Effect Of Abscisic Acid Treatment Research Articles

Identification and Characterization of the AREB/ABF/ABI5 Gene Family in Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) and Its Potential Role in Drought Stress and ABA Treatment

AREB/ABF/ABI5 (ABA-responsive element-binding protein/ABRE binding factors and ABA INSENSITIVE 5) transcription factors are involved in regulating the expression of ABA (abscisic acid)-related genes and improving plant adaptability to environmental stress. To explore the influence of AREB/ABF transcription factors on santalol synthesis, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the AREB gene family in sandalwood, identified 10 SaAREB genes, and divided them into five subfamilies. We found that all SaAREB genes encoded unstable hydrophilic proteins and the subcellular localization prediction of SaAREBs was that they are located in the nucleus. AREB/ABF genes belong to the bZIP-A subfamily and we found that the 10 AREB proteins all contained bZIP (basic region leucine zipper) and four potential phosphorylation sites (RXXS/T). According to the collinearity analysis results, four of the SaAREB genes were involved in two fragment duplication events. Through qRT-PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR), we explored the expression profile of SaAREB in different tissues; the effects of ABA treatment and drought treatment on AREB transcription factors were predicted. From the expression of different tissues, we found that SaAREB1 not only responded to prolonged drought but also was highly expressed in stems. Moreover, SaAREB3, SaAREB7, and SaAREB8 specifically respond to ABA treatment. Based on RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) data, we found that SaAREB6 and SaAREB8 were highly expressed in the sapwood and transition regions. Regarding SaCYP736A167, as a key gene in santalol synthesis, its promoter contains the most ABRE cis-reactive elements. These results provide a basis for further analysis of the role of the Santalum album L. (S. album) ABRE/ABF/ABI5 genes in the formation of santalols.

Abscisic acid and regulation of the sugar transporter gene MdSWEET9b promote apple sugar accumulation.

Enhancing fruit sugar contents, especially for high-flavonoid apples with a sour taste, is one of the main goals of horticultural crop breeders. This study analyzed sugar accumulation and the underlying mechanisms in the F2 progenies of a hybridization between the high-sugar apple (Malus × domestica) variety "Gala" and high-flavonoid apple germplasm "CSR6R6". We revealed that MdSWEET9b (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) helps mediate sugar accumulation in fruits. Functional characterization of MdSWEET9b in yeast mutants lacking sugar transport as well as in overexpressing and CRISPR/Cas9 knockdown apple calli revealed MdSWEET9b could transport sucrose specifically, ultimately promoting normal yeast growth and accumulation of total sugar contents. Moreover, MdWRKY9 bound to the MdSWEET9b promoter and regulated its activity, which responded to abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Furthermore, MdWRKY9 interacted with MdbZIP23 (basic leucine zipper) and MdbZIP46, key ABA signal transducers, at the protein and DNA levels to enhance its regulatory effect on MdSWEET9b expression, thereby influencing sugar accumulation. Based on the contents of ABA in lines with differing sugar contents and the effects of ABA treatments on fruits and calli, we revealed ABA as one of the main factors responsible for the diversity in apple fruit sugar content. The results of this study have clarified how MdSWEET9b influences fruit sugar accumulation, while also further elucidating the regulatory effects of the ABA-signaling network on fruit sugar accumulation. This work provides a basis for future explorations of the crosstalk between hormone and sugar metabolism pathways.

Abscisic acid activates desiccation tolerance responses in intertidal seaweed Neoporphyra haitanensis

Intertidal macroalgae have adapted to deal with environmental stresses, in particular desiccation. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in the regulation of a suite of critical responses in plants, including desiccation tolerance. The red alga Neoporphyra haitanensis contains a high level of ABA, but its mechanism of action in N. haitanensis is unknown. In this study, the effect of ABA treatment on the relative water content of thalli during the dehydration-rehydration cycle was evaluated and it was identified that ABA treatment resulted in decreased thalli water loss and an accelerated rehydration process. The effects of addition of ABA upon the activation of antioxidant responses, photosynthetic parameters and gene transcription profiles of N. haitanensis were also evaluated. The results revealed that exogenous ABA regulated the activation of the antioxidant system, including by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, increasing the concentrations of ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), as well as upregulating the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and enzymes that synthesize AsA and GSH. ABA treatment also inhibited photosynthesis by reducing light capture and down-regulating the Calvin cycle to save energy; ABA supplementation further simultaneously activated repair mechanisms to avoid excessive DNA and protein damage. The results presented herein demonstrate that ABA plays a crucial role in the regulation of stress tolerance in seaweeds, which may be of great importance when examining the adaptation of this organism to the intertidal environment.

Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid (ABA) on Carotenoids and Petal Color in Osmanthus fragrans 'Yanhonggui'.

Osmanthus fragrans is a well-known native plant in China, and carotenoids are the main group of pigments in the petals. Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the products of the metabolic pathway of carotenoids. Application of ABA could affect pigmentation of flower petals by changing the carotenoid content. However, little is known about the effects of ABA treatment on carotenoid accumulation in O. fragrans. In this study, different concentrations of ABA (0, 150 and 200 mg/L) were spread on the petals of O. fragrans ‘Yanhonggui’. The petal color of ‘Yanhonggui’ receiving every ABA treatment was deeper than that of the control. The content of total carotenoids in the petals significantly increased with 200 mg/L ABA treatment. In the petals, α-carotene and β-carotene were the predominant carotenoids. The expression of several genes involved in the metabolism of carotenoids increased with 200 mg/L ABA treatment, including PSY1, PDS1, Z-ISO1, ZDS1, CRTISO, NCED3 and CCD4. However, the transcription levels of the latter two carotenoid degradation-related genes were much lower than of the five former carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes; the finding would explain the significant increase in total carotenoids in ‘Yanhonggui’ petals receiving the 200 mg/L ABA treatment.

Effect of ABA treatment on the expression of ADH gene family and C6 volatile production in table grape (V. vinifera cv. Muscat Hamburg) during postharvest storage

The plant alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is essential for the conversion of aldehydes to alcohols, and plays a vital role in the regulation of six-carbon (C6) volatile production. By searching the entire-grape genome, we verified 11 candidate ADH genes, including eight new sequences. During fruit storage, transcriptional patterns of the grape ADH genes differed in response to abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Out of these 11 genes, 3 ADH genes (VvADH2, VvADH04 and VvADH06) were induced by ABA treatment, resulting in the accumulation of C6 volatiles. ABA treatment significantly promoted the accumulation of endogenous ABA and expressions of ABA synthesis genes (VvNCED1, VvCYP7O7A1, and VvPYL8). These findings showed ABA was associated with C6 volatile synthesis and related ADH gene expression of table grape fruits during postharvest storage.

An Avirulent Strain of Soybean Mosaic Virus Reverses the Defensive Effect of Abscisic Acid in a Susceptible Soybean Cultivar

In soybean cultivar L29, the Rsv3 gene is responsible for extreme resistance (ER) against the soybean mosaic virus avirulent strain G5H, but is ineffective against the virulent strain G7H. Part of this ER is attributed to the rapid increase in abscisic acid (ABA) and callose, and to the rapid induction of several genes in the RNA-silencing pathway. Whether these two defense mechanisms are correlated or separated in the ER is unknown. Here, we found that ABA treatment of L29 plants increased the expression of several antiviral RNA-silencing genes as well as the PP2C3a gene, which was previously shown to increase callose accumulation; as a consequence, ABA increased the resistance of L29 plants to G7H. The effect of ABA treatment on these genes was weaker in the rsv3-null cultivar (Somyungkong) than in L29. Besides, G5H-infection of Somyungkong plants subverted the effect of ABA leading to reduced callose accumulation and decreased expression of several RNA-silencing genes, which resulted in increased susceptibility to G5H infection. ABA treatment, however, still induced some resistance to G7H in Somyungkong, but only AGO7b was significantly induced. Our data suggest that Rsv3 modulates the effect of ABA on these two resistance mechanisms, i.e., callose accumulation and the antiviral RNA-silencing pathway, and that in the absence of Rsv3, some strains can reverse the effect of ABA and thereby facilitate their replication and spread.

Effects of Abscisic Acid Treatment on Berry Coloration and Expression of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Genes in Grape

In order to enhance berry coloration of bright-red grape cultivars, the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) treatment on the quantity and composition of anthocyanins as well as the expression of genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis in the berry were examined. Exogenous ABA treatment increased anthocyanin content, especially petunidin- and malvidin-type anthocyanins. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ABA treatment around veraison resulted in the upregulation of genes encoding enzymes responsible for both general flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis. On the other hand, the gene expressions of enzymes involved in proanthocyanidin synthesis were drastically decreased at veraison and remained extremely low even with ABA treatment. Thus, increases in the total amount and composition ratios of petunidin- and malvidin-type anthocyanins were mainly caused by ABA-induced upregulation of uridine diphosphate glucose flavonoid glucosyl transferase, glutathione S-transferase 4, O-methyl transferase and flavonoid 3’, 5’ hydroxylase expression, resulting in the deep coloration of berry of skin.

Effects of abscisic acid treatment and night temperatures on anthocyanin composition in pinot noir grapes

Potted Pinot noir grapevines were grown under continuous high temperature (30 °C) or low night (15 °C) and high day (30 °C) temperatures after veraison. Half of the total number of clusters of each vine was sprayed with 250 ppm abscisic acid (ABA) at veraison. Anthocyanin accumulation in berry skins grown under high night temperatures was lower than that in berries grown under low night temperatures. HPLC analysis showed that the ratios of delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside and petunidin-3-glucoside to the total anthocyanin content were greatly reduced under high night temperatures. ABA treatment enhanced anthocyanin accumulation under high night temperatures to almost the same level as under low night temperatures; the ratio of each anthocyanin to the total anthocyanin, however, was not affected by ABA treatment.

光敏色素B介导光信号影响水稻的脱落酸途径

Several evidences revealed the interaction between phytochrome-mediated light signals and plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) pathway in Arabidopsis . However, interaction between ABA signaling and phytochrome-mediated light signaling in mediating rice growth and development remain unclear. In the present study, we analyzed effects of PhyB -mediated light signals on ABA metabolism and ABA responses using rice wild type (WT) and the phyB mutant. It was observed that transcript levels of ABA biosynthetic genes (including OsNCED1 , OsNCED2 , OsNCED3 and OsNCED4 ) were higher in the phyB mutant than those in WT, whereas transcript level of ABA deactivating gene OsABA8OX1 was lower in the phyB mutant than that in WT, which probably contributed to the relatively high ABA content in the phyB mutant. ABA treatment inhibited germination of rice seeds grown either in the dark or under light. However, inhibitory effects of ABA treatment on seed germination were more obvious in phyB mutants relative to that in WT when seeds were grown under light conditions, suggesting that PhyB -mediated light signals attenuated the inhibitory effects triggered by ABA. Meantime, we compared the expression patterns of genes related to seed germination in WT and the phyB mutant grown in the medium with or without ABA. It was deduced that these genes is unlikely to contribute for the promotive effects of phyB-mediated light signals on seed germination. In addition, ABA treatment inhibited growth of both above-ground part and seminal root in rice seedlings. PhyB -mediated light signals did not affect the ABA-induced inhibition of above-ground part growth, but negatively regulate the inhibition of root growth. Taken together, our results suggest that PhyB -mediated light signals negatively regulate ABA accumulation and ABA responses in rice. This work reveals the influence of PhyB -mediated light signals on ABA pathway, which lays the foundation for dissecting the molecular mechanism of coordinated regulation of rice development by light and ABA in rice.

The Effect of Abscisic Acid in the Conversion of Cocoa Somatic Embryos into Plantlets

The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) (0, 10, 30 and 50 μMl -1 ) in embryo development (ED) medium on the conversion of primary and secondary somatic embryos of cocoa at different developmental stages (globular, heart and tor- pedor) were evaluated in order to overcome the low rate of conversion into plantlets. Genotype COCA 3370-5 was more efficient than genotype AMAZ 3-2 in terms of embryogenesis and response to ABA treatments with secondary embryo- genesis being superior over primary embryogenesis. Torpedor stage embryos were more efficient than globular and heart stage embryos in converting into plantlets. The most effective treatments for embryo conversion were 0 and 10 µMl -1 ABA at 2 weeks (wk). ABA concentrations at 0 and 10 µMl -1 were more effective in converting primary and secondary somatic embryos into plantlets than the 30 and 50 µMl -1 . The effects of ABA treatments on conversion of secondary somatic embryos into plantlets were superior to primary embryos. Time of ABA treatment in ED medium influenced the conversion of the somatic embryos. ABA treatments at 0 and 10 µMl -1 recorded decreasing embryo conversion rates from two to six wk, the

Effects of abscisic acid treatment on the expression of cysteine proteinase gene and enzyme inhibitor during wheat cold adaptation

The effects of exogenous ABA on the expression of the cysteine proteinase (CP) gene and its inhibitor cystatin (WC3) in the leaves of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings that were hardened for 7 days at 5°C were studied. Seedling cold-hardiness was judged by the temperature causing death of 50% of palisade cells (LT50) following 5-min freezing at the temperatures from −5 to −10°C. In the initial period of cooling, when seedling cold tolerance increased, the CP and WC3 gene expression increased considerably, but at the highest cold-hardiness the transcript levels of these genes returned to the control level. When ABA was applied exogenously, the CP gene expression grew by the order of magnitude already in 1–5 h from the onset of low temperature treatment and then abruptly dropped, but it was further maintained at a high level. In cold- and ABA-treated seedlings, the WC3 gene expression initially decreased, but it grew considerably in 3–7 days. It is concluded that the development of wheat cold-hardiness is related to ABA-regulated changes in the CP and WC3 gene expression.

Effect of Abscisic Acid Treatment on <I>psbA</I> Gene Expression in Two Wheat Cultivars during Grain Filling Stage under Drought Stress

Effect of Abscisic Acid Treatment on <I>psbA</I> Gene Expression in Two Wheat Cultivars during Grain Filling Stage under Drought Stress

Effects of exogenous abscisic acid on antioxidant capacities, anthocyanins, and flavonol contents of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) skins

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of muscadine grape skins (cvs. Noble and Alachua). ABA was applied on grapes during and after veraison. Average berry weight, total soluble solids (0Brix) and pH of the juice from both cultivars were not affected by the ABA treatment. Antioxidant capacity was enhanced by 38% and 18% in treated Noble at the first and second sampling, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed a significant increase in individual anthocyanins in treated Noble grapes at both sampling times. However, increase in the content of ellagic acid, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol was observed at first sampling only. No effects of ABA treatment were seen in Alachua grapes. Our results indicate that exogenous application of ABA enhances the antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins and phenolic content of muscadine grapes but these effects may vary depending upon the cultivar.

Effects of Abscisic Acid Treatment on the Growth and Sugar Accumulation of Sugarcane Plant

Effects of Abscisic Acid Treatment on the Growth and Sugar Accumulation of Sugarcane Plant

Effect of Abscisic Acid Treatment on Growth and Yield of Amaranthus spp

Effect of Abscisic Acid Treatment on Growth and Yield of Amaranthus spp

ブドウ‘安芸クイーン’果皮の着色促進および深色化に及ぼす アブシジン酸の時期別処理の影響

ブドウ‘安芸クイーン’における着色の問題には，着色不良だけでなく果皮が暗赤色となる深色化現象がある．本研究では，‘安芸クイーン’の着色に及ぼすアブシジン酸（ABA）処理の影響を，着色促進と深色化の両面から検討した．満開後54（ベレゾーン），63および72日後に1,000 ppmのABA水溶液を有核果房に散布した．54日処理区では，処理の効果はほとんど認められなかった．63および72日処理によってアントシアニン総量が高まり，適着色果粒が増加したが，深色化果粒も多く発生した．また，全処理区で，同一果房中の果粒の着色が不均一なことが示された．果皮のアントシアニン組成，果汁の糖度，有機酸含量，果房重および平均果粒重には，処理間で差が認められなかった．

Chilling‐induced Ca2+ overload enhances production of active oxygen species in maize (Zea mays L.) cultured cells: the effect of abscisic acid treatment

AbstractChilling (4 °C) induced a prolonged high level of intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+ overload) and lipid peroxidation in maize (Zea mays L. cv Black Mexican Sweet) cultured cells. However, such Ca2+ overload and enhanced lipid peroxidation were not seen in abscisic acid (ABA)‐treated cells, which had an improved chilling tolerance. A Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, caused Ca2+ overload in both ABA‐treated maize cells and the untreated control, whereas an enhanced lipid peroxidation was detected only in the control. The high level of active oxygen species (AOS) in the control during chilling at 4 °C could be reduced by the presence of lanthanum (La3+), a Ca2+ channel blocker, in the medium. Moreover, both the A23187‐induced lipid peroxidation and AOS production in the control could be reduced by extracellular EGTA, a Ca2+ chelator. Laser‐scanning confocal microscopy revealed that mitochondria were one of the major AOS sources under chilling and during A23187 treatment. In vitro assays showed that superoxide production in isolated maize mitochondria was enhanced by the presence of Ca2+. Findings suggest that chilling‐induced Ca2+ influx in the control triggers a marked generation of AOS, which in turn results in the enhanced lipid peroxidation. The ability of ABA‐treated cells to avoid the chilling‐induced Ca2+ influx may serve as a mechanism that prevents the chilling‐induced oxidative stress and thus results in less chilling injury.

In vitro preservation of cultured shoots of Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa S. et. Z.) by growth retarding method : Effect of abscisic acid treatment on elongation growth of cultured Japanese cherry birch

In vitro preservation of cultured shoots of Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa S. et. Z.) by growth retarding method : Effect of abscisic acid treatment on elongation growth of cultured Japanese cherry birch

Effect of Abscisic Acid Treatment on Proline Accumulation in Sunflower Leaves Depending on Concentration and Time Course

The effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on proline accumulation in the leaves of the sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Istria) in relation to concentration and time course was investigated. Under controlled conditions, sunflower plants were grown in Hoagland culture solution for 25 days and then the plants were treated with three different concentrations of ABA. After ABA treatment for 24, 48 and 72 hours, the amount of proline was found to increase significantly with increasing concentration of ABA and with time.

Field Performance of Abscisic Acid‐Induced Flood‐Tolerant Corn

Abscisic acid (ABA) applicantions can improve plant resistance to stresses such as cold, drought, and salinity. Treatment of corn (Zea mays L.) with ABA was previously shown to increase flooding survival 10‐fold. The long‐term effects of ABA treatment and flooding stress on growth and productivity have not been documented. In this study, ABA‐treated corn seedlings that survived a flooding stress in the laboratory were transplanted to the field and their growth and seed yield compared with those of nonflooded plants. While ABA treatment had no effect on nonflooded plants, ABA‐treated plants recovered from the flooding stress more quickly than plants not receiving ABA. At 4 wks after transplanting, ABA‐treated, flooded plants were as tall as nonflooded plants (56.03 ± 1.85 cm), while flooded plants that received no ABA Pretreatment were 22% shorter (43.70 ± 2.3 cm). Abscisic acid treatment and flooding did not have any long‐term effects on plant senescence. At the end of the growing season, no differences were detected in leaf chlorophyll content among the treatments. Grain yields of the surviving plants were also similar among all treatments. According to the results, ABA treatment at 100 (μM improved the flooding survival of corn seedlings 10‐fold, without any deleterious effects of subsequent growth, senescence, or productivity of corn plants. This research contributes to the understanding of the physiological mechanism by which ABA enhances the flooding tolerance in corn.