Effect Of Adult Feeding Research Articles

Some Factors Influencing Calling Behavior and Mass Emission Rate of Sex Pheromone from the Gland of the Moth Chloridea virescens.

To attract a mate, females of most moth species synthesize and emit sex pheromone from a specific gland in a behavior termed "calling". In a broad temporal sense, calling behavior and pheromone synthesis are synchronized through the overlap of their circadian rhythms. However, the limited amount of pheromone a female produces each day must be managed so that pheromone is emitted at a sufficient (to attract males) mass emission rate (MER) over the entire calling period, typically many hours. We are studying pheromone synthesis and emission in the moth Chloridea (formerly Heliothis) virescens (family Noctuidae). One way that female C. virescens manage pheromone over their calling period is by calling intermittently; the period between calling bouts allows females to replenish pheromone, and resume calling at high MERs. However, militating against replenishment is loss of pheromone through putative catabolism. In this paper, we examined three aspects pertaining to pheromone MER in C. virescens: (i) the effect of adult feeding on calling behavior, (ii) the effect of certain behavioral/physical parameters on MER, and (iii) the relative loss (putative catabolism) of pheromone in retracted (non-calling) and everted (calling) glands. We found that (i) adult feeding increases calling duration, consistent with the known concomitant increase in pheromone production, (ii) various physical factors relating to the gland, including degree of eversion (surface area), orientation to airstream, and air velocity over the gland influence MER, and (iii) putative catabolism occurs in both retracted and everted glands, but substantially less pheromone is lost in the everted gland primarily because of the high MER when the gland is first everted. Together, these data demonstrate that, over the calling period, the efficient use of pheromone for emission by female C. virescens is dependent on the interaction among synthesis, storage, catabolism, and calling behavior.

Effect of adult feeding on the δ15N signatures of different tissues for Popillia japonica

AbstractAs insects feed, stable isotopes from their diets are assimilated into their tissues. Stable isotopes provide a method to determine what insects are feeding on, and in some cases, where the insects have been feeding. One method for evaluating what adult holometabolous insects fed on as larvae, is to sample tissues from the integument of the adult. The integument should have isotopic signatures that reflect the diet of the larvae, and these inert tissues should be less influenced by adult feeding compared to other tissues. The objective of our research was to examine how isotopic signatures of nitrogen in various tissues of adult Popillia japonica (Newman) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) beetles would be influenced by adults feeding on 15N‐enriched plant material. We collected adults from emergences cages at unenriched grasses and fed them for 0, 2, 5, or 10 days with grape plants fertilized with isotopically enriched or unenriched potassium nitrate. The δ15N signature of elytra and soft tissues both increased over time when fed enriched plant material. The δ15N signatures of soft tissues were higher than that of the elytra over time. Adult beetles fed highly enriched plant material displayed increased δ15N signatures over time of tissues generally considered metabolically inactive, which suggests that adult feeding does contribute to the isotopic signatures of elytra tissue. The difference between the δ15N signatures of soft tissues and elytra demonstrates a lower turnover rate in the elytra and highlights the fact that diet does contribute to the signature of elytra.

Pengaruh pakan terhadap lama hidup dan kebugaran imago Eriborus argenteopilosus Cameron (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Research of the effect of adult feeding to longevity and fecundity of parasitoid Eriborus argenteopilosus Cameron (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was conducted under laboratory conditions. Fitness was studied by feeding adults Eriborus with different types of food ( 10% honey, 10% yeast, aquadest). Results of the research indicated that fitness and longevity were highest when Eriborus was fed with 10% honey. There is a positive correlation between size and fecundity, suggesting certain measures of body length can be used as indicators of fitness.

Management of protein intake in the fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus

This work tested if carbohydrates and proteins ingestion is regulated in the South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus, to optimize survival and reproduction. Adult food treatments were established by providing sugar and hydrolyzed yeast in various combinations either alone or mixed at a standard 3:1 ratio (sugar:hydrolyzed yeast). Individual food consumption was assessed and related to survival patterns. The effects of adult feeding on fecundity and fertility patterns were investigated in groups of flies. Sugar consumption was the lowest in the treatment where it was provided with hydrolyzed yeast at a fixed 3:1 ratio. Consumption of hydrolyzed yeast did not differ between this treatment and the one in which this solution was complemented with one solution of sugar. It seems that a mixture of sugar and hydrolyzed yeast at a fixed ratio of 3:1, respectively, restricts extra ingestion of sugar; most probably because of negative response of the fly to overconsumption of protein. Survival was affected by the treatments, being lower in those cases where protein was at the fixed ratio. Group experiments revealed that protein restriction expanded longevity and decreased egg production. In contrast, egg production was enhanced when flies were kept continuously with a mixture of yeast and sugar plus an extra source of sugar, and this was not in detriment of survival. Our results suggest that fixed sugar-protein ratios in which protein is in excess affects fitness components such as longevity and reproduction. These findings are discussed from a theoretical and applied perspective in the context of pest control by means of the sterile insect technique.

Effect of adult feeding on the sexual maturation and the oviposition of the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris PASCOE

Effect of adult feeding on the sexual maturation and the oviposition of the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris PASCOE

Adult carbohydrate feeding affects reproduction of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Reproduction of most insects depend on nutrients accumulated during the larval stage, but many lepidopteran species will also depend on nutrients obtained at the adult stage. Feeding at the adult stage allows the intake of carbohydrate and amino acid rich solutions, which may have an effect on the species reproduction and population growth. The objectives of the current study were to characterize the effects of sugar consumption by adults of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), on its reproduction. To initially test the food intake by adults, a 10% honey solution or water (control), both containing a liquid dye were offered to adult insects 24 h after emergence, and the presence of the dye was observed by analysis of their digestive system. The effects of adult feeding on a 10% honey solution on the reproductive performance of P. operculella were evaluated by assessing the oviposition rate, fecundity and fertility. Adult feeding was proved by the presence of the dye within the digestive system of adults of P. operculella. Although the oviposition rate and fertility were not affected by adult feeding, female fecundity was higher in honey-fed females as compared to the water-fed females.

Effect of Adult Feeding on Male Mating Behaviour in the Butterfly, Bicyclus anynana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Many species of lepidopterans supplement their nectar diet with foods rich in nitrogen and minerals, which are present only in trace amounts in nectar. We examined the effect of adult diet on mating behaviour and spermatophore characteristics in male Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879) butterflies, which feed on rotten fruits as adults. We found little effect of adult diet on male reproduction in terms of mating rate and sperm production, although males fed on fruit produced larger spermatophores on their first mating compared to males fed sugar only. We also examined how males allocate sperm across matings. Males ejaculate larger spermatophores during their first mating, and produce spermatophores containing decreasingly fewer non-fertile sperm with number of matings performed. Males that produced more non-fertile sperm on their first mating had reduced lifespan possibly indicating a trade-off between sperm production and adult longevity. It is suggested that adult diet has little affect on male ejaculate production and males feed on fruit to supplement their energetic carbon requirements.

Flight activity, reproduction, and adult nutrition of the beet webworm, Spoladea recurvalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The adult longevity, reproductive period, age-specific flight activity, suitable temperature range for flight, and effect of adult feeding on the subsequent flight of Spoladea recurvalis Fabricius were studied in the laboratory. Flight activity was evaluated using a tethered flight-mill. Females had a pre-oviposition period of 3 d, and continued to lay eggs up to 20 d post-emergence. Females flew longest between 17 and 23°C, and 10% of females were capable of continuous long-duration flight even at 12°C. Females flew more actively in their pre-oviposition period, but the females' reproduction period was not clearly separated from their active flight period. The mating status of females had no clear effect on their flight activity. Uptake of honey solution (nectar) was essential for adult survival, and the survival rate was reduced markedly when honey solution was withheld. When honey solution was supplied after 5 d of starvation, the overall longevity of the moths was the same as that of the moths continuously supplied with honey solution since emergence. When honey solution was removed even for 1 d, subsequent flight activity was significantly depressed. Thus, the prediction that the strong propensity for long flights by S. recurvalis may be derived from their dispersal flights to seek flower nectar was not supported from the present experiment.

Effects of Cerotoma arcuata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Predation of Nodules and on N2 Fixation of Phaseolus vulgaris

Damage by Cerotoma arcuata Olivier to Phaseolus vulgaris L. grown in the greenhouse was evaluated. In 1 experiment, the addition of 2 or 4 pairs of adult C. arcuata at the 1st or 2nd trifoliate growth stage resulted in ≈50% losses in seed yields. By using physical barriers in a 2nd experiment, the effect of adult feeding on leaves was separated from the effect of larval feeding on nodules and root in the soil. When C. ancuata larvae were given access to roots and nodules, 2 pairs of adults were sufficient to decrease the numbers, dry weights and activity of the nodules formed, causing a reduction in yield. There was no decrease in nodulation or yield when access of larvae to the nodules was impeded. The decrease in N2 fixation caused by consumption of nodules by C. arcuata larvae was more deleterious to plant growth and yield than the defoliation imposed by the adults.

The effect of adult feeding on lipid and protein reserves in African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta, moths before and during reproduction

ABSTRACT. Newly‐emerged Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths contain high levels of lipid held largely in the abdominal fat body, the quantity depending on the larval feeding conditions. There is a positive relationship between weight‐related lipid content and moth weight, which is consistent for female but not for male moths, suggesting that larval feeding conditions producing large individuals allow the accumulation of quantitatively disproportionate lipid reserves. Male and female moths have comparable levels of abdominal protein.Changes in the water content in starved moths or ones provided with distilled water or sucrose solution show that while starved individuals die rapidly from desiccation, water‐fed moths regulate their water contents between narrow limits which are higher for females than for males. Sucrose‐fed moths maintain higher, more variable water contents probably due to the phagostimulatory effect of the sugar.Reproducing and unmated moths are able to supplement their lipid and, to a lesser extent, their protein reserves following carbohydrate uptake.During both larval and early adult stages, the capacity to accumulate lipid reserves in excess of those apparently required for reproduction, suggests that these reserves also provide the main fuel for the prolonged flights of which migratory individuals are known to be capable.

The effect of adult feeding on the fecundity, weight loss and survival of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (D&S).

Adult females of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea, fed on a saturated honey solution, laid significantly more eggs than those individuals given water only or not fed at all.At 20°, the longevity of both male and female moths was significantly increased when they were supplied with a food source. At 10° fed male months were not significantly longer lived than unfed moths. Fed female moths at 10° were however, significantly longer lived than unfed individuals. At 20°, fed male moths lived longer than fed females (8.17 days as compared with 5.95 days). At 10°, fed female moths lived longer than fed males (16.00 days compared with 11.41 days).At 20°, weight loss in unfed females over the reproductive period was proportional to the number of eggs laid and the survival time of the individual. In fed females, no significant weight loss occurred over the reproductive period, irrespective of the number of eggs laid or the longevity of the individual.Egg production, even in fed females, over the life span of an individual was only a fifth of the total eggs present in the reproductive tract at eclosion.It is concluded that adult females of P. flammea are likely to require an extra external food source to achieve their full reproductive potential.

Evaluation of Damage to Common Beans by Larvae and Adults of Diabrotica balteata and Cerotoma facialis1

Damage to beans by feeding of larvae and adults of Diabrotica balteata LeConte and Cerotoma facialis Erickson was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. 2nd and 3rd instars were more damaging than 1st instars and caused stand losses of up to 100%. In general, although C. facialis larvae were more damaging than those of D. balteata , both caused significant reductions of leaf area in plants that survived infestation at 1,4, and 7 days after seeding. No significant reduction in leaf area was found when 14-day-old or older plants were infested with 10 larvae per plant. The effect of adult feeding on yield was measured at different growth stages of the plant. Mixed and pure populations of these species at the rate of two and four adults per plant caused losses of up to 60% during the initial period of growth (8 to 15 days) and to a lesser extent during flowering. No significant damage was detected at other stages of the growth cycle. Since average adult field populations (0.6 to 1.0 adults per plant) are below these critical levels, it is concluded that, in areas in which the adults are not acting as virus vectors, the common practice of spraying against these insects is seldom justified.