Effect Of Acetic Acid Concentration Research Articles

The Effect of Substitutions of Goat Milk and Coagulant of Acetic Acid on Sensory Properties of Tofu Milk

Goat milk has not been widely used because of the public's perception that goat's milk has a prengus scent like goats. Goat milk could be used in tofu milk making process as an alternative to reduce the smell of prengus. Clotting with acetic acid is an important factor in producing tofu milk with good texture. The aim of this research was to know the effect of goat milk substitution, the effect of acetic acid concentration and the interaction between goat milk substitution and the concentration of acetic acid on the sensory properties of tofu milk. This research was set as factorial in complete randomized group design (CRBD) with two factors, they were substitutions of goat milk on soy milk with 3 levels 15%:85% (K1), 25%:75% (K2), 35%:65% (K3) (v/v) and concentrations of acetic acid with 4 levels 4%(A1); 4,5%(A2); 5%(A3); 5,5%(A4). The data were further analyzed by polynomial orthogonal . This research used some observations, such as color, taste, flavor, texture, overall acceptance. The best result in this research was 15% goat milk percentage and 4% acetic acid for best with color score 3, 033 (slightly white), taste score of 2.867 (acid), scent score of 3.7 (somewhat typical goat), texture score 3,233 (slightly tender), overall acceptance score 2,983 (slightly preferred).

Impact of Acetic Acid Supplementation in Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production by Cupriavidus necator Using Mixture-Process Design and Artificial Neural Network.

The trend in bioplastic application has increased over the years where polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have emerged as a potential candidate with the advantage of being bio-origin, biodegradable, and biocompatible. The present study aims to understand the effect of acetic acid concentration (in combination with sucrose) as a mixture variable and its time of addition (process variable) on PHA production by Cupriavidus necator. The addition of acetic acid at a concentration of 1gl-1 showed a positive influence on biomass and PHA yield; however, the further increase had a reversal effect. The addition of acetic acid at the time of incubation showed a higher PHA yield, whereas maximum biomass was achieved when acetic acid was added after 48h. Genetic algorithm (GA) optimized artificial neural network (ANN) was used to model PHA concentration from mixture-process design data. Fitness of the GA-ANN model (R2: 0.935) was superior when compared to the polynomial model (R2: 0.301) from mixture design. Optimization of the ANN model projected 2.691gl-1 PHA from 7.245gl-1 acetic acid, 12.756gl-1 sucrose, and the addition of acetic acid at the time of incubation. Sensitivity analysis indicates the inhibitory effect of all the predictors at higher levels. ANN model can be further used to optimize the variables while extending the bioprocess to fed-batch operation.

Developing circular concrete: Acid treatment of waste concrete fines

The development of circular concrete, to enable key components to be extracted and reused, is a key requirement to achieve sustainability in the built environment. Current industry practice for end-of-life concrete is best described as down-cycling because recycled concrete aggregate has limited use, with disposal of the associated crushed concrete fines. Acid treatment of waste concrete is being investigated to allow key concrete components to become circular and, in this work, the effect of acetic acid concentration, liquid/solid (L/S) ratio, reaction time and temperature on the leaching of waste concrete fines is reported. An acid concentration of 0.6 mol/L, an L/S ratio of 7 ml/g, and a reaction time of 6 h at ambient temperature allows clean sand to be extracted from concrete fines. This performs identically to new sand in mortar samples. We show for the first time that the dried and ground silica-rich residue produced by acid leaching has pozzolanic properties comparable to commercially available supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) such as blast furnace slag and coal fly ash. The potential for CO 2 sequestration using the Ca 2+ - rich leached solution to form CaCO 3 is calculated. The research shows that acid leaching of concrete fines can produce clean reusable sand, generates a viable SCM and sequester significant amounts of CO 2 by forming precipitated calcium carbonate.

Batch screening of weak base ion exchange resins for optimized extraction of acetic acid under fermentation conditions

Acetic acid is a valuable chemical with high demand for applications in food, pharmaceutical, polymer and other industries. A total of 10% acetate in the world is produced through bio-based processes such as fermentation. Such processes require cost-effective separation technologies to make the bio-acetate product competitive on the markets. Ion exchange resins can efficiently extract acetate from the fermentation broths and due to their re-usability after regeneration, can be cost-effective with lower operation and maintenance costs. To facilitate better process design, kinetics of acetate adsorption by six different basic ion exchange resins: Amberlite FPA-53, Amberlite IRA-67, Dowex-66, Dowex Marathon WBA-2, Amberlite IRA-96 and Amberlite IRA-400; was studied using well-known linear and non-linear adsorption isotherm models. The study showed that Amberlite FPA-53 (213 mg/g wet resin) had the highest acetate adsorption capability followed by Amberlite IRA-67 (202 mg/g wet resin) and Dowex-66 (191 mg/g wet resin). Of the tested models, the acetate adsorption onto these resins was found to fit well with the Langmuir model. It was found that there was a significant effect of acetic acid concentration and pH on acetate adsorption using gel-type and macroporous resins, especially at high initial concentrations of acetate in the broth. The study further showed, that under fermentation conditions (pH of 5–7), the adsorption capacity of all the resins was lower than at the pKa for acetic acid.

Oxalic acid induced defect state graphitic carbon nitride with improved photocatalytic performance

A defect state g-C3N4 was synthesized from urea by thermal condensation and oxalic acid treatment. Various analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were adopted to characterize the structures and properties of g-C3N4. The results showed that oxygen atoms replaced the carbon atoms of g-C3N4, which changed the band structure of g-C3N4. The catalytic performances of defect state g-C3N4 were improved and exhibited better photocatalytic activity than pure g-C3N4. For the effects of acetic acid concentration, g-C3N4 treated by 0.05 mol/L oxalic acid exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance, which could be attributed to the suitable defect concentration. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism was proposed. Superoxide radicals instead of hydroxyl radicals played an important role in the rhodamine B degradation.

Effect of acetic acid concentration and dissolution time on the evolution of coal phases: A case report of bituminous coal

In the environment of high in-situ stress, the closing-up of coal seam pores and fractures has a great influence on the flow of coalbed methane. The acidification method can effectively expand fractures and generate new fractures, which is of great significance to improve the efficiency of coalbed methane mining. In order to investigate the correlation between the components in coal and the time and concentration of acetic acid dissolution, in this paper, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy experiments were performed on bituminous coal after 1, 3, 5, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of dissolution to obtain the changes of coal components, organic functional group parameters and coal crystal structure. The results show that when acetic acid reacts with coal, kaolinite is recrystallized within 24 h of dissolution, and the recrystallized crystals are corroded by acetic acid within 24–72 h. The sensitivity of different functional groups to acetic acid is different, and the content of C=O and aliphatic group in acidified coal increases. The surface morphology of dissolved coal samples was observed by scanning electron microscope. It was found that the dissolution effect of acetic acid on coal surface cracks increased with the increase of acetic acid concentration. Combined with the specific experimental results, the best effect of 75% acetic acid on the coal samples was obtained after 72 h of dissolution.

Recovery of a critical metal from electronic wastes: Germanium extraction with organic acid

Germanium is recognized as a critical and rare element, since it lacks primary resources and is extracted as by-product of zinc and copper refining. This element has high-tech applications in optics and electronics industries. Therefore, recycling of germanium from spent resources is an important task to create a sustainable approach for solving the concerns about unavailability of the element for future. In this study, extraction of germanium from semiconductor diodes, was investigated for the first time, using acetic acid as a comparatively green reagent. The characterizations results showed that sample contains 5092 ppm germanium. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the main phases of germanium in sample are Ge and GeO2. The effects of acetic acid concentration, stirring speed, and temperature were studied on germanium leaching kinetics. The obtained results showed that more than 70% of germanium was extracted from diode samples by using 2.5 M of acetic acid at 90 °C, after 240 min processing. The kinetic modeling indicated that germanium dissolution followed three phases. Diffusion control, and interfacial transfer and diffusion across the product layer were the limiting-rate step in germanium leaching in all phases. The leaching rate coefficients were very high for the first and third phases, while they were very low for the second phase. XRD interpretation and theoretical background discussed on solution chemistry are consistent with the results of leaching process. The SEM was employed to validate the results of kinetic modeling.

A data analysis on the effect of acetic acid on dry matter intake in dairy cattle

Silage is the main source of acetic acid in ruminant diets. In most silages, acetic acid is the fermentation product with the second highest concentration, after lactic acid. As it inhibits yeasts and therefore improves aerobic stability of silages, moderate concentrations of up to 30 g/kg dry matter (DM) are often recommended. However, acetic acid may impair the DM intake (DMI) by ruminants, most probably due to its sensory characteristics. The objective of this data-analysis was to evaluate the effect of the dietary content of acetic acid on the DMI in dairy cattle. Either rations containing silages inoculated with heterofermentative Lactobacillus buchneri or rations treated with pure acetic acid were included in the dataset. Data analysis was performed with a mixed model, including random effects of experiment (intercept and slope) and fixed effects of acetic acid concentration (intercept, linear and quadratic terms). A broken-line regression showed the best goodness of fit (the lowest corrected Akaike’s information criterion and the largest R2-adj = 0.77). Per 100 kg body weight (BW), an increase of 1 g acetic acid/kg DM led to a reduction of 1.2 g in DMI for acetic acid concentrations < 17.3 g/kg DM. From 17.3–60 g acetic acid/kg DM, DMI reduction was 5.6 g for each additional g of acetic acid in DM (per 100 kg BW). Therefore, dairy nutritionists should consider the content of acetic acid in fermented ingredients upon balancing the diet, to avoid DMI depression (< 17 g/kg DM). Considering typical proportions of silage in diet, current recommendations for the upper limit of acetic acid in silages might, from the perspective of maximizing DMI, be too high and therefore warranting reconsideration.

KONSENTRASI ASAM ASETAT MEMENGARUHI KARAKTERISTIK FISIKOKIMIA PATI SAGU IHUR TERASETILASI

Native ihur sago starch is a starch from Maluku and to date there is no report on its physicochemical properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of acetic acid concentration on the physicochemical properties of the native ihur sago starch. The starch was acetylated at different acetic acid concentrations, i.e., 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5%. The acetylation was carried out by reacting ihur sago starch solution (100 g in 225 mL water) with acetic acid under alkaline condition. The acetyl group, degree of substitution (DS), water solubility, swelling power, paste clarity, and water, ash and amylose contents of the acetylated starch were measured. The study was conducted in three replications of non-factorial experiments using a completely randomized design. Starch modification through acetic acid addition produced ihur sago starch with different physicochemical characteristics from that of its native form. The acetylation caused the hydroxyl group in the starch to be substituted by acetyl group at concentration of 1.336-1.850% and DS range of 0.026-0.046, whilst no acetyl group was detected in its native starch. Acetylation increased the starch ash content from 0.46% to 0.50-0.57%, amylose content from 28.86% to 29.73-31.46%, solubility from 12.83% to 14.20-25.20%, swelling power from 18.51 g/g to 16.74-28.24 g/g and paste clarity from 93.07%T650 to 93.50-94.13%T650. In addition, acetylation at 0.5% increased the water content of the starch while higher concentration of acetylation could decrease its water content.

Effect of acetic acid concentration on functional group and microcrystalline structure of bituminous coal

The chemical dissolution of mineral components has a good effect on increasing the permeability of coal and oil reservoirs. At present, the accomplishments have focused on the analysis of the impact of strong corrosive acids on low porosity coal rocks. However, strong corrosive acids have safety problems, and their consumption rate is fast. The weak corrosive organic acid has little research on coalbed transformation, and the influence of weak acid on coal composition needs further study. In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction are used to analyze coal samples that are treated with different concentrations of acetic acid. The results show that the functional groups in coal are sensitive to different concentrations of acetic acid, and acetic acid mainly acts to destroy the connection between molecules and hydroxyl groups, generating a large amount of OH. After soaking in 75% acetic acid, the reduction in coal is the highest, followed by 25%, followed by distilled water, and 50% acetic acid is the weakest. Acetic acid has a destructive effect on the crystals in coal. After the crystals are destroyed, the crystals are recrystallized to form crystals with a larger particle size, which loosens the whole and increases the porosity of the coal. Analysis and fitting of experimental data show that the concentration of acetic acid at 15% to 16% has the greatest effect on the organic structure of coal, and the concentration of acetic acid has the greatest effect on the crystal structure of coal within 89–92%.

Effect of acetic acid concentration on optical properties of lead acetate based methylammonium lead iodide perovskite thin film

Abstract High absorption of perovskite thin films is crucial for efficient metal halide perovskite solar cells. In this study, methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite thin films are prepared using lead (II) acetate Pb(Ac)2, acetic acid (HAc) and CH3NH3I through solution method. The effect of HAc volume (0 ml–100 ml at step size of 25 ml HAc) on optical properties and parameters of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films developed are investigated using UV–Vis spectrophotometry and mathematical correlations. Interestingly, the increase of HAc amount to 75 ml leads to an increase in absorbance, refractive index, extinction co-efficient, dielectric properties and optical conductivity and a decrease in transmittance and optical band gaps of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films. The optimized film is obtained at 75 ml HAc at which refractive index, film thickness and optical band gap is 1.45 at 485 nm, 355 nm and 1.47 eV, respectively. The enhanced absorption of the optimized thin film is attributable to an increase in structure ordering at HAc amount equals 75 ml. The fabricated CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films have potential as ideal antireflection coatings for solar cells and optoelectronic applications.

Electrophoretic deposition of chitosan-bioactive glass nanocomposite coatings on AZ91 Mg alloy for biomedical applications

Magnesium (Mg) and alloys have received great attention in orthopedic applications due to their biodegradation and mechanical properties. However, the high degradation rate of Mg alloys has limited their orthopedic applications. To reduce the corrosion rate and enhance the surface bioactivity of Mg alloy, chitosan-bioactive glass (CS-BG) nanocomposite coatings were performed by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. For this purpose, initially 63 mol% SiO2, 28 mol% CaO, 9 mol% P2O5 bioactive glass (63S BG) nanoparticles were synthesized and fully characterized. The effect of acetic acid concentration in EPD solution on morphology of CS-BG coatings was investigated. Also, the effect of BG concentration on morphology, adhesion, wetting, roughness, bioactivity and corrosion of CS-BG coatings was evaluated. Overall, the results demonstrated that BG concentration of 0.4 g/l in CS-BG coatings showed the best corrosion resistance and bioactivity.

Effect of Acetic Acid on Succinic Acid Production of Fungal Co-culture in Slurry Fermentation

The effect of initial acetic acid concentration on succinic acid production from biologically pretreated birchwood chip-soybean hull mixture using co-culture of Aspergillus niger, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Trichoderma reesei in a slurry batch fermentation set-up was investigated. Acetic acid was supplied in various initial concentration: 1.65 g/L, 3.75 g/L, and 5.85 g/L. Low initial acetic acid resulted in decline of succinic acid production which coincided with declining acetic acid concentration. On the other hand, both medium and high initial acetic acid sustained higher succinic acid production with nearly constant acetic acid concentration throughout the five-day slurry batch fermentation. The residual sugar concentration was also observed as this was indirectly affected by the presence of acetic acid in the mixture. The presence of acetic acid in the fermentation media plays a crucial role in the production of succinic acid from a non-conventional source, the fungal co-culture.

Preparation of high-density Bi2O3 ceramics by low temperature sintering

Bi2O3 ceramics with high density were prepared by low temperature sintering using acetic acid as the co-solvent. The effect of acetic acid concentration, pressure, temperature and holding time during sintering on the densification of Bi2O3 ceramics was investigated. The Bi2O3 ceramic with a relative density of 98.31% was obtained by low temperature sintering at 270 ℃/330 MPa for 140 min using 3 mol/L acetic acid solution. The densification mechanism for low temperature sintering Bi2O3 ceramic followed "dissolution–precipitation–growth", which is different from the densification mechanism of the traditional high-temperature sintered ceramics. The Bi2O3 ceramic with a permittivity (er) ~ 32.2, a quality factor (Qf) ~ 16,425 GHz and a grain size ~ 4.2 μm was obtained. The study provides a new method of ceramic development by low temperature sintering.

HIDROLISA KOLAGEN DALAM CEKER AYAM HASIL PERENDAMAN DENGAN ASAM ASETAT PADA PROSES PEMBUATAN GELATIN

Herry Santosa, Noer Abyor H, Nurmy Lailati Guyana, Sigit Firman Dwi Handono, Gelatin is a chemical compound with molecular formula (C102H151N31O39)n in the form of a heterogeneous mixture of polypeptide obtained by collagen partial hydrolysis of animal binding tissue by acid or base treatment. Sources of gelatin production generally derived from cow bones, pig skins, fish scales or chicken bones. Gelatin is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries because of its ability to form a thermoreversible gel, among others as a stabilizer on ice cream, capsule making materials and matrix for implants. The main objective of this research is to make gelatin with chicken claw based ingredients through the process of collagen hydrolysis. Specifically aims to determine the effects of acetic acid concentration on the collagen levels, determining the most influential variable between temperature and time on the hydrolysis process, as well as the assessment and determination of the optimum temperature or time in the hydrolysis process so as to approximate the criteria corresponding to the commercial gelatin characteristics, i.e gel strength (50-300 Bloom), viscosity (1.5-7,5 cP), and gelatin sensory properties. To answer that goal, the research is planned through 2 stages, namely the preparation stage, product creation, and gelatin flour characterization. The preparatory stage consists of cleansing, reduction of chicken claw and demineralization. The production stage consists of determining the most influential variables and the optimum variable variations (temperature and time) of the collagen hydrolysis process into gelatin flour based on the functional properties and gelatin sensory properties. The results of this research showed that the optimum concentration of acetic acid in demineralization was at a concentration of 1.5 N, the most influential variable was the temperature variable with a single effect average value - 5.05, the relatively good variable collagen hydrolysis was at 600 C and 4 hour.

Impact of Acetic Acid Concentration, Application Volume, and Adjuvants on Weed Control Efficacy

Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is produced naturally through anaerobic fermentation (vinegar) or synthesized through various industrial chemical methods. The primary components of vinegar are water and acetic acid. Acetic acid can destroy cell membranes, which then can result in plant tissue desiccation and plant death. Therefore, vinegar has the potential as a natural contact herbicide for the control of weeds in organically produced crops. Additional information is needed to determine the influence of acetic acid concentration, application volume, and adjuvants on weed control. Typically, household vinegar contains 5% acetic acid and greater acetic acid concentrations are available commercially. Field research was conducted in southeast Oklahoma (Lane, OK) to determine the effect of acetic acid concentrations, application volumes, and adjuvants on weed control efficacy. The factorial experimental design included three acetic acid concentrations (0, 5 and 20%), two sprayer application volumes (187 and 935 L/ha), three adjuvants (none, orange oil, and canola oil), and one weedy-check. The experiment was repeated twice. Visual weed cover and control ratings were collected 4 days after treatment. The experiment had very high weed densities with multiple grass and broadleaf weed species. The weedy check average weed cover percentages were 98% total weeds, 53% grass, 44% broadleaf weeds, 52% large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.), 25% carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata L.), and 14% cutleaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill). Total weed control ranged from 0% control (no acetic acid) to 74% control (20% acetic acid, 935 L/ha, &amp; canola oil). Acetic acid was more effective in controlling broadleaf weeds than in controlling grasses. Optimum total grass and crabgrass weed control occurred with 20% acetic acid applied at 935 L/ha, resulting in weed control that ranged from 44% to 63%. Broadleaf weed control was 84% or greater for plots receiving either 10% acetic acid applied at 935 L/ha or 20% acetic acid applied at 187 or 935 L/ha. In addition, 5% acetic acid applied at 187 L/ha provided good cutleaf evening primrose control (77% to 90%). When averaged across application volumes (187 and 935 L/ha) and adjuvants (none, orange oil, and canola oil), weed control increased for all species as acetic acid concentrations increased from 5% to 20%. When averaged across acetic acid concentrations and adjuvants, weed control increased as application volumes increased from 187 to 935 L/ha. Individual comparisons among adjuvants within acetic acid concentrations and application volumes showed little or no advantage to adding either orange oil or canola oil to vinegar spray solutions.

Effect of Acetic Acid Concentration on Pore Structure for Mesoporous Bioactive Glass during Spray Pyrolysis.

Mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) is considered as one of the most important materials in the field of bone implants and drug carriers, owing to its superior bioactivity. In previous studies, tri-block surfactants (e.g., F127 and P123) were commonly used as pore-forming agents. However, the use of surfactants may cause serious problems such as micelle aggregation and carbon contamination and thus decrease bioactivity. Therefore, in this study, we demonstrated the synthesis of MBG using acetic acid (HAc) as a pore-forming agent to overcome the disadvantages caused by surfactants. Both untreated and HAc-treated BG powders were synthesized using spray pyrolysis and various characterizations were carried out. The results show that a mesoporous structure was successfully formed and the highest specific surface area of ~230 m2/g with improved bioactivity was reported.

Ultrasonically synthesized organic liquid-filled chitosan microcapsules: part 2: characterization using AFM (atomic force microscopy) and combined AFM-confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is used to measure the stiffness and Young's modulus of individual microcapsules that have a chitosan cross-linked shell encapsulating tetradecane. The oil filled microcapsules were prepared using a one pot synthesis via ultrasonic emulsification of tetradecane and crosslinking of the chitosan shell in aqueous solutions of acetic acid. The concentration of acetic acid in aqueous solutions of chitosan was varied from 0.2% to 25% v/v. The effect of acetic acid concentration and size of the individual microcapsules on the strength was probed. The deformations and forces required to rupture the microcapsules were also measured. Three dimensional deformations of microcapsules under large applied loads were obtained by the combination of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The stiffness, and hence the modulus, of the microcapsules was found to decrease with an increase in size with the average stiffness ranging from 82 to 111 mN m-1 and average Young's modulus ranging from 0.4 to 6.5 MPa. The forces required to rupture the microcapsules varied from 150 to 250 nN with deformations of the microcapsules up to 62 to 110% relative to their radius, respectively. Three dimensional images obtained using laser scanning confocal microscopy showed that the microcapsules retained their structure and shape after being subjected to large deformations and subsequent removal of the loads. Based on the above observations, the oil filled chitosan crosslinked microcapsules are an ideal choice for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries as they would be able to withstand the process conditions encountered.

Wet etching technique for fabrication of a high-quality plastic optical fiber sensor.

In this study, a simple wet etching technique is developed by employing aqueous solutions of acetic acid and ultrasonic irradiation for the fabrication of a high-quality plastic optical fiber (POF) sensor. The effects of acetic acid concentration and temperature and ultrasonic power on the etching rate and surface morphology of the etched POFs are investigated. The transmission spectrum and sensitivity of the etched POF sensors are evaluated using glucose solutions. We discovered that the POF sensors, which are fabricated using an aqueous solution of acetic acid with a concentration of 80vol. % under an ultrasonic power of 130W and temperature of 25°C, exhibit good light transmission and a high sensitivity of 9.10 [(RIU)(g/L)]-1 in the glucose solutions.

Development and evaluation of floating alginate microspheres for oral delivery of anthocyanins - A preliminary investigation.

The goal of this study was to develop floating microspheres that could be used as gastroretentive systems for the delivery of anthocyanins (ACNs). These compounds are absorbed in the stomach and small intestine, and insufficient residence time in these organs could result in limited absorption and contribute to degradation. The microparticles containing freeze‐dried haskap berry extract (321.96 ± 8.35 mg cyanidin 3‐glucoside equivalents per g) were prepared by ionotropic gelation of alginate (9%, w/w) with calcium ions (CaCl2 at 2%, w/v) in the gelation bath, with calcium carbonate as the gas‐generating compound (added at different ratios in the alginate/extract mixture). The effect of acetic acid concentration (2 and 10%, v/v) in the gelation medium was investigated. Increasing the carbonate : alginate weigh ratio from 0 to 3:4 resulted in different degrees of floatability, larger particles, higher encapsulation efficiency, and lower amount of ACN released. The power law equation fitted the experimental data well, indicating that release occurred mainly by diffusion. This is the first time floating microspheres are proposed as gastroretentive platforms for the delivery of ACNs.