Effect Of Aqueous Fruit Extract Research Articles

Effects of Aqueous Fruit Extract of Annona muricata on Testosterone Propionate Induced Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) in Male Wistar Rats

Introduction: Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related non-malignant prostate gland enlargement in men that leads to pain and difficulty voiding urine. The etiology of BPH is still unknown. Studies have been reported on the effects of Annona muricata (soursop) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with little documentation. Aim: This study aimed to determine the effects of aqueous fruit extract of A. muricata on testosterone propionate induced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in male Wistar Rats. Methodology: The fruits of A. muricata were processed to obtain fruit extract and phytoconstituents. An acute toxicity study was conducted with six doses of A. muricata fruit extract (10, 100, 1000, 1500, 2900 and 5000 mg/kg) to determine the safety and tolerability dose limit. A total of 48 adult male Wistar rats were used for the study. After 2 weeks of acclimatization, the animals were orchimetized. The rats were randomly divided into six groups of eight animals each; group 1 (normal control + sham treated + distilled water); groups 2 (positive control + castrated + TP/day); group 3 (finasteride (3 mg/kg) + castrated + TP/day); group 4 (100 mg/kg AM + castrated + TP/day); group 5 (200 mg/kg AM + castrated + TP/day) and group 6 (400 mg/kg AM + castrated + TP/day) for 42 days. On the 43rd day animals were euthanized, blood and prostate tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological study. Results: This study showed that, the extract significantly (p < 0.05) decreased both the prostate weight and testosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner compared to finasteride-treated rats. The effect of the extract on the histology of the prostate had significant recovery and was able to restore the enlarged prostate to near-normal in a dose-dependent manner. A significant (p < 0.05) recovery was observed at a higher dose (400 mg/kg) of the extracts. Conclusion: The effects of Annona muricata (soursop) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) showed inhibitory potentials via decreased prostate weight, prostate specific antigen, and testosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner. At a high dose (400 mg/kg) body weight of rats had significant recovery (p < 0.05) restoring prostatic histoarchitecture to near-normal. This study suggests that Annona muricata fruit may be considered a treatment option for benign prostatic hyperplasia in men.

Protective effects of Helicteres isora L. fruit extract on phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in rats

BackgroundAnemia is a serious global public health problem that affects young children and pregnant women with an increased risk of maternal and child mortality. Helicteres isora L. (Family: Malvaceae) has significant antioxidant properties responsible for its medicinal properties. The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of aqueous fruit extract of Helicteres isora L. (AEHI) on phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in rats. MethodsThe fruits of Helicteres isora L. (H. isora L.) were extracted with distilled water to obtain the AEHI. The AEHI was subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, iron estimation and in-vitro antioxidant assay. The HPTLC fingerprinting followed by HR-LCMS analysis of the isolated HPTLC fraction of AEHI was carried out to investigate the phytoconstitutents. Male Wistar albino rats were administered phenylhydrazine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) for two consecutive days to induce anemia. The effects of AEHI were investigated at three oral doses viz. 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg once daily for 13 days by estimating blood parameters and pathological changes in the liver, heart, spleen, kidney, lungs and bone marrow. ResultsThe phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates and steroids in the AEHI. The iron content of AEHI was found to be 208 µg/ml. In-vitro antioxidant assays, the IC50 value of AEHI was found to be 90.01 µg/ml. Phenylhydrazine administration caused a significant decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels. These decreased levels were significantly improved by AEHI in a dose-dependent manner. Pathological changes in the liver, heart, spleen, kidney, lungs and bone marrow were prevented by AEHI treatment. ConclusionIt is concluded that the AEHI provides significant protection against phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia.

In vitro Assessment of Antibacterial Activity and Potential Genotoxic Effect of Fruit Extracts of Capparis spinosa L. Plant

This research was carried out to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the genotoxic potential of ethanolic and aqueous (cold and hot) fruit extracts of Capparis spinosa L. (C. spinosa) plant against different types of bacterial strains. The antimicrobial effect of these extracts against the tested bacteria was investigated using broth microdilution method. The potential genotoxic effect was evaluated by ERIC-PCR technique. Results of the current study revealed that the MIC values of ethanolic fruit extract against the tested bacterial had a range of 12.5 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml. However, aqueous fruit extracts had an MIC with a range of 50 mg/ml to 100 mg/mL. The potential genotoxic activity of cold aqueous extract was determined according to the changes in ERIC-PCR profile of E. coli strain treated with extract in comparison to that untreated (negative control). Results of this study suggest the genotoxic effect of aqueous fruit extract on E. coli. Further research is required to assess and identify the biological molecules and their mechanisms in the context of the genotoxicity. In vivo genotoxicity assessment or with the presence of liver extract is recommended to evaluate the safety of using fruits for therapeutic purposes and a valuable nutrient source.

Modulatory properties of Thespesia garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc. Aqueous fruit extract on female rats reproductive hormones and tissues histology and potential inhibitory activity of its constituents against SRD5α2

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThespesia garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc. is called Gorontula (Kola of Tula) in Nigeria, Morojwa in Bostwana, and Thespesia garckeana in South Africa and is widely distributed across Africa. Its parts reportedly possess multiple medicinal properties and are employed for treating various diseases. In Tula, Gombe State, Nigeria, the ripe fruit decoction is taken as remedy for female infertility as documented by Ochokwu and co in the Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare in 2015. Aim of the studyThis research examined the effects of aqueous fruit extract of T. garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc. (AFETG) on selected reproductive tissues and hormones in female rats and also evaluated the inhibitory potentials of its phytoconstituents against human 5-alpha reductase 2 (SRD5α2) using in silico approach. MethodsTwenty-five (25) sexually matured female rats were randomized into 5 groups (i.e. A - E). Oestrous in the rats was synchronized (subcutaneous oestradiol conjugate [10 μg/100 g BW]). Group A received distilled water (control). Group B received standard drug, clomiphene citrate (0.85 mg/kg BW), while groups C, D, and E received AFETG at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW respectively. The animals were treated for five (5) days and sacrificed 24 h after. Their blood was collected and prepared for analysis of serum prolactin, oestradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) while ovaries, uteruses, and oviducts were studied for histological and histomorphometric changes. For the in silico study, the target protein, human steroid 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5α2) was prepared and its receptor grid was generated using Optimized Potential for Liquid Simulations-2005. The ligand 2D structures were prepared using LigPrep 2.4 software and docked using Glide. The binding energy of the ligands to the protein receptor was predicted using Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) analysis. ResultsAFETG significantly increased serum levels of E2 but did not alter serum levels of prolactin, LH and FSH when compared with distilled water and clomiphene citrate. AFETG also significantly increased ovarian tertiary follicular diameter, oviductal epithelial height and serosa thickness as well as uterine endometrial epithelial height, endometrial thickness, and myometrial thickness when compared with control. Ovarian secondary follicular diameter and oviductal submucosa thickness and muscular thickness were significantly decreased by AFETG when compared with control. Two compounds in T. garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc.; D-Melezitose (−12.55 kcal/mol XP GScore) and 1, 3, 4-trihydroxy-5-oxo cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (−9.136 kcal/mol XP GScore) exhibited higher binding affinities for SRD5α2 than the reference ligand, epristeride (−8.096 kcal/mol XP GScore).In conclusion, the ability of AFETG to increase serum E2 level, thickness of uterine endometrium and ovarian tertiary follicles size can be explored for the treatment of female infertility caused by thinning of the uterine endometrium and reduced follicular size. Two compounds in AFETG (i.e. D-Melezitose and 1, 3, 4-trihydroxy-5-oxo cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid are potential inhibitors of SRD5α2, thus aiding the biosynthesis of E2. Available evidence therefore corroborate the traditional use of T. garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc fruit as a female fertility enhancer in Northern Nigeria.

Protective effect of aqueous fruit extract of Mondia whitei against cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Introduction: Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels is rich in antioxidant activity and is known for its nutritional and medicinal uses. This study evaluated the protective effect of M. whitei fruit against cadmium-induced hepatic damage in rats. Methods: Twenty-five albino (Wistar strain) rats were randomly assigned into five equal groups. Rats in group I served as control, rats in group II were intoxicated with 5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) cadmium chloride (CdCl2 ) for 5 days via an oral route, while groups III, IV, and V were respectively administered with 5 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2 for 5 days co-treated with 70 mg/kg b.w silymarin, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. of aqueous fruit extract of M. whitei (AEMW) for 7 days. Results: Cadmium caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in the concentration of cadmium in the liver as well as liver function markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and bilirubin. In addition, a significant (P<0.05) elevation in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and a reduction in the nitric oxide (NO) and antioxidant status were noted in the CdCl2 -exposed rats; hepatic degeneration and congested portal area were also noted. These changes were, however, reduced in the cadmium-intoxicated rats co-treated with silymarin, 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg AEMW. Conclusion: Our result suggests that AEMW exerts protective effects against CdCl2 -induced hepatic damage in rats, and this might be due to the presence of phytochemicals in the plant capable of scavenging oxidative stress caused by cadmium.

Evaluation of the Effects of Aqueous Fruit Extract of Tamarindus indica on Body Weight, Lipid Profile, Some Electrolytes and Urea of Wistar Rats

Objectives: The objectives of this research is to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of T. indica on weight, lipid parameters, some electrolytes and urea of Wistar rats
 Design & Methods: Twenty-five Male Adult rats were grouped into four consisting of six rats each. Group I served as control group, group II was administered 100mg/kg of the Aqueous extract, group III was administered 150mg/kg of the Aqueous extract, and Group IV was administered 200mg/kg of the Aqueous extract.
 The administration took place for seven days, and on the eight day, The Animals were sacrificed. The blood samples was collected via cardiac puncture and used for analysis using a visible spectrophotometer.
 Results: From the result, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in body weight of Wistar rats. In the Test Groups; Serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), High density lipoprotein (HDL), Very Low-density Lipoprotein and Triglycerides revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) compared to Group 1 which is the control Group but had a significant decrease (p<0.05) compared within test groups. For electrolytes concentrations, potassium, Sodium, Chloride and Urea concentrations was significant at p<0.05.
 Conclusion: the results above ,T. indica extract may help to maintain healthy weight, may have hypolipidemic properties, may help in body homeostatic and fluid balance and may also prevent renal damages.

Effect of Aqueous Fruit Extract of Cucumis Sativus on Some Biochemical Parameters in Streptozotocin Induced-Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus is among the major global public health problems and its prevalence is currently increasing at an alarming rate. The research was carried out to evaluate the effect of aqueous fruit extract of Cucumis sativus on blood glucose, total protein, total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), urea, creatinine levels as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and electrolytes (Na + , Cl - and HCO 3 - ) levels on normal and streptozotocin induced-diabetic rat. The aqueous fruit extract was administered orally at a dose of 400mg/kg body weight to both normal and streptozotocin induced-diabetic rat. Twenty adult male rats were divided into four groups of five rats each, two groups were made diabetic and the other two groups were non-diabetic. One of the diabetic groups were administered with the aqueous fruit extract and the second served as diabetic control. The streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneal at a dose of 55mg/kg per body weight. The administration of the aqueous fruit extract lasted for 28 days. Effect of aqueous fruit extract on blood glucose, total protein, total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, urea, creatinine, and electrolytes (Na + , Cl - and HCO 3 - ) levels were analysed. The toxic effect of the aqueous fruit extract was determined using biochemical enzymes markers. The photochemical screening of the aqueous fruit extract showed the presences of Alkaloids, Balsam, Cyanogenic glycosides, Flavonoids, Saponins, Resins and Carbohydrate. Administration with the fruit extract showed significant (P<0.05) reduction on the serum blood glucose level and other biochemical parameters analyzed. The extract possesses no toxic effect as indicated by lowered AST and ALP levels and may be used for the management of diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Cucumis sativus, Phytochemicals, Diabetic Mellitus, Liver enzymes, hypoglycemic activity. DOI: 10.7176/JNSR12-2-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

English

Aim: This study was to histologically assess the therapeutic effect of aqueous fruit extract of Phoenix dactylifera (AFEPD) on lead acetate-induced cerebellar damage in Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty four rats were grouped into six (I–VI; n=4). Group I (control) received distilled water (1 ml/kg). Group II received lead acetate (LA, 120mg/kg) only. Groups III and IV received LA (120mg/kg) followed by AFEPD (1000mg/kg and 1500mg/kg, respectively). Groups V and VI received AFEPD (1000mg/kg and 1500mg/kg, respectively). All administrations were by oral route. Treatment lasted 28 days; LA was administered from day 1 to day 14, while AFEPD was administered from day 15 to day 28 of the experimental period. Therapeutic activity of AFEPD was assessed by histological examination of the cerebellar cortex with H and E stain. Results: Findings revealed neurodegenerative changes in the cerebellar cortex like perineuronal vacoulations and cytoplasmic shrinkage in molecular layer cells and Purkinje cells in LA-intoxicated group. The administration of AFEPD remarkably ameliorated LA–induced cerebellar damage dose dependently. Normal cerebellar histoarchitecture was observed with administration of AFEPD only. Conclusion: Results suggest that AFEPD has therapeutic potentials against lead acetate-induced cerebellar damage in Wistar rats. Key words: Cerebellum, Lead acetate, Phoenix dactylifera

Xylopia aethiopica fruit extract lowers uric acid levels in wistar albino rats

The effect of aqueous fruit extract of Xylopia aethiopica on bile, serum and fecal uric acid levels as well as bile secretion and cholesterol (LDL, VLDL, HDL and triglycerides) were studied in wistar albino rats. Thirty (30) wistar albino rats were divided into three groups of ten (10) rats each after an acclimatization period of seven (7) days. The control group received normal rat chow and water freely. The two test group's ii and iii received daily oral administration of 100mg/kg b.w and 200mg/kg b.w/day respectively of the fruit extract for 28 days, water and standard feed given ad libitum. At the end of the experimental period, bile, serum and feces from the three groups were analyzed for bilirubin and uric acid. Bile flow rate (ml/h) was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the test groups when compared with control. Total and unconjugated bile bilirubin in group ii were significantly (p<0.001) lower than control, while total, conjugated and unconjugated bile bilirubin in group iii was significantly (p<0.001) higher when compared with control. In the serum, total, conjugated and unconjugated biliribin was significantly (p<0.05, 0.001) higher in the group iii when compared with the control. Serum and fecal uric acid levels in the test groups were significantly (p<0.001) lower than in their control. The plasma cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides were significantly decreased in group i while the extract significant increased plasma triglyceride, VLDL but increased plasma LDL and HDL. It appears that low and high doses of aqueous fruit extract of Xylopia aethiopica caused the lowering of uric acid levels in serum and feces, and this might be a panacea to arthritis and gout , atherosclerosis, coronary heart diseases and other cardiovascular related disorders.

Antioxidant effects of aqueous fruit extract of Ziziphus jujuba on ethanol-induced oxidative stress in the rat testes.

Summary The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of aqueous fruit extract of Ziziphus jujuba on ethanol-induced oxidative stress and to examine its protective effects on sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity of male Wistar rats. Adult male rats (n = 28) were divided into four equal groups: the first group served as untreated controls, the second group of rats was given ethanol (4 g/kg), and group 3 received aqueous fruit extract of Z. jujuba (200 mg/kg). The final group of rats were supplemented by oral ingestion of ethanol (4 g/kg), which was preceded 60 min earlier by an oral administration of Z. jujuba extract (200 mg/kg). Fruit extract of Z. jujuba could prevent the reduction of concentration, motility and plasma membrane integrity of the sperm in treated rats with Z. jujuba extract plus ethanol (P<0.05). Glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities significantly increased in the animals ingested with Z. jujuba extract prior to ethanol compared to the ethanol group. Decrease of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level was statistically significant in the animals that ingested the fruit extract of Z. jujuba prior to ethanol compared to the ethanol group (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that aqueous fruit extract of Z. jujuba possesses beneficial effects on ethanol-induced sperm toxicity, subsequently enhancing sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity.

The Effect of Phyllantus emblica Linn on Type - II Diabetes, Triglycerides and Liver - Specific Enzyme

The effect of aqueous fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica Linn was studied on type-II diabetes, triglycerides (TG) and liver-specific enzyme, alanine transaminase (ALT). Our study showed that aqueous fruit extract, in a dose of 200mg/kg body weight, significantly decreased the blood glucose level after its intra- peritoneal administration in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (p<0.05). Almost similar decreased in glucose level was also observed by chlorpropamide, a known antidiabetic drug in a dose of 84 mg/kg. The aqueous extract also induced hypotriglyceridemia by decreasing TG levels at 0, 1, 2 and 4 hours in diabetic rats (p<0.05). In addition, the extract was also found to improve liver function by normalizing the activity of liver-specific enzyme alanine transaminase (ALT).

Effect of exogenous ATP on Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) induced inhibition of d-glucose, l-tyrosine and fluid transport across rat everted intestinal sacs in vitro

Momordica charantia (MC) is a common oriental vegetable with known antidiabetic, laxative and antimicrobial properties. This study investigates the effects of aqueous fruit extract of MC on the transport of d-glucose, l-tyrosine and fluid across rat-everted intestine in vitro. Everted intestinal sacs from rats were mounted in an organ bath containing Krebs–Henseleit bicarbonate buffer. Graded concentrations (1.5–12 mg/ml) of MC fruit extract were incubated in the mucosal solution with and without exogenous ATP in the mucosal bathing fluid. The serosal appearance and mucosal disappearance of d-glucose, l-tyrosine and the fluid absorptive capacity of the intestine were significantly inhibited ( p < 0.05) with increasing graded concentrations of MC. The concentration of d-glucose accumulated or metabolized by the enterocytes in the intestinal tissues were significantly higher ( p < 0.05) when incubated with MC. Increasing graded concentrations of exogenous ATP (25–200 μM) were incubated with 3.0 mg/ml MC to confirm inhibition of the ATP-dependent active transport of d-glucose, l-tyrosine and fluid across rat enterocytes. It was found that increasing concentrations of mucosal ATP from 25 to 100 μM significantly ( p < 0.05) reverses the MC-depression of the d-glucose, l-tyrosine and fluid uptake across rat everted intestinal sacs. It is hypothesized that bioactive phytochemicals such as saponins in MC fruit extract inhibits the active transport of d-glucose, l-tyrosine and fluid across rat intestine by inhibiting the production of ATP responsible for the active transport of these molecules. It is likely that MC can be a potential alternative drug therapy of postprandial hyperglycaemia via inhibition of glucose uptake across the small intestine.

Experimental evidence for in vitro fluid transport in the presence of a traditional medicinal fruit extract across rat everted intestinal sacs

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of aqueous fruit extract of Momordica charantia (MC), a traditional medicinal plant, on the transport of fluid in vitro. Everted intestinal sacs from rats were mounted in an organ bath containing Krebs solution. We compared the effect of MC extract on water transport with increasing inorganic phosphate concentration with or without D-glucose in the buffer. In the control experiments, fluid uptake was enhanced significantly (P < 0.05) at high inorganic phosphate concentration (8-10 mM) in the presence of 5.5 mM D-glucose. Addition of 3.0 mg/mL MC extract to the serosal side inhibits the uptake of fluid significantly (P < 0.05). At high inorganic phosphate concentration (8-10 mM), fluid uptake was not inhibited (P > 0.05) when incubated with 3.0 mg/mL MC fruit extract. It is hypothesized that an increase in inorganic phosphate enhances oxidative phosphorylation thereby increasing the fluid uptake across everted intestinal sacs of rat. These findings seem to indicate that the MC-induced reduction on intestinal fluid absorption capacity could be mainly the result of an interference with the carrier-mediated coupled entrance of glucose and Na(+) across the brush-border membrane.

Preliminary histological and histochemical studies on the neuroprotective effect of aqueous fruit extract of phoenix dactylifera L. (Date Palm) on atesunate - induced cerebellar damage in wistar rats

Context: The cerebellum is vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources such as degenerative diseases, infectious processes and toxins, like antimalarial drugs. Various parts of Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) are used in traditional medicine to treat various disorders such as memory disturbances, loss of consciousness, nervous disorders, etc., in different parts of the world. Aim: The neuroprotective effect of aqueous fruit extract of P. dactylifera (AFPD) was assessed against artesunate (AS) (antimalarial drug) - induced cerebellar damage in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty Wistar rats (male and female) were divided into five groups (A-E) of four rats each. Group A was the control whereas Groups B-E were treatment groups. Cerebellar toxicity was experimentally induced in Wistar rats by administering AS. Group B was administered AS (300 mg/kg, oral). Groups C, D, and E were administered AFPD (500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg, oral, respectively) followed by AS (300 mg/kg, oral) for a period of 7 days. Neuroprotective activity was studied by histopathological examination of brain sections applying routine (Haematoxylin and Eosin) and histochemical (Cresly Fast Violet) staining techniques. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance. Results: Histopathological examination of brain sections revealed neuronal degeneration of cerebellar cells, such as, vacuolations and degeneration of Purkinje cells, and alteration in the general histoarchitecture of cerebellum was observed in AS-intoxicated group. The administration of AFPD remarkably inhibited AS-induced neuronal damage in Wistar rats with maximum neuroprotective effect at 500 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg doses when compared with tissue sections of AS-intoxicated group. Conclusion: Result suggests that the effectiveness of AFPD in neuroprotection is probably due to its constituent antioxidant properties.