Effect Of Aqueous Garlic Extract Research Articles

In vitro and in silico investigation of garlic’s (Allium sativum) bioactivity against 15-lipoxygenase mediated inflammopathies

Introduction: Garlic (Allium sativum) is widely used as a flavor-enhancing dietary ingredient and exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of aqueous garlic extract to explore the bioactivity against 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) mediated inflammopathies. Methods: In this study, the antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay), anti-inflammatory (hypotonicity-induced hemolysis assay and 15-LOX inhibition assay) and anticoagulation (serine protease inhibition assay and prothrombin time assay) effects of the aqueous garlic extract were investigated. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking and dynamic simulation analysis of reported small compounds of garlic against 15-LOX1 and 15-LOX2 were performed to figure out the most efficient phytochemical ligands and validate the anti-inflammatory potential. Results: The DPPH scavenging effect and the reducing power of the extract were found with the IC50 of 213.87 ± 1.49 μgmL-1 and EC50 of 124.78 ± 3.39 μgmL-1, respectively. In the hypotonicity-induced hemolysis and 15-LOX inhibition assay, the IC50 values were observed as 147.59 ± 2.98 μgmL-1 and 250.05 ± 8.48 μgmL-1, respectively. The extract inhibited serine protease activity with an IC50 of 301.33 ± 1.31 μgmL-1 and prevented blood coagulation for 10.05 ± 0.35 minutes in prothrombin time assay. The in silico study identified Rhamnetin as a potential 15-LOX1 and 15-LOX2 inhibitor, and it exhibited a stable interaction with the targets throughout the 100 ns dynamic simulation. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide molecular insights into garlic’s medicinal properties as well as its bioactive compounds, which can be potential therapeutic interventions for 15-LOX mediated inflammations.

Aqueous Allium sativum (garlic) extract ameliorates cadmium chloride-induced alterations in blood formation and spermatogenesis in albino rats


 
 
 
 Purpose: To investigate the ameliorative effect of aqueous garlic extract (AGEx) on cadmium chloride (CdCl2-induced) alterations in the blood and testicles of rats.
 Methods: A total of 24 male rats (160 - 200 g), randomly assigned into 4 groups (A - D; n = 6), were used to investigate the claimed protective effect of AGEx on blood and spermatogenic tissues following CdCl2-intoxication in albino rats. The rats in Group A served as controls and were given 5mg/mL of deionized water. Group B rats were given 300 mg/kg of AGEx. Group C rats were given 2 mg/kg of CdCl2. Rats in Group D first received 2 mg/kg of CdCl2, and 300 mg/kg of AGEx 2 h later. All treatments were administered every 48 h for a period of six weeks.
 Results: CdCl2 administration to group C rats reduced haematocrit value (PCV), concentration of haemoglobin (Hb), red cell count (RBC), total leucocytes count (tWBC), eosinophil, neutrophil, testicular weight and sperm reserve (p < 0.05), but elevated lymphocytes count compared with control (p < 0.05). AGEx 300 mg/kg in group D rats significantly reversed (p < 0.05) the altered parameters compared with control.
 Conclusion: The results demonstrate that administration of aqueous Allium sativum (garlic) extract to male rats enhances spermatogenesis, and ameliorates testicular and haematological alterations induced by cadmium poisoning. Therefore, the spermatogenic principle in AGEx is a potential candidate for the clinical management of male infertility.
 
 
 

Aqueous Allium sativum (garlic) extract ameliorated CdCl2- induced alterations in blood formation and spermatogenesis in albino rats


 
 
 
 Purpose: To investigate the ameliorative effect of aqueous garlic extract (AGEx) on cadmium chloride (CdCl2-induced) alterations in the blood and testicles of rats.
 Methods: A total of 24 male rats (160 - 200 g), randomly assigned into 4 groups (A - D; n = 6), were used to investigate the claimed protective effect of AGEx on blood and spermatogenic tissues following CdCl2-intoxication in albino rats. The rats in Group A served as controls and were given 5 mg/mL of deionized water. Group B rats were given 300 mg/kg of AGEx. Group C rats were given 2 mg/kg of CdCl2. Rats in Group D first received 2 mg/kg of CdCl2, and 300 mg/kg of AGEx 2 h later. All treatments were done every 48 h for a period of six weeks.
 Results: CdCl2 administration to group C rats reduced (p < 0.05) haematocrit value (PCV), concentration of haemoglobin (Hb), red cells count (RBC), total leucocytes count (tWBC), eosinophil, neutrophil, testicular weights and sperm reserves; but elevated (p < 0.05) lymphocytes count compared with the controls. AGEx 300 mg/kg in group D rats significantly reversed (p < 0.05) the altered parameters compared with the controls.
 Conclusion: The results demonstrate that administration of aqueous Allium sativum (garlic) extract to male rats enhances spermatogenesis, and ameliorates testicular and haematological alterations induced by cadmium poisoning. Therefore, the spermatogenic principle in AGEx is a potential candidate for the clinical management of male infertility.
 
 
 

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Garlic and Licorice on Carbon Tetra Chloride induced Liver Fibrosis by evaluating serum Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) and Serum Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT)

Background : Hepatic fibrosis results from various chronic insults such as chronic hepatitis B and C, parasitic disease, autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hereditary metal over load e.g. iron and cupper and it is linked with remarkable morbidity and mortality Aim: T o evaluate and compare the antifibrotic effect of Aqueous Garlic extract and Licorice Aqueous extract on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Method: 4 groups of rats were taken. In group A and group B, rats were given injection of normal saline intraperitonally. In group C and D, rats were given injection of Aqueous garlic extract (AGE) and licorice aqueous extract (LAE) 01 ml / Kg body weight of rat /day intraperitonally for next four weeks respectively. At the end, all rats were sacrificed. Blood and liver were taken for biochemical examination. Results : This study results showed that the use of aqueous garlic extract and aqueous licorice extract reduces CCl4 induced liver fibrosis in rats. Keywords: Aqueous garlic extract (AGE), licorice aqueous extract (LAE), hepatic fibrosis, anti-fibrotic effect

Anti-Oxidative Effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) on Androgen Induced Changes in Ovaries of Prepubertal Female Rats

Objectives: It has been documented that the administration of exogenous androgens to immature female rats produces polycystic ovaries. There is a substantial reduction of antioxidants in this condition, with an elevated risk of oxidative stress. The current research is intended to evaluate these effects and to assess the protection provided by aqueous garlic extract (AGE). Methods: An experimental study conducted at University of Health Sciences, Lahore. The data was collected over a period of one month. Fifty female prepubertal rats, 21 days of age, were divided into five groups, A, B, C, D and E. Group A served as control. Group B received testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days and served as disease control. Group C received testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days and concomitantly Aqueous garlic extract (AGE). Group D receive testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days and Aqueous garlic extract (AGE) from day 14-21. Group E received testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days with no intervention till day 21. Blood samples of 50 female rats were drawn by doing cardiac puncture and clear serum was collected by centrifugation. This serum was used to assess the Catalase enzyme by using specific commercial kits. Results: The concentration and activity of catalase enzyme in the female rats with polycystic ovaries showed significant decrease as compare to the healthy controls. The involvement of antioxidants to manage the polycystic ovaries may be helpful as secondary therapy to prevent oxidative damage. Conclusion: The results showed that AGE with its antioxidative properties not only prevents the damage caused by oxidative stress, it also increased the level of serum catalase that helps to create a balance between beneficial oxidant generation and damaging oxidative stress. Key words: Androgens, immature female rats, ovaries, antioxidants, oxidative stress, aqueous garlic extract (AGE), Catalase. How to cite: Bashir.Y., Habib N. Ashraf .S. Anti-Oxidative Effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) on Androgen Induced Changes in Ovaries of Prepubertal Female Rats. Esculapio. 2021.17(01):55-59

Sexual parameters, digestive enzyme activities, and growth performance of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) fed garlic (Allium sativum) extract supplemented diets

AbstractAlthough many studies have assessed the various effects of garlic on fish, the impact of garlic on steroid hormones has not been studied. In the present study, the effect of aqueous garlic extract on sex steroid hormones, fry production, digestive enzyme activities, growth performance, and survival of Poecilia reticulata were evaluated. A total of 360 P. reticulata fries (0.013 ± 0.001 g) were randomly stocked in 12 experimental glass tanks (50 L) at a density of 30 fish per tank. The fries were fed diets supplemented with aqueous garlic extract at 0 (Control), 1.00 (G1), 1.50 (G2), and 2.00 (G3) ml/kg diet three times a day at a ratio of 2.5% of their body weight for a period of 120 days. Results demonstrated that the inclusion of garlic extract in the diet did not have any significant effect on growth performance and fry production. The survival of G2 treatment was significantly higher than the control, G1 and G3 (p < .05). The concentrations of sex steroid hormones (estradiol, testosterone, 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone) and the activity of digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, and amylase) were significantly higher in G2, than the control and other treatments (p < .05). Based on polynomial regression models, the recommended dietary concentration of garlic extract for P. reticulata should be 1.64 ± 0.03 and 1.63 ± 1.01 ml/kg to obtain higher activities of digestive enzymes and sex steroids, respectively.

Inhibitory effects of aqueous garlic extract, garlic oil and four diallyl sulphides against four enteric pathogens

The inhibitory effects of aqueous garlic extract, garlic oil and four diallyl sulphides naturally occurring in this oil against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Citrobacter freundii (total 291 clinical isolates) were studied. The MIC values of four diallyl sulphides against the four enteric pathogens followed the order diallyl monosulphide > diallyl disulphide > diallyl trisulphide > diallyl tetrasulphide (p<0.05). Most interactions of four antibiotics (meropenem, ceftazidime, imipenem and gentamicin) with diallyl polysulphide, determined as FIC index, showed synergistic or additive effects. Garlic oil at 2X MIC reduced original inoculum to ≤ 3 log 10/mL within 8 hr; and 4X MIC reduced original inoculum to < 2log 10/mL in all test enteric pathogens within 6 hr. The intake of aqueous garlic extract in humans provided the antibacterial activity in plasma, determined by inhibitory zone. These results suggested that aqueous garlic extract, garlic oil, and diallyl polysulphide may have potential for the prevention or control of infections caused by enteric pathogens.

Aqueous garlic extract improves renal clearance via vasodilatory/antioxidant mechanisms and mitigated proteinuria via stabilization of glomerular filtration barrier

BackgroundLead (Pb) remains an apparently indispensable material in several industrial processes. It is a potent environmental toxin with associated deleterious biological effects. The study investigated the effects of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) on renal clearance and proteinuria in Wistar rats with Pb-induced kidney injury.MethodsThirty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of five rats each such that exposure to Pb (35 mg/kg i.p) for 10 consecutive days was either followed by 30 days recovery period (without treatment) or 30 days post-treatment with oral graded doses of AGE at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg while comparisons where made against a control (2 ml/kg NORMAL SALINE) at p < 0.05. The phytochemical constituents of the extract were determined using conventional standard protocols before administration to the rats.ResultsPb toxicity induced deleterious alterations of renal function biomarkers (creatinine, urea and total protein) in the plasma and urine, indicators of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (GSH, SOD, CAT and TBARS) in the kidney tissues as well as significantly lowered plasma and kidney NO level (p < 0.05) of the rats. It also significantly lowered creatinine clearance and fractional excretion of urea while urine total protein-creatinine ratio was significantly increased in the rats. Kidney histology showed evidence of Pb-induced glomerular atrophy with tubular and interstitial vacuolation. However, AGE administration was associated with significant normalization of the aforementioned biochemical parameters (p < 0.05) as well as kidney histoarchitectural improvement. The pharmacological effects of AGE were attributed to its determined phytochemical constituents.ConclusionAGE normalized renal clearance through vasodilatory and antioxidant mechanisms with associated mitigation of proteinuria through stabilization of glomerular filtration barrier.

English

This study was carried out to determine the protective effect of aqueous garlic extract on testicular and spermatogenic changes in glibenclamide treated diabetic male rats. Thirty matured male rats were used in this study and were assigned into five groups of six rats each. Diabetes was induced in groups 1, 2, 3, 5 but not induced in group 4. Rats in group 1 were treated with glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg) daily for 21 days. Rats in group 2 were treated with glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg) and garlic extracts (Allium sativum) at the dose of 300 mg/kg for 21 days. Rats in group 3 were untreated diabetic given distilled water. Rats in group 4 were the normal control, given distilled water. Rats in group 5 were treated with garlic (300 mg/kg) dissolved in distilled water. On day 21 post treatment, there was a significant (p &lt; 0.05) decrease in the fasting blood sugar (FBS) level of glibenclamide treated group when compared to garlic treated group and diabetic untreated group but there was a significant (p &lt; 0.05) decrease in the FBS level of co-administration of glibenclamide and garlic when compared to glibenclamide alone and garlic alone. There were significant (p &lt; 0.05) increases in testicular sperm count, epididymal sperm count and percentage sperm motility of group 2 when compared to groups 1, 3 and 5. From the above result, co-administration of glibenclamide and garlic extract produced optimum hypoglycemic activity and protective effect on testicular sperm and epididymal sperm counts, and percentage sperm motility in diabetic male rats. Key words: Diabetes, fasting blood sugar (FBS), garlic, glibenclamide, sperm count, sperm motility. &nbsp

Determination and Comparison of In Vitro Radical Scavenging Activity of Both Garlic Oil and Aqueous Garlic Extracts and Their In Vivo Antioxidant Effect on Schistosomiasis Disease in Mice

Garlic has long been utilizing as a folk remedy for various diseases. In this study, the effect of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) (125 mg kg-1), garlic oil extract (GOE) (125 mg kg-1), and the combination of both extracts (AGE+GOE) (62.5 from each) was studied over a parasitic disease namely schistosomiasis. Determination of some radical scavenging activities including Ferric Reducing Ability Power, Hydrogen peroxide, DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities were studied. The antioxidant properties of the mentioned extracts on both normal and Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice was also studied. The liver tissues were analyzed for the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) known as biomarkers for oxidative and reducing status, respectively. The results showed that almost all tested extracts showed high effect of radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, remarkable decrease in worms and tissue eggs were analyzed in all tested extracts as AGE+ GOE (1015 ± 1.41) represented higher level of prohibition in total number of worms and eggs compared to infected untreated mice (1502 ± 2.13). The garlic extracts were potent antioxidants with slight differences.

Garlic (Allium sativum) increases SIRT1 and SIRT2 gene expressions in the kidney and liver tissues of STZ- and STZ+niacinamide-induced diabetic rats.

Abstract Background Diabetic nephropathy and liver damage are important complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Various factors, such as sirtuins (silent information regulators or SIRTs) are associated with these complications. Sirtuins are a family of NAD+-dependent proteins, and seven types of these can be found in mammalians. In this study, we evaluated the effects of aqueous garlic extract (G) on the expressions of SIRT1 and SIRT2 genes in the kidney and liver tissues of rats with types 1 and 2 diabetes. Methods A total of 36 male Wistar rats (230–280 g) were randomly divided into six groups: C: normal control rats, D1M: type 1 diabetic rats (induced with streptozotocin, STZ), D1M+G: type 1 diabetic rats that treated with garlic extract, D2M: type 2 diabetic rats (induced with STZ and niacinamide), D2M+G: type 2 diabetic rats treated with garlic extract, and G: normal rats that received garlic extract. At the end of the treatment time, kidney and liver tissue samples were collected from all rats. The SIRT1 and SIRT2 gene expressions were determined by qRT-PCR. Results The SIRT1 and SIRT2 gene expressions in the liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats decreased significantly compared with those in the control rats (p&lt;0.05). After treatment with garlic extract, the gene expressions also increased significantly compared with those in the diabetic rats and are close to normal level (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions Garlic extract increased the SIRT1 and SIRT2 gene expressions in the livers and kidneys of diabetic rats. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic have been proven in many studies. Thus, it is possible that garlic – with its effects on this pathway of gene expression – can have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, thus decreasing diabetic complications.

The Effects of Aqueous Garlic Extract on TGF-β2 Gene and Protein Expression in Retinal Tissues of Male Diabetic Rats

The Effects of Aqueous Garlic Extract on TGF-β2 Gene and Protein Expression in Retinal Tissues of Male Diabetic Rats

English

Aims: The effects of aqueous garlic extract on lead-induced changes on the cerebellum of Wistar rats was investigated. Methods: Forty five Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups. Group 1 served as Control. Groups 2 and 3 received lead at low and high doses. Group 4 received lead and garlic extract at low doses while Group 5 received lead at high dose and garlic extract at low dose. Group 6 received lead at low dose and garlic extract at high dose while Group 7 received lead and garlic extract at high doses. Group 8 and 9 received lead and Succimer at low and high doses respectively. Blood samples were collected for estimation of oxidative stress and the cerebellum sections were stained using routine hematoxylin and eosin and cresyl violet staining. Results: Oxidative stress analyses of lead treated groups showed significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities and increased malondialdehyde level (P≤0.05) while significant increase in antioxidant enzymes activities and decrease in malondialdehyde level was noted in the lead and garlic extract Groups. Sections of the lead treated groups showed deleterious effects on cerebellum while aqueous garlic extract ameliorates the severity of the lead induced chances. Conclusion: Our study suggests that aqueous garlic extract can reverse lead induced changes on the cerebellum. Key words: Lead, Garlic, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant, Cerebellum

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS GARLIC EXTRACT ON BETA-LACTAMASE PRODUCING ACINETOBACTER ISOLATES FROM SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS

Objective: The present study evaluates the antibacterial effect of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) on beta-lactamase producing Acinetobacter strains isolated from skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs).Methods: A total of 41 non-duplicate strains of Acinetobacter isolated from SSTIs specimens were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility pattern by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Ceftazidime-resistant Acinetobacter strains were screened for beta-lactamase production by Phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test (PCDDT) and E-test. Antibacterial activity of AGE was examined by the disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AGE and Cefotaxime was determined by the agar dilution technique. The combined activity of AGE and Cefotaxime was evaluated by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index by the checkerboard method.Results: 21 Acinetobacter strains were confirmed to be beta-lactamase producers, out of which 6 were Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producers, 3 were Ambler Class C (AmpC) and 12 were multiple beta-lactamase producers. AGE exhibited significant antibacterial activity as the observed zones of inhibition ranged from 18 - 31 mm against the test strains. The MIC of AGE was in the range of 0.5% - 2% (2.5 mg/ml – 10 mg/ml) with a mean of 0.86% (4.28 mg/ml). 11 test strains showed synergism, 5 strains exhibited additive and indifferent effect, each. By HPLC analysis the concentration of allicin was found to be 0.20, expressed as percentage w/w.Conclusion: It can be stated that aqueous garlic extract might have therapeutic value against beta-lactamase producing Acinetobacter isolates from SSTIs.

Beneficial Effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Status in the Kidneys of Type 1 Diabetic Rats.

One of the most important complications of diabetes is nephropathy. This study investigates the effects of aqueous garlic extract on inflammation and oxidative stress status in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into four groups- control rats, diabetic rats, garlic extract-treated diabetic rats, garlic extract-treated normal rats. The glucose, urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels were measured in sera using colorimetric methods. To determine the oxidative stress condition in the kidney tissues, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured using colorimetric methods. Inflammation status was evaluated by the determination of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene and protein expression using qRT-PCR and ELISA respectively, while nitric oxide (NO) level in these tissues was measured using the Griess method. Histological examination of Kidneys was carried out by H&E staining. The levels of glucose, urea, and uric acid were found to increase in the serum of diabetic rats and decrease in that of diabetic rats after treatment with garlic. Measurement of MDA, TOS, and TAC revealed oxidative stress in diabetic rats, which improved after receiving the extract. The NO and TNF-α protein levels in diabetic rats were higher than those in control rats. After treatment with garlic, the levels of TNF-α protein and NO became close to the normal levels. Histological results confirmed certain other data as well. Garlic has antioxidant properties; therefore, it can reduce oxidative stress, which plays an important role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Reduction in oxidative stress has beneficial effects on inflammation because it leads to a decrease in the level of TNF-α.

Aqueous garlic extract protects against sepsis induced toxicity in pulmonary and ileal tissues

Objective: Based on the potent antioxidant effects of aqueous garlic extract (AGE), the present study was designed to characterize the potential of AGE to modify blood coagulation parameters as well as and pulmonary and ileal injury in septic rats. Sepsis was induced using the caecal ligation and perforation (CLP) method. Methods: Twenty-four hours after sepsisinduction, rats were decapitated and trunk blood was collected for the measurement of platelet counts, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and D-dimer levels. Then, pulmonary and ileal tissue samples were immediately obtained and stored at – 70oC for malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assays. Results: Sepsis was associated with a decrease in platelet count and fibrinogen and an increase in APTT and INR. It also caused a significant decrease in GSH levels and SOD activity in both pulmonary and ileal tissue samples. On the other hand, AGE treatment in rats with CLP caused significantly augmented the level of these antioxidants. As a result of CLP induction increased MPO activity and MDA levels and decreased thromboplastic activity were reversed with AGE treatment. Conclusion: AGE treatment, through its antioxidant effects, protects against oxidative pulmonary and ileal injury and normalizes the impaired coagulation in sepsis.

In Vitro Antibacterial Properties of Garlic Extract against Some pathogenic bacteria isolated from burn unit

The antibacterial effects of aqueous garlic extract and Crude Juice against 38Gram-positive and Gram-negativebacterial isolates, from burn unit were studied. The bacteria isolates were including Staphylococcus spp. , Serratia spp. , Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., Acinetobacter. Spp. and Ochrobactrum anthropi. were studied. Antibacterial activity of aqueous garlic extract and Crude Juice by cup plate method was characterized by inhibition zones of diameter (14-34) mm for gram-positive bacteria and (14-32) mm for gram-negative bacteria respectively. The results of the study of garlic extract both types of aqueous extract and crude juice in the degree of impact inhibition as resultsshowed that Crude Juice had a greater effect than aqueous extract effect.

마늘 물추출물의 Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus에 대한 항균활성

본 연구는 마늘의 물추출물(AGE)의 E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, 그리고 S. aureus에 대한 항균효과를 조사하였다. AGE의 E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, and S. aureus에 대한 최소억제농도(MIC)는 각각 24, 48 그리고 24 mg/mL이었으며, 최소살균농도(MBC)는 모든 균에 대하여 96 mg/mL이었다. AGE 24 mg/mL을 E. coli O157:H7에 투여하고 배양 24시간 후에, 균의 증식이 무처리 대조군과 비교하여 유의성 있게 감소하였다(p < 0.01). 그러나 AGE 24 mg/mL을 S. aureus에 투여하고 배양 24시간 후에, 대조군과 비교하여 유의성 있는 균의 증식억제 효과가 나타나지 않았으나, AGE 96 mg/mL을 투여한 경우에서는 배양 24시간 후에 대조군과 비교하여 유의성 있는 균의 증식억제가 나타났다(p < 0.01). AGE 48 (p < 0.05)과 96 mg/mL (p < 0.001)을 S. typhimurim에 투여하고 24시간 배양 후에, 대조군과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있는 균의 증식억제 효과가 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과로부터, 마늘의 물추출물은 항생제와 화학적 식품보존제의 대체제로서 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. This study was investigated about the antibacterial effects of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) against Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AGE against E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, and S. aureus was 24, 48 and 24 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of AGE against E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, and S. aureus was all of 96 mg/mL. The growth of E. coli O157:H7 was significantly inhibited at the concentration of AGE 24 mg/mL at 24 hr post-incubation (p < 0.01), but that of S. aureus was not significantly inhibited at the same concentration. However, the growth of S. aureus at the concentration of AGE 96 mg/mL was significantly inhibited at 24 hr post-incubation compared to that of untreated bacteria (p < 0.01). At the concentration of AGE 48 (p < 0.05) and 96 mg/mL (p < 0.001), the growth of S. typhimurim was significantly inhibited at 24 hr after incubation compared to that of untreated bacteria. With the results of this study, AGE can be used as alternative to antibiotics and chemical food preservatives.

Reno-protective effect of garlic extract against immobilization stress induced changes in rats

ABSTRACT Objective To examine immobilization stress-induced antioxidant defense alterations in rat kidney and the antioxidant effects of aqueous garlic extract in pre and post stress extract treatments. Methods Albino rats were treated with aqueous extract of garlic both before and 6 h of immobilization stress. Pro-oxidant eminence of rat kidney was assessed by determining the levels of glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase and antioxidant enzymes activities. Results In response to 6 h of immobilization stress, a significant rise in the level of kidney enzymes was recorded. However, antioxidant enzyme activities showed a sharp decline. Conclusions The extract treatment before and after the stress reverted the activities of above mentioned enzymes towards their control values. Hence, garlic extract can be given as nutritional supplement for scavenging the free radicals generated in rat kidney.

Effects of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract on testicular morphology and function in lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2)-treated albino rats

This study investigated the effects of aqueous garlic extract (Allium sativum) on testicular morphology and function in lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2)-treated albino rats. Twenty four male albino rats, divided randomly into four groups of six rats per group, were used. Group A rats served as the control and received neither Pb(NO3)2 nor aqueous garlic extract (AGE) treatment. The treatments to the remaining three rat groups were as follows: group B, 300 mg/kg body weight of AGE; group C, 2 mg/kg body weight of Pb(NO3)2; and group D, 2 mg/kg body weight of Pb(NO3)2, and 300 mg/kg body weight of AGE 2 h later. Both the AGE and Pb(NO3)2 were orally given to these rats every 48 h for a period of 6 weeks. The testicular and epididymal (left and right sides) sperm reserves and the histomorphological features of the testes of the rats in the treatment groups were compared to the control rats. Results showed that testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in rats that received only Pb(NO3)2 treatment. AGE ameliorated the changes in testicular morphology and function associated with Pb(NO3)2 treatment in group D rats. Garlic in this study enhanced spermatogenesis as evidenced from the significant (P < 0.05) increase in the epididymal (left and right sides) sperm reserves of the group B rats. This implies that garlic may serve as an agent that could be used in improving male fertility.