-coated particle on the properties of hydroxyapatite part fabricated by three-dimensional printing (3DP) was demonstrated in this study. The concentration of binder was found to influence properties of both green and sintered parts. It was observed that sintered strength of hydroxyapatite increased with increasing green strength which in turn increased with increasing the binder concentration and pre-coated particle size. From this study, it is likely that a large pre-coated particle would yield a stronger 3DP hydroxyapatite part. This is related to the better densification of intra-particles than inter-particles during sintering process.

Melt pelletisation of a hygroscopic drug in a high shear mixer: Part 2. Mutual compensation of influence variables

The process of melt pelletisation in a Diosna P10 high shear mixer was examined for sodium valproate and glycerol monostearate. The effects of binder concentration, impeller speed and massing time on mean granule size, size distribution and liquid saturation were investigated. Spherical pellets of almost similar size and size distribution were obtained after 20 min of massing time, with a binder content from 3.1 to 14.1% w/w by adjusting the impeller speed. Granule growth was observed at low levels of binder concentration and liquid saturation (<80%) which is untypical for melt granulation. The liquid saturation seemed to have no major influence on the final pellet size. Additional, mutually compensating effects on granule growth were found to be impeller speed and massing time for a fixed binder concentration. Low levels of both, binder concentration and impeller speed, allowed for good control of the process. The amount of water adsorbed by the hygroscopic drug was found to accelerate granule growth.

Melt pelletisation of a hygroscopic drug in a high shear mixer: Part 1. Influence of process variables

The applicability of a high shear mixer for melt pelletisation of binary mixtures of sodium valproate and glycerol monostearate was investigated. The effects of binder concentration, impeller speed, jacket temperature and massing time on mean pellet size and size distribution were examined in a 2 4-factorial design. Binder concentration and impeller speed were found to be the most important variables influencing the mean granule size and size distribution. An increase in each of those accelerated the granule growth. Due to the solubility of the drug in the molten binder very low amounts of binder were necessary for the formation of pellets. The modified high shear mixer was found to be suitable for batch sizes of 1–4 kg; granule growth was delayed with increasing load. A common pellet growth pattern, which can be divided into three phases, was derived and confirmed from all trials. The process was monitored by means of a torque measuring system. The torque–time curve can be used to detect the beginning of the destruction phase.

A New Method for the Control of Size of Pellets in the Melt Pelletization Process with a High Shear Mixer.

The control of the melt pelletization process in an 8-1 high shear mixer using specific energy consumption of the impeller motor was studied. Lactose was used as the bulk material with polyethylene glycol 3000 as a meltable binder. The effects of binder concentration, mean particle size of bulk material and post-melt impeller speed on the relationship of specific energy consumption and pellet growth were examined. Specific energy consumption was found to be a suitable tool for monitoring the melt pelletization process, and specific energy consumption correlated well with pellet growth. The mean size of the pellets formed becomes correspondingly larger with increasing specific energy consumption. Concerning the impeller speed, specific energy consumption is more useful as a tool for end-point control of the process than post-melt mixing time. Similar size pellets can be obtained with comparable specific energy consumption, independent of the impeller speed. The control of pellet size requires a correlation between pellet growth and specific energy consumption that is established for the formulaiton and process conditions used. For this purpose, mathematical modelling of the pellet growth process is presented. The predictions of pellet growth by the mathematical model are in agreement with the experimental findings.

Chitosan as a tablet binder

AbstractChitosan was evaluated as a binder for chlorpheniramine maleate tablets in comparison with other cellulose binders such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and methylcellulose. The effects of binder concentration on the mechanical properties of granules and tablets as well as on disintegration time and dissolution profiles were studied. Results showed that granules prepared with methylcellulose had lowest percentage of fines and friability. Chitosan tablets showed best dissolution profiles. The rank order correlation for binder efficiency was: hydroxypropylmethylcellulose > chitosan > methylcellulose > sodium carboxymethylcellulose.

EFFECT OF BINDER AND ITS CONCENTRATION ON THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SULFADIAZINE GRANULES AND TABLETS PREPARED BY WET AND FLUIDIZED-BED GRANULATION METHODS

Sulfadiazine was granulated by the fluidized-bed (Uni-Glatt), as well as by the conventional massing and screening (Wet granulation) methods. The effects of binder concentration and its type on the mechanical properties of granules and their corresponding tablets, as well as on disintegration time and drug content were studied. It was found that the fluidized bed method was an efficient with all tested binders to produce superior granules. However, disintegration time of the corresponding tablets was found to be increased markedly and was greatly affected by the type and the concentration of the binder. Some suggestions to overcome this problem are stated.

High-affinity binding of folate to a serum protein in chronic myelogenous leukemia: effect of binder concentration, pH, and temperature.

Serum from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia was subjected to anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. High-affinity binding of [3H]folate to front effluent, eluted at a low salt gradient, was studied in equilibrium-dialysis experiments (37 degrees C, pH 7.4). As suggested by the data, folate binding displayed positive cooperativity. Dilution of the binder solution resulted in a shift to a simple non-cooperative binding type and increased binding affinity. Furthermore, binding was inhibited at pH 5.0 and at low temperature (7 degrees C). This study demonstrates important similarities between high-affinity folate binding in milk and serum: positive cooperativity and dependence of binding affinity on concentration of binder. Identical mechanisms may underly these phenomena in milk and serum. The apparent relationship between binding type and concentration of binder shown herein seems to agree fairly well with recent observations on sera from groups of healthy persons.

Factors Affecting the Dissolution Rate of Medicaments from Tablets II: Effect of Binder Concentration, Tablet Hardness, and Storage Conditions on the Dissolution Rate of Phenobarbital from Tablets

A series of formulations is described in which several binders are used in varying proportions and the tablets are compressed at different pressures. Results show the effects of these variables on dissolution rates of phenobarbital tablets in an acid medium of pH 1.2. Some data on the effects of storage of tablets under controlled conditions are presented.