Effect Of Artificial Feeding Research Articles

Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis of Liver and Oocytes of Schizothorax o'connori Raised in Captivity.

Schizothorax o’connori (S. o’connori) is a representative tetraploid species in the subfamily Schizothoracinae and an important endemic fish in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, the domestication of S. o’connori remains challenging due to the lack of basic research. Here, we investigated the effects of artificial feeding on the oocytes and liver of S. o’connori by comparing the histological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic data. Histological results showed that the oocytes and liver of captive-reared S. o’connori had abnormal cell morphology. After comparison with the self-built database, a total of 233 metabolites were annotated. In oocytes, a total of 37 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected and two pathways were significantly enriched. There were obvious differences in the metabolites related to ovarian development, including pregnenolone and arachidonic acid. In liver, a total of 70 DAMs were detected and five pathways were significantly enriched. Based on the transcriptomic data, a total of 159 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly related with cell growth and death pathway in oocytes, while a total of 2841 DEGs were significantly related with 102 pathways in liver. Comparing the metabolomic and transcriptomic data showed that there were three common significant enrichment pathways in liver, including biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, starch and sucrose metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. These results showed that special attention should be given to the composition and intake of fatty acids during the artificial breeding of S. o’connori. In addition, many of metabolite-gene pairs were related to adenosine 5′-diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, and pregnenolone. In summary, these data provide an overview of global metabolic and transcriptomic resources and broaden our understanding of captive-reared S. o’connori.

Meta-Analysis: Effectiveness of artificial feeding to increase growth rate and reproduction quality of Monopterus albus species

The use of artificial feed for fish farming has been widely used at this time, however, it is not yet known the significant effect of artificial feed on the growth and reproduction rate of Monopterus albus. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of artificial feeding on the growth and reproduction rate of Monopterus albus species. This research is meta-analysis research. The data source comes from a search of 18 national and international articles published in 2010-2020 related to feeding the Monopterus albus species. Data obtained from google scholar database, DOAJ, ScienceDirect, sagejournal, Springer, and IEEE. The data analysis technique is a qualitative descriptive analysis with JASP software. The results showed that 35% of artificial feeding affected the growth of Monopterus albus and 28.5% affected the reproductive rate with an effect size of 1.2. This shows that artificial feeding has an effect of 0.334 in increasing the growth and reproductive quality of Monopterus albus.

Immunity, breast milk and infant formula: finding the optimal balance

Mother's milk is a unique product for children in the first and second year of life. In addition to the components that provide the energy needs of the baby, breast milk contains many biologically active compounds, microorganisms, stem cells that influence the maturation of organs and systems, including the immune system. Even in the most advanced artificial formula, it is impossible to replicate the composition and effects of breast milk completely. Nevertheless, it is possible to introduce some components into the formula that have a positive effect on the developing immune system. These include fat components, in particular long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and -palmitate, nucleotides, the most valuable of which are adenosine, guanine, uridine, cytidine and inosine monophosphates, oligosaccharides, probiotics, macro- and microelements. Goat's milk is an attractive natural product for the production of quality infant formula. Enriching milk formulas based on goat's milk with components with immunomodulatory functions homologous to those of breast milk makes it possible to significantly reduce the adverse effects of artificial feeding of infants, as well as to achieve a positive immunomodulatory effect. Kabrita adapted goat milk formula contains all the beneficial natural components of goat milk, adapted by the manufacturer according to the protein, fat, carbohydrate, micro- and macronutrient composition, with the addition of probiotic complex BB-12 and lipid complex DigestX.

UJI PAKAN TERNAK MENGGUNAKAN KULIT KOPI TERFERMENTASI, OKARA DAN TULANG DAGING SAPI PADA AYAM BROILER

Coffee skin waste is the side result of the process of coffee processing. The coffee skin contains a crude protein of 10.4% which can help the growth in broiler chickens. Coffee skin composition consisting of high coarse fiber and anti-nutritional content, so it is necessary to do fermentation to increase the nutrient content in the skin of coffee and reduce the content of anti-nutritional substances. Proteins in the skin of coffee need the addition of protein from okara to meet the protein needs of broiler chickens. Other than protein, livestock feed for broiler chickens should also contain calcium, which is obtained from the beef bones. This research aims to determine the protein content of feed and the effect of artificial feed on feed consumption, daily weight gain as well as conversion of broiler chickens feed. This study uses complete random design (RAL). Feeding with 5 treatments, 2 repeats and each repetition consists of 1 broiler chickens. The results of the research on protein test showed the protein content of coffee skin feed, okara and beef bones contain 28.82% protein. The test results on feed consumption showed the highest consumption rate was P0 with 2023 g and the lowest was P4 with 888 g. The highest daily weight gain test was P1 treatment, which was 82.525 g treatment and the lowest of the was P4 for 61.25 g. The highest feed conversion value is P0 with 26.42 and the lowest is P4 for 14.495.

ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR PADA KOLAM PENDEDERAN IKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariepinus) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG DAUN SINGKONG (Manihot utillisima) SEBAGAI PAKAN BUATAN

This study aims to determine the effect of artificial feed by adding cassava leaf flour (Manihot utillisima) to the water quality of the African catfish nursery pond (Clarias gariepinus). This study used the T test (one sample T test) to compare the treatment with artificial feed and commercial feed consisting of 3 replications. The feeding dose was 3% of the weight of the fish for 30 days of maintenance with the frequency of feeding twice a day. Parameters observed were NH3, NO2, NO3, pH, temperature, DO and survival of African catfish. The results showed that the provision of artificial feed in the African catfish nursery did not have a significant effect (P> 0.05) on the observed water quality parameters. The quality of water obtained during maintenance by providing commercial and artificial feed is still supporting the survival of African catfish.

Free food for everyone: artificial feeding of brown bears provides food for many non-target species

Artificial feeding of wildlife is a widely used tool for a range of conservation and management goals. While the effects of artificial feeding on target species have been studied rather extensively, little is known about its effects on non-target species. We used automatic video surveillance to monitor the vertebrate species using artificial feeding sites (n = 20) established primarily for brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Dinaric Mountains, Slovenia. We also studied how type of artificial food (only plant-based food vs. mixed food including carrion) affects the species diversity and assemblage at the feeding sites. In total, we analyzed 117,566 recordings and identified 23 vertebrate taxa, including the brown bear, using the feeding sites. Brown bear, European badger (Meles meles), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) were the most frequently recorded species. Birds represented a substantial part (46%) of vertebrate community using the feeding sites, including species of a high conservation importance. Feeding sites were regularly used also by species for which intentional artificial feeding is forbidden in study area (e.g., roe deer Capreolus capreolus). Species diversity at the feeding sites was highest in spring while species composition varied both seasonally and according to the type of artificial food (with or without carrion). Our study indicates that artificial feeding affects numerous non-target species, which could have several ecological and management-relevant effects, including potentially undesired consequences. Artificial feeding of wildlife should be carefully planned and we provide recommendations on how to mitigate the side effects on non-target species.

Engineering Technology Fish Farming of Snakeheads Channa striat ,Bloch, 1793) Based Feed Vitamin C Increase to Superior Quality Using Microsatellite

Objectives for snakeheads farming Cngineered to produce superior products based artificial diet eenrichment vitamin C with different doses and the use of microsatellites to increase growth and determine the superior quality. Methods February to November 2017 Examined the Effect of artificial feed Enriched with vitamin C doses per 100 g feed were given 0 mg (T1), 12 mg (T2), 24 mg ,and 36 mg (T3), 48 mg (T4) were using a completely randomized design (CRD) and 4 treatments and 3 replications. Furthermore, to determine the superior quality using microsatellite genetic markers to see the genetic code snakeheads. Then the treatment was analyzed by ANOVA and data arrangement of molecular weight DNA, polymorphism were analyzed by Cco-stat and Minitab version 11. The data collected observations of the size of the weight absolute, survival, FCR, molecular weight DNA composition, heterogeneity genotype, polymorphism. The results showed that highest of polymorphism were T3 (weight absolute 169.18 mg) and lowest ppolymorphism treatment T1 (weight absolute 149.25 mg) .Next analysis of polymorphism results using a micro-satellite in treatment (T2, ribbon 3,4), and (T3, ribbons 5.6) and (T4, ribbons 7 and 8) respectively using IS-GB1F 5-CCC TGT ATT TCA TTT CTC CA-3 and IS-GB 1 R 5-ACC AAC ACT GCA ATC TCT CT-3 bright ribbons found in treatment T4 (ribbons 7.8) snakeheads are the results showed that the growth of snakeheads were highest in T3 (with ribbons 205bp allele ladder with 215 bps and 225 bps on the right, Addition as well as having polymorphism is high and. variation of different types also found the number of alleles and heterozygotes.

Effects of Glutamate and Na+ on the Development and Enzyme Activity of the Oriental Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen) in Successive Generations

Rapid and mass rearing of Locusta migratoria manilensis is an urgent need to meet the increasing demand for food of people. In this study, the effects of four artificial feeds on the development, reproduction and the activities of detoxification and protective enzymes of L. migratoria manilensis in three successive generations were investigated. The results showed that sucrose and monosodium glutamate (MSG) significantly increased the net reproductive rate (R0) and the intrinsic growth rate (rm) of L. migratoria manilensis, but sodium chloride (0.17%) suppressed this increase. Furthermore, the artificial feed with sucrose and monosodium glutamate increased the activities of esterase (EST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), multi-function oxidase (MFO), phenol oxidase (PO), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), but inhibited the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). However, sodium chloride (0.17%) increased the activities of EST, AChE, CAT and SOD, and inhibited the activities of MFO, GST, PO and POD. Correlation analysis found that the increasing of PO activity and the decreasing of SOD activities were significantly related with the increasing of the intrinsic growth rate (rm). The above results indicated that sucrose and monosodium glutamate could promote the development and reproduction of L. migratoria manilensis, but Na+ inhibit such promotion with the concentration above 0.2%. The activities of PO and SOD can be used as biochemical standard to assess the effect of artificial feed.

Recreational fish feeding inside Brazilian MPAs: impacts on reef fish community structure

Although the practice of recreational feeding of fish by tourists is widespread within marine protected areas (MPAs), the ecological consequences of this activity have received little attention. This research aimed to investigate the influence of artificial feeding on reef fish communities of two Brazilian MPAs. Visual censuses were performed in areas not visited by tourists, in order to characterize the natural community structure of each reef system. In the Maracajaú reefs, the effect of artificial feeding was assessed below a moored floating dock found in the area. Stationary visual censuses were carried out before, during and after the fish feeding activity. In the Maragogi reefs, areas with presence and absence of tourism visitation were established. Transect methodology was employed in each of these areas. On both MPAs, fish feeding was a formal activity and occurred on a daily basis during the course of this study. Within the MPAs, 88 species belonging to 40 families were recorded. In Maracajaú, fish, shrimps and squids were provided by the tourists on the floating dock, which favoured mobile invertebrate feeders, whereas in Maragogi, animal ration and human food were used, causing aggregations of omnivores. Differences were observed in terms of abundance between before and after feeding in Maracajaú and between the control and impacted areas of Maragogi. The data are consistent with fish feeding leading to attraction of determined species, causing an increase in their abundance, also indicating that both the type of food and the extension of activity area are important factors determining the effects on fish communities.

The effect of artificial feed on blood biochemistry profile and liver histology of wild saddled bream, Oblada melanura (Sparidae)

Floating fish farms attract a great number of wild fish species, changing their behaviour and physiology. The saddled bream, Oblada melanura, sampled from populations aggregated around the Adriatic fish farm and from natural/control populations, were analysed for differences in eleven blood biochemistry parameters and liver histomorphology. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) and urea (URE) in cage-associated saddled bream (428.00 ± SD 321.56 U/L, 86.13 ± SD 39.87 U/L and 0.05 ± SD 0.16 mmol/L, respectively) were significantly lower than those observed in the control specimens (1047.06 ± SD 505.56 U/L, 125.75 ± SD 34.70 U/L and 1.99 ± SD 0.73 mmol/L, respectively). In contrast to that, concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in cage-associated fish (87.63 ± SD 132.34 U/L) were higher than values noted for the control population (6.55 ± SD 5.90 U/L). URE and AST presented the main variables contributing to the discrimination between two analysed populations. One-way ANOSIM based on the blood parameters showed significant difference between saddled bream that fed around cages and those from the remote waters ( R = 0.697; P < 0.01). Hepatocytes of cage-associated fish contained large cytoplasmatic clear spaces indicating excessive accumulation of fat in the hepatocyte cytoplasm. All observed differences can be attributed to contrasting feeding behaviour of sampled populations but basic nutritional differences between them should be quantified in the future. Moreover, further research is necessary to detect their impact on the health status of the fish.

Effect of artificial feeding on waterfowl in Lake Izunuma-Uchinuma

Effect of artificial feeding on waterfowl in Lake Izunuma-Uchinuma

A Study On Knowledge And Practice Of Mothers Regarding Infant Feeding And Nutritional Status Of Under-Five Children Attending Immunisation Clinic Of A Medical College

India is a third world war country. Since independence, one of the gravest problems India is confronting with is malnutrition among under-5 children. As in other developing nations, malnourishment is a burden on considerable percentage of population, the most vulnerable being the youngest group of the society. About two-third of the under-five children of our country is malnourished. Among them, 5-8% are severely malnourished while rest fall in the group of mild or moderate malnutrition. So it can be said that malnutrition is one of the most widespread conditions affecting child health. The 'germ' of malnutrition 'infects' a foetus in the intra-uterine life due to lack of sufficient antenatal care on part of the mother. The condition deteriorates further when after birth the infant is deprived of exclusive breast feeding or initiation of weaning is delayed. Weaning should be started after the age of 6 months and should contain energy rich semi-solid food. Malnutrition makes a child susceptible to infections and delays recovery, thus increasing mortality and morbidity. Every time an innocent child suffers the curse of malnutrition; the responsibility goes to the mother, the family and to the community due to their faulty or no knowledge regarding the harmful effects of prelacteal feeding, benefits of exclusive breast feeding and initiation of proper weaning at the correct time. It is to be realized that a million children die worldwide each year because they are not breast fed. Several millions who survive suffer from acute or chronic illness related to harmful effects of artificial feeding. These sufferings are unnecessary and are the preventable ones by discouraging bottle feeding and initiating efforts to bring back the breast feeding culture. On this background, a project has been carried out under the above mentioned title, which is discussed in detail in the pages to follow. A study like this is very much essential to estimate graveness of the situation so that effective and adequate measures can be taken at the individual, family, community and government levels to combat the curse of malnourishment.

Bacterial translocation: effects of artificial feeding.

The most striking observation when reviewing recent literature in the field of bacterial translocation in the intestine is the small number of publications involving human subjects. Although there are some excellent reviews in this field published during the last 2 years, all experimental contributions come from animal experiments. It is therefore crucial to evaluate how valid the animal models are for human pathophysiology. Studies focusing on translocation as a major pathogenic mechanism are urgently needed to help clinicians to make correct decisions concerning protection of the gut and decide upon nutrition in the intensive care unit.

Effects of food provisioning on the behaviour of commensal Hamadryas Baboons, Papio hamadryas, at Al Hada Mountain in Western Saudi Arabia

The effects of artificial feeding by humans on the behaviour of Hamadryas Baboons (Papio hamadryas) at Al Hada mountain in the western region of Saudi Arabia were examined. Grooming was the dominant behaviour in these baboons, especially in adults throughout all seasons. Play was the dominant activity of juveniles less than 4 years of age. Provisioning the locations changed all categories of behaviour. Less social (in some cases, agonistic) and mounting behaviour were found outside rather than inside provisioning sites. Provisioning periods also changed all kinds of behaviour. Periods of heavy provisioning were characterised by less social behaviour, more play in juveniles and increased agonistic and mounting behaviour in adults.

The effect of artificial feeding on cholestasis, gallbladder sludge and lithiasis in infants: correlation with plasma cholecystokinin levels

The occurrence of hepatic cholestatis (judged by fasting serum bile acid levels), gallbladder sludge formation and lithiasis (ultrasonography) and their correlation with plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels was studied in a group of children on continuous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (n = 95), and later in 40 of these children on cyclic TPN (cTPN). After resumption of oral feeding, 75 were studied on partial oral feeding (2–4 meals) and 40 on constant rate enteral nutrition (CREN) then 45 on total oral feeding (4–6 meals). Gallbladder sludge occurred in 23% of the children on TPN for 1 month and 32% of those on cTPN for 3 months. On CREN, the sludge rate was unchanged, but dropped significantly (17%) on partial oral feeding, and disappeared in children on total oral feeding. Serum bile acids were abnormal in 80% of children on TPN or cTPN and diminished significantly on total oral feeding only. Plasma CCK levels on TPN, cTPN and CREN were identical to fasting levels of children on total oral feeding. Plasma CCK levels increased significantly 1 h post-prandially during both partial (p < 0.02) and total oral feeding (p < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between the gallbladder sludge rate and CCK levels for all methods of feeding. This study demonstrates the frequent occurrence of hepatic cholestasis in infants, and the much lower frequency of gallbladder sludge in children compared to adults on TPN. Plasma CCK levels obtained during the different methods of feeding could explain the reduction and eventual disappearance of sludge following stimulation of CCK secretion by discontinuous feeding.

Effects of artificial feeding on the body weight, nutritional status and rumen function in reindeer

In F i n l a n d the l ichen grazing areas of semi-domesticated reindeer are decreasing, especially in the forested part of L a p l a n d , where 2/3 of the reindeer are raised. Simultaneously the number of reindeer is increasing rapidly and the supplementary feeding of reindeer is expanding. A feeding experiment was carried out dur ing winter 1986 in Kaamanen F i e l d Station. Al together 36 female reindeer were fed w i t h five commercia l fodders di f fer ing in feed components and chemical c o m p o s i t i o n and w i t h lichens. The nutr i t ional condi t ion of reindeer was f o l l o w e d by weighing and b l o o d samples. The digest ibilities of six natural and artificial reindeer fodders were also studied by in vitro micro-digest ion technique w i t h rumen l iquors f r o m six reindeer and one sheep. D u r i n g the three months feeding per iod the b o d y weights of art i f ic ial ly fed groups remained unchanged or increased. O n l y the l ichen fed group lost body weight and it differed significantly f r o m the art i f ic ial ly fed groups in A p r i l . The bir th weight and the body weight of three-week-old calves correlated w i t h the body weight of hinds just p r i o r to calving (r=0.391 and 0.491). The daily weight gain of calves dur ing the first weeks of their life (age between 1 5 2 9 days) differed between groups. In February the creatinine, cholesterol , tr iglyceride and phosphate concentration of serum differed between feeding groups. In A p r i l there were also differences in total prote in , a lbumin , gammaglobul in and calc ium concentrat ion . H o w e v e r , o n l y the l ichen fed group differed signif icantly f r o m the other groups. There was significant correlat ion between the daily intake of digestible crude prote in (g/W 0 7 5 ) and total serum proteins (r=0.425). A l s o the dai ly intake of ca lc ium and phosphorus correlated w i t h serum calc ium and phosphate concentrat ion. The in vitro digestibilities (dry matter disappearance) of both ground (Cladina spp.) and arboreal (Bryoria spp.) lichens were lower in l iquor f r o m sheep that f r o m reindeer. Especial ly the digestibilities of ground and arboreal lichens were l o w (14.2% and 47 .2% I V D M D ) in l i q u o r f r o m sheep. D r y hay (Phleum pratense) had higher digest ibi l i ty in l i q u o r f r o m sheep than in l i q u o r f r o m reindeer. W h e n using l iquor f r o m lichen fed and art i f ic ial ly fed reindeer the digestibi l i ty of d r y hay was lower than in l iquor f r o m the reindeer grazed in natural winter pastures. A r b o r e a l lichens had higher digest ibil i ty in l iquor f r o m artif icial ly fed and naturally grazed reindeer than in that f r o m lichen fed reindeer. The digest ibi l i ty of ground lichens was lower in l i q u o r f r o m natural ly grazed reindeer than in l iquor f r o m artif icial ly fed and lichen fed reindeer. C o m m e r c i a l reindeer fodder had lower digestibil i ty in l i q u o r f r o m lichen fed than artif icially fed and naturally grazed reindeer.

Effects of feeding rates on production of common carp and water quality in paddy-cum-fish culture

The effects of artificial feeding on production of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) and water quality in paddy-cum-fish culture were studied for 90 days. Paddy fields of 40 m 2 were stocked with 24 fingerlings (25 to 30 g) 15 days after transplanting the paddy seedlings. The fish were fed a mixture of rice bran and mustard oil cake (1:1) at rates of 2, 4 and 6% total body weight. The growth of individual fish and fish yield increased with increasing feeding rates, as did concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, chemical oxygen demand, and particulate organic matter. The concentration of dissolved oxygen decreased. Economic interpretation indicated a feeding rate of 8.8% of the total body weights of the fish, calculated on the Mitscherlich model. The values for pond conversion and water quality indicated that feeding beyond 4% was wasteful, and accumulation of the feed caused deterioration in water quality.

Effects of artificial feeding on aggressive behaviour of rhesus monkeys in India

Artificial feeding of rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta), which provides the major food source for most rhesus groups in rural and urban habitats, is common practice in India. Such feeding results in significant increases in aggressive competition within the monkey groups: during feeding periods the frequencies of aggressive threats, chases, and attacks increased two to six times above those of non-feeding periods in each of eight different groups. Fighting behaviour did not increase in most groups studied, but did show a rise in one large urban group in Calcutta. The implications of these results for the management of primate breeding colonies are discussed.

Growth of Egyptian Lambs: Effect of Artificial Feeding and Breed Differences

ARTIFICIAL feeding of lambs is not practised in Egypt, owing to the breeders' belief that lambs do not survive unless they suckle their mothers for at least three to four months. The present study was undertaken to investigate the real effect of such practice with both Awsemy and Rahmany breeds.