Effects Of Goats Research Articles

Effects of rutin supplementation on growth performance, slaughter performance, serum parameters, and meat quality of Nubian goats.

Previous studies found that rutin can improve production performance of sheep and dairy cows. However, it is not clear whether rutin has similar effects in goats. Hence, the aim of this experiment was to study the effects of rutin supplementation on growth performance, slaughter performance, serum parameters, and meat quality of Nubian goats. A total of 36 healthy Nubian ewes were randomly divided into three groups. Goats were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (R0), 25 (R25), and 50 (R50) mg rutin per kg of diet. The growth performance and slaughter performance of goats had no significant difference among three groups. The meat pH45min and moisture were significantly higher in the R25 group than the R50 group (p < 0.05), but the color value b* and contents of C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9c, C20:1, saturated fatty acid (SFA), and monounsaturated fatty acid (MSFA) in meat had an opposite outcome. The dressing percentage had an increasing tendency in the R25 group compared with the R0 group (0.05 < p < 0.10), but the shear force, water loss rate and crude protein of meat had opposite results. In conclusion, rutin could not affect the growth performance and slaughter performance of goats; low levels could possibly improve meat quality.

Effect of xanthohumol-loaded anti-inflammatory scaffolds on cartilage regeneration in goats

To develop an anti-inflammatory poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold by loading xanthohumol, and investigate its anti-inflammatory and cartilage regeneration effects in goats. The PLGA porous scaffolds were prepared by pore-causing agent leaching method, and then placed in xanthohumol solution for 24 hours to prepare xanthohumol-PLGA scaffolds (hereinafter referred to as drug-loaded scaffolds). The PLGA scaffolds and drug-loaded scaffolds were taken for general observation, the pore diameter of the scaffolds was measured by scanning electron microscope, the porosity was calculated by the drainage method, and the loading of xanthohumol on the scaffolds was verified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Then the two scaffolds were co-cultured with RAW264.7 macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours, and the expressions of inflammatory factors [interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)] were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties in vitro of two scaffolds. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was obtained from bone marrow of a 6-month-old female healthy goat, cultured by adherent method, and passaged in vitro. The second passage cells were seeded on two scaffolds to construct BMSCs-scaffolds, and the cytocompatibility of scaffolds was observed by live/dead cell staining and cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay. The BMSCs-scaffolds were cultured in vitro for 6 weeks, aiming to verify its feasibility of generating cartilage in vitro by gross observation, histological staining, collagen type Ⅱ immunohistochemical staining, and biochemical analysis. Finally, the two kinds of BMSCs-scaffolds cultured in vitro for 6 weeks were implanted into the goat subcutaneously, respectively. After 4 weeks, gross observation, histological staining, collagen type Ⅱ immunohistochemical staining, biochemical analysis, and RT-PCR were performed to comprehensively evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo and promotion of cartilage regeneration of the drug-loaded scaffolds. The prepared drug-loaded scaffold had a white porous structure with abundant, continuous, and uniform pore structures. Compared with the PLGA scaffold, there was no significant difference in pore size and porosity ( P>0.05). FTIR spectrometer analysis showed that xanthohumol was successfully loaded to PLGA scaffolds. The in vitro results demonstrated that the gene and protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in drug-loaded scaffold significantly decreased than those in PLGA scaffold ( P<0.05). With the prolongation of culture, the number of live cells increased significantly, and there was no significant difference between the two scaffolds ( P>0.05). The in vitro cartilage regeneration test indicated that the BMSCs-drug-loaded scaffolds displayed smooth and translucent appearance with yellow color after 6 weeks in vitro culture, and could basically maintained its original shape. The histological and immunohistochemical stainings revealed that the scaffolds displayed typical lacunar structure and cartilage-specific extracellular matrix. In addition, quantitative data revealed that the contents of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen type Ⅱ were not significantly different from BMSCs-PLGA scaffolds ( P>0.05). The evaluation of cartilage regeneration in vivo showed that the BMSCs-drug-loaded scaffolds basically maintained their pre-implantation shape and size at 4 weeks after implantation in goat, while the BMSCs-PLGA scaffolds were severely deformed. The BMSCs-drug-loaded scaffolds had typical cartilage lacuna structure and cartilage specific extracellular matrix, and no obvious inflammatory cells infiltration; while the BMSCs-PLGA scaffolds had a messy fibrous structure, showing obvious inflammatory response. The contents of cartilage-specific GAG and collagen type Ⅱ in BMSCs-drug-loaded scaffolds were significantly higher than those in BMSCs-PLGA scaffolds ( P<0.05); the relative gene expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly lower than those in BMSCs-PLGA scaffolds ( P<0.05). The drug-loaded scaffolds have suitable pore size, porosity, cytocompatibility, and good anti-inflammatory properties, and can promote cartilage regeneration after implantation with BMSCs in goats.

Variable‐rate infusion of adrenaline to manage hypotension in an anaesthetised goat

AbstractTreatment of hypotension in domestic ruminants is more challenging than in other species, due to strict drug legislation and a limited number of licensed drugs in food‐producing animals. The use of adrenaline as a variable‐rate infusion to improve haemodynamics is a viable treatment option when other interventions fail. Further studies are needed to establish appropriate infusion rates and potential side effects in goats.

Selection Methods for Models to Predict Feedstuff Associative Effects in Goats

Abstract Animal nutrition models can be useful to gain an understanding of factors responsible for and predict biological responses. However, specific models developed can vary among statistical methods employed, especially with relatively small datasets. In this meta-analysis study, independent variables selected by regression tree, stepwise regression, and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) analyses were compared. The database consisted of 135 treatment means (weighted by the number observations) from 25 publications in which goats consumed forage ad libitum with or without supplementation and was divided into three subsets of forage with a crude protein (CP) concentration &amp;lt; 6% (Low; n = 46), 6–10% (Moderate; n = 50), and &amp;gt; 10% (High; n = 39). Regression tree analysis was conducted with rpart of the R statistical programming language and stepwise regression (proc stepwise) and LASSO (proc glmselect) were conducted with SAS. The target variable was forage metabolizable energy (ME) intake relative to metabolic body weight (BW0.75) and potential predictor variables were supplement ME intake also scaled to BW0.75, forage organic matter (OM) digestibility and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration, and supplement concentrations of ME and CP. As shown in Table 1, supplement ME intake was selected with each method. Based on the order of selection, forage NDF concentration had larger impact than supplement ME intake with the Low dataset, whereas supplement ME intake was most important with Moderate and High datasets. Among the statistical methods evaluated, selected variables varied most with the Low dataset, were similar for the Moderate dataset, and were the same for Stepwise and LASSO approaches with the High dataset. In conclusion, model development to predict feedstuff associative effects in goats requires careful attention to variable selection that is impacted by statistical method and varies with forage composition.

Effect of lactic acid bacteria administered as feed supplement on the weight gain and ruminal pH in two South African goat breeds

Antibiotics as growth promoters are banned in most European countries, because of antibiotic resistance and residues in animal products, and the release of recalcitrant antibiotics into the environment. Probiotics are the preferred alternative, because of no harmful attributes when compared to antibiotics, and the additional advantage of the ability to stabilise the microbial communities in the gut. We investigated the effects of LAB on the growth performance of South African goats. Randomly selected 17 Specked and 18 Boer goats were divided into five treatment groups according to sex and breed and were placed in an experimental trial for 30 days. Ruminal fluid was collected before and after the trial to monitor the changes in the pH. Data collected were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (SAS, version 9.4). Results revealed that LAB supplementation had no effect on feed intake in all experimental groups. However, the average weight gain was higher in the LAB groups when compared to other groups. Sex and breed had effects on final body weight; that is male (18.4 kg) goats are heavier than females (15.3 kg) averagely, irrespective of the breed, and the Boer goats are heavier than Specked irrespective of gender. The pH decreased averagely from 7.01 to 6.33 across all treatments, confirming the modulatory effect of the administered lactic acid bacteria. The findings in this study suggested that LAB as probiotics may induce beneficial effects in goats by enhancing weight gain, dropping the gut pH, thus maintaining an equilibrium of ruminal microbiota.

Study of sexual behaviours with different types of estrus synchronization protocols in Boer goats.

There is still a lack of information on estrus synchronization in goats. Understanding the estrus synchronization protocols and the subsequent effects is important to improve the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and subsequently would improve the breeding procedures. This study will help in determining the most suitable estrus synchronization protocol and understand better the effect on the sexual behaviour and hormonal effects in goats. A total of 127 Boer does were used and divided into three groups with different duration of CIDR insertion intravaginally either for 14 (two groups) or 9 days (one group). Approximately 0.5 ml Estrumate® (PG) was administered intramuscularly to all groups at CIDR removal, and only groups PMSG14 and PMSG9 were administered with 200IU of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) intramuscularly. Estrus signs were observed at 4 h intervals and blood samples were collected for progesterone and luteinizing hormone determination. The percentage of does in estrus within 24 to 72 h post CIDR removal was significantly higher (P<0.05) in groups with PMSG compared to the group without the PMSG. The numbers of does display estrus signs within 24 to 28 h post CIDR removal were significantly higher (P<0.05) in group shorter period (9 days) compared to groups with 14 days CIDR. The P4 concentrations at 24 hours post CIDR removals and LH concentration was not significantly different (P>0.05) in all groups. The time of the LH peak in the group without the PMSG was significantly delayed (P<0.05) when compared to group 9 days CIDR and administered with PMSG. It is recommended to use the treatment for 9 days CIDR since the estrous cycle can be shortened.

PSX-23 Predicting feedstuff associative effects in goats

Abstract The objective was to develop means of predicting effects of supplementation on forage and total ME intake in goats. A database of treatment mean observations from the literature currently has 529 individual animal observations with ad libitum intake from 24 studies. Essential data were supplement and forage OM digestibility without supplementation or sufficient information for estimation, total diet OM digestibility, forage and supplement CP concentration and OM intake, and BW. Intake of ME was assumed 15.104 MJ/kg digested OM. For observations with supplementation, forage ME intake was the difference between total and supplement ME intake. The original database had 134 observations, although 24 were omitted because of questionable values and(or) unlikely estimates. Forage averaged 9.4 MJ/kg DM of ME (SD=1.77, 4.6–12.6), 59.1% OM digestibility without supplementation (SD=8.67, 42.9–77.1; AOMDIGFOR), and 8.1% CP (SD=3.72, 2.1–17.1) (PTCPFOR), and supplement was 12.3 MJ/kg ME (SD=1.38, 7.1–15.1) and 28.4% CP (SD=41.5, 0–288). Forage ME intake (MEIMBWFOR, kJ/kg BW0.75) was regressed against supplement ME intake (MEIMBWSUP, kJ/kg BW0.75), with inclusion of other variables tested. The equation explaining most variation (R2=0.77) was 155.9 ± 135.75 – (0.5403±0.04381 × MEIMBWSUP) – (41.0063±20.71841 × PTCPFOR) + (5.3497±2.31608 × AOMDIGFOR) + (0.74056±0.345002 × PTCPFOR × AOMDIGFOR), with P values of 0.253, &amp;lt; 0.001, 0.050, 0.023, and 0.034, respectively. The mean difference between observed and predicted MEIMBWFOR (379±15.0 and 382±12.8, respectively) was -3±7.4, with minimum and maximum values of -181 and 167, respectively. The equation for the regression of residual MEIMBWFOR (observed – predicted) against predicted values was -10±22.3 + (0.018±0.0553 × predicted MEIMBWFOR), with the intercept and slope not different from 0 (P = 0.670 and 0.739, respectively). Equations describing associative effects can be used to predict the quantity of a particular supplement with a given forage necessary to meet nutrient requirements of goats in specific production settings.

Dietary Supplementation with Eclipta Alba and Polyalthia Longifolia Foliages on Digestibility, Feeding Behaviour, Blood Profile and Carcass Characteristics of Goats

A feeding trial that lasted for 90 days was carried out to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of Eclipa alba and Polyalthia longifolia foliages on digestibility, feeding behaviour, blood profile and carcass characteristics of goats. A total of thirty two West African dwarf goats of about 7–8 months old were randomly assigned to four treatment diets. Each treatment was replicated four times with two goats per replicate in a completely randomized design. The four formulated treatment diets were, D1 (90% guinea grass with 10% maize straw), D2 (50% guinea grass with 10% maize straw and 40% Eclipta alba foliage), D3 (50% guinea grass with 10% maize straw 20% Eclipta alba with 20% Polyalthia longifolia foliages) and D4 (50% guinea grass with 10% maize straw and 40% Polyalthia longifolia foliage). The results indicated that goats on D1 were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) highest in eating rate, feed conversion ratio, urinary-N-output, urea and creatinine while cholesterol was greater in goats on D2. Crude fiber and ether extract digestibility with white blood cell was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher for goats on D3 than other treatment diets. Feed intake, ruminating rate, live weight gain, dry matter with crude protein digestibility, nitrogen intake with retention, red blood cell, total protein, dressing weight and stomach were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in goats on D4 compared with those on D1, D2 and D3. Eating with ruminating time, initial weight, faecal-N-output and most of the carcass cuts with relative organs showed no significant different (P &gt; 0.05) among treatment diets. It could therefore be concluded that supplementation with Eclipta alba and Polyalthia longifolia foliages or their mixture in diets enhance digestibility, feeding behaviour, blood profile and carcass characteristics without any deleterious effect in goats.

Effects of resveratrol on shedding and pathological dynamics in experimental B. melitensis infection in dexamethasone-treated nonpregnant Boer goats

ABSTRACT Brucellosis constitutes an infectious re-emerging zoonosis. Spread of diseases could be exacerbated by stress-induced immunosuppression. This study evaluated relationship between Brucella melitensis infection, shedding dynamics, dexamethasone-induced stress, pathological alterations and resveratrol ameliorative effects in goats. Twelve nonpregnant goats were divided into four groups A, B, C, and D of three animals each. Groups A and B were administered 107 CFU/mL of B. melitensis ocularly, 21 days prior to 7 days consecutive administration of dexamethasone (2 mg/kg). Group A was further administered resveratrol (5 mg/kg) intravenously for 5 consecutive days from day 31 post B. melitensis inoculation. Group C was administered similar dose of B. melitensis while group D was inoculated normal saline. Blood, nasal, ocular, and vaginal swabs were collected at intervals for analysis. The does were sacrificed at day 42 post inoculation (pi). Tissues were collected for tissue bacterial load determination, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Dexamethasone administration from day 21 pi increased the frequency in the shedding dynamics, tissue bacterial load, pathological alterations (frequency of microgranuloma and intensity of immunostaining) in group B while 5 days treatment with resveratrol following dexamethasone administration significantly reduced tissue bacterial load, decline in shedding dynamics, and ameliorate damage by dexamethasone administration/B. melitensis infection.

Comparison of the efficacy of crude methanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis and Euphorbia hirta with levamisole-HCL against gastrointestinal nematodes of economic importance to goat production in Uganda

Natural compounds from medicinal plants provide safe and sustainable alternatives to synthetic anthelmintics. In this study, we assessed in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of Cassia occidentalis (NH-A) and Euphorbia hirta (NH-B) and compared it with levamisole-HCl. The shoots of NH-A and whole plant of NH-B were used to prepare extracts using 70% methanol which were used in the in vitro and in vivo assays. In vitro assays of crude methanolic extracts (CMEs) of NH-A and NH-B on larvae of mixed gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of goats revealed mortalities of 95.7% (at 100mgml-1) and 98.1% (at 50mgml-1) 24h postexposure. In vivo assays of NH-A administered orally at doses of 100, 300, 900, and 2700mgkg-1 bwt revealed dose- and time-dependent anthelmintic effects in goats experimentally infected with mixed species of GINs. NH-B exhibited similar properties when administered at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400mgkg-1 bwt. Both NH-A (900mgkg-1 bwt) and levamisole (7.5mgkg-1 bwt) achieved a 100% reduction in fecal egg count per gram (EPG) on day 21 and day 14 respectively posttreatment. NH-B (400mgkg-1 bwt) achieved 93.1% and 86.1% reduction in fecal EPG 7 and 14days postexposure respectively compared with 88.2% and 82.3% reduction with levamisole-HCl 7 and 14days postexposure. Our results show that extracts of both plants can disrupt helminth lifecycles by suppressing the egg-laying capacity in adult worms but also kill their infective larvae. Future studies should aim at establishing synergies or antagonisms between the two plant extracts and further development for control of helminths in goats.

Goat’s milk-based formulas in the nutrition of early infants: what do we know today?

Goat’s milk-based formulas are becoming more and more widespread in Europe and Russia. The article discusses the latest data on the composition and properties of goat’s milk. The article presents data on the content of functional components in goat’s milk, including lactoferrin and other bioactive peptides, oligosaccharides, nucleotides, polyamines and taurine. The authors assess adapted goat’s milk-based formulas and compare with cow’s milk-based formulas. The research described in the article demonstrates the positive effect of goat’s milk-based formulas on the physical development of young children. The article presents the study demonstrating the effectiveness of Kabrita® Gold formula in young children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Conflict of interest: The authors of this article confirmed the absence of any other possible conflict of interest, which should be reported. The article is sponsored by the company Kabrita.

Effect of goat and camel milk vis a vis cow milk on cholesterol homeostasis in hypercholesterolemic rats

The study was designed to evaluate comparative effectiveness of cow, goat and camel milk in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis in experimental rats fed on cholesterol enriched diet (CED).Feeding of CED alone for 15 days to rats enhanced plasma cholesterol level to ≥ 150 mg/dl. Hypercholesterolemic rats were distributed into three groups namely cow, goat and camel. Rats in each group were fed 25 ml milk (3% fat) per day along with CED adlib for 90 days. In cow group, there was 90.9% gain in body weight and 41.3% increase in total cholesterol, but no apparent change in HDL-cholesterol,triglyceride level and atherogenic index. Trendin goat and camel milk group for body weight gain, total cholesteroland triglycerides level was similar to cow milk but the level of HDL-cholesterol significantly increased. Significantly lower cholesterol deposition in liver and higher excretion in feces in goat and camel groupsover cow milk group was recorded. Significantly higher activity of glutathione peroxidase in liver and RBCs in goat milk group and glutathione peroxidase in liver in camel group over cow milk group was noted. Comparatively, level of TBARS in liver were significantly lower in goat as well as camel group over cow milk group and it might be related to higher level of glutathione peroxidase in liver. Atherogenic index at 0 day and 90 day of study period remained unaltered in all three groups but goat and camel milk additionally assisted in reducing TBARS in liver.

Calcidiol serum levels and blood pressure responses in normotensive patients with dietary goat milk

Background: Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25(OH) D) is the active form of vitamin D that can be measured in the blood. Vitamin D functions as a regulator of blood pressure and a vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of hypertension. Goat’s milk is thought to have anti hypertensive effect. That is likely due to the amount of vitamin D found in goat’s milk, but requires further investigation. This research was conducted to analyze the effect of consuming goat’s milk on blood pressure and its relationship with calcidiol serum in normotensive patients.Materials and Methods: The design of this research was experimental laboratory with randomized pretest-posttest with a control group using 18 sedentary women aged 18-19 years. The treatment was 250 ml/day of goat’s milk given in the morning after breakfast for 110 days. The data were analyzed by the statistical t-test (p&lt;0.05).Results: A significant decrease of systolic blood pressure (p=0.00) and no significant decrease of diastolic blood pressure (p=0.51) were observed in the trial group. Levels of calcidiol serum did not increase significantly (p=0.06) after consuming goat’s milk in the trial group.Conclusion: It can be concluded that goat’s milk can decrease blood pressure but does not affect calcidiol serum in normotensive patients. Further research is needed to determine the effect of goat’s milk on blood pressure in hypertensive patients.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(3) 2018 p.337-341

Effect of Goat and Cow Milk Ratios on the Physicochemical, Rheological, and Sensory Properties of a Fresh Panela Cheese.

Fresh cheeses, Panela type, were manufactured from cow milk and with goat milk incorporation, constituting 4 blends of milks (G10:C90, G20:C80, G30:C70, G40:C60, v/v). The cheeses were analyzed to determine the effect of the different goat milk ratios on the physicochemical, textural, rheological, and sensory properties over 15 d of storage. Significant differences in protein (14.6% to 18.5%), fat (13.0% to 19.4%), and moisture contents (51.7% to 61.3%), pH (6.38 to 6.67), color (Lh >64.4, ah >1.06, bh >5.14), textural (σf >14.8 kPa, εC : 0.77 to 0.79, elasticity modulus> 13.5 kPa), and rheological parameters (G'>G'', G': 10.6 to 31.9 kPa, G'': 2.39 to 7.31 kPa, tan δ: 0.21 to 0.24) were detected as a function of the milks ratio, as well as a function of the storage time. The incorporation of goat milk improved the overall quality in the formulation of Panela cheese, enhancing the texture, flavor and aroma, commonly associated with hand-crafted cheeses when they are used in the proper ratio. Furthermore, the nutritional value of the cheese is increased with the incorporation of goat milk, which can contribute to a better consumer health.

Diets supplemented with starch and corn oil, marine algae, or hydrogenated palm oil differentially modulate milk fat secretion and composition in cows and goats: A comparative study

A direct comparative study of dairy cows and goats was performed to characterize the animal performance and milk fatty acid (FA) responses to 2 types of diets that induce milk fat depression in cows as well as a diet that increases milk fat content in cows but for which the effects in goats are either absent or unknown. Twelve Holstein cows and 12 Alpine goats, all multiparous, nonpregnant, and at 86 ± 24.9 and 61 ± 1.8 DIM, respectively, were allocated to 1 of 4 groups and fed diets containing no additional lipid (CTL) or diets supplemented with corn oil [5% dry matter intake (DMI)] and wheat starch (COS), marine algae powder (MAP; 1.5% DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO; 3% DMI), according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d experimental periods. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on milk yield and DMI in both species, except for COS in cows, which decreased DMI by 17%. In cows, milk fat content was lowered by COS (-45%) and MAP (-22%) and increased by HPO (13%) compared with CTL, and in goats only MAP had an effect compared with CTL by decreasing milk fat content by 15%. In both species, COS and MAP lowered the yields (mmol/d per kg of BW) of <C16 and C16 FA. With COS, this decrease was compensated by an increase of >C16 FA in goats, but not in cows, and the >C16 FA yield decreased with MAP in both species. HPO supplementation increased the milk yield of C16 FA in cows. Compared with CTL, COS induced an increase of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid by 18 fold in cows and 7 fold in goats and of trans-10 18:1 by 13 fold in cows and 3 fold in goats. Moreover, other conjugated linoleic acid isomers, such as trans-10,trans-12 and trans-7,cis-9, were increased to a greater extent in cows (8 and 4 fold, respectively) compared with goats (4 and 2 fold, respectively) on the COS treatment. In both species, the responses to MAP were characterized by a decrease in the milk concentration of 18:0 (3 fold, on average) and cis-9 18:1 (2 fold, on average) combined with a 3-fold increase in the total trans 18:1, with an increase in trans-10 18:1 only observed in cows. Compared with CTL, the response to HPO was distinguished by an increase in 16:0 (10%) in cows. This comparative study clearly demonstrated that each ruminant species responds differently to COS and HPO treatments, whereas MAP caused similar effects, and that goats are less sensitive than cows to diets that induce a shift from the trans-11 toward the trans-10 ruminal pathways.

POTENSI ANTIHIPERGLIKEMIA KEFIR BERBASIS SUSU KAMBING DAN KEDELAI PADA TIKUS MODEL DM TIPE 2

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. This high levels of blood glucose can lead both macro and microvascular complications. In addition to a great social impact, DM complications also determine age and quality of life of the patient. In order to prevent such complications, this research used nonpharmacological intervention with diet therapy, goat’s milk and soymilk based kefir, to restore blood glucose levels within normal range. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of goat’s milk and soy milk-based kefir on blood glucose levels rat model of DM type 2. This research was an experimental study, pre-posttest with control group design. The subjects were male Wistar rats, induced by streptozotocin-nicotinamide, treated with goat’s milk kefir, soy milk kefir and kefir combination of goat's milk and soy milk. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) plasma examined by enzymatic photometric method. Results showed that treatment with goat’s milk kefir, soy milk kefir and kefir combination of goat’s milk - soy milk can reduce FBG levels in DM type 2 rat model. Goat’s milk kefir and combination of goat’s milk - soy milk kefir can decrease the average of FBG levels significantly (p = 0.000), and effectively restore FBG levels within normal range.

Effect of Goat's Milk Supplementation with Tamr on Free Fatty Acids, Antioxidant Activity, and Probiotic Bacteria of Bio-Rayeb Milk

ABSTRACTTamr (dried dates) has a high sugar content, essential vitamins, and high nutrient density. Dairy products still are the most typical carriers of probiotic bacteria. Six treatments of bio-rayeb milk were manufactured from goat's milk fortified with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% Tamr using ABT-5 culture. Rayeb milk containing tamr had lower pH and fat and higher carbohydrate, total solids, dietary fiber, ash, total protein, water-soluble nitrogen, and total volatile fatty acids. Mixing tamr with bio-rayeb milk increased nutritional value by decreasing saturated fatty acids and increasing unsaturated fatty acids, oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic acids, and antioxidant activity values. The greatest counts of probiotic bacteria (L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium) were detected in tamr rayeb milk, which increased the healthy value. The recommended level of bifidobacteria as a probiotic (107 cfu g−1) was exceeded for treatments of tamr rayeb milk and remained above 107 cfu g−1 until the end of storage. Adding 10% or 15% tamr to goat's milk highly improved the sensory properties of rayeb milk.

A high level of male sexual activity is necessary for the activation of the medial preoptic area and the arcuate nucleus during the ‘male effect’ in anestrous goats

In small ungulates such as sheep or goats, the introduction of a male among a group of anovulatory females during the anestrus season leads to the reactivation of the gonadotrope axis and ovulation, a phenomenon known as the ‘male effect’. In goats, our previous studies have demonstrated the importance of male sexual activity for an efficient reactivation of the gonadotrope axis assessed through ovulation and blood LH pulsatility. In the present experiment, we assessed whether the level of male sexual activity would also induce differential activation of two brain regions of key importance for the reactivation of GnRH activity, namely the medial preoptic area and the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. In both structures, we observed a differential activation of Fos in females, depending on the level of buck sexual activity. Indeed, goats unexposed to males showed low levels of expression of Fos while those exposed to sexually inactive bucks showed an intermediate level of Fos expression. Finally, the highest level of Fos expression was found in females exposed to sexually active males. However, and contrary to our initial hypothesis, we were not able to find any specific activation of kisspeptin cells in the arcuate nucleus following the introduction of highly sexually active males. As a whole, these results demonstrate that the level of male sexual activity is a key factor to stimulate brain regions involved in the control of the gonadotrope axis in the context of the male effect in goats.

¿POR QUÉ TAN POCAS Opuntia EN LA ISLA ESPAÑOLA-GALÁPAGOS?

This article attempts to explain why Opuntia megasperma var. orientalis is now rare in Espanola Island, Galapagos. We give a detailed description of the principal components of the island ecosystem that could have interacted, from the past to the present, and could have molded the stages of ecological succession, resulting in the present rarity of Opuntia cactus. Since we do not know whether this species of cactus was abundant or rare in the past, our investigation begins with the study of the current situation of those elements in the ecosystem that interact, whether as dispersal agents, consumers, or competitors of Opuntia, and could have had an influence as such in the past. We provide current data on the densities of cactus and Espanola giant tortoises. We analyze the impact that goats could have had on Opuntia and on the ecosystem in general and how other elements, such as tortoises, birds, and plant species, currently limit the natural recuperation of the cactus. We conclude that the effect of goats, by itself, does not completely explain the present rarity of O. megasperma var. orientalis on Espanola, but that there are additional factors involved.

Fate of transgenic DNA and evaluation of metabolic effects in goats fed genetically modified soybean and in their offsprings – RETRACTION

Fate of transgenic DNA and evaluation of metabolic effects in goats fed genetically modified soybean and in their offsprings – RETRACTION