Effect In Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats Research Articles

AMELIORATIVE POTENTIAL OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF ANNONA CHERIMOLA IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterized by a relative or absolute lack of insulin secretion or insulin inaction. The study investigated the effect of Annona cherimola leaf extract on the liver and kidney function indices of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. A total of twenty (20) albino rats of both sexes weighing about 100g to 200g were used for the study, while eighteen (18) mice were used for the acute toxicity study. The animals were randomly divided into five (5) groups of four (4) rats each; Group 1 was not induced nor treated (normal control), group 2 was induced but not treated (untreated control), group 3 was induced and treated with 100 mg/kg b.w. of metformin (standard control), and groups 4 and 5 were induced and treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. of the extract respectively. The induction of diabetes was achieved by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg b.w.). The oral administration (treatment) was done once per day using gavages for fifteen (15) days, and the blood glucose level was checked every three (3) days. The result indicated the extract possessed significant (p < 0.05) antidiabetic effect on groups 4 and 5 compared to the untreated group. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TAG) was also observed in groups 4 and 5 compared to the untreated group. In conclusion, this research showed that the ethanol leaf extract of Annona cherimolapossess a potent ameliorative effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Antidiabetic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Plants are known to possess relatively high efficacy in the treatment of several chronic diseases with fewer adverse effects. In the recent years, numerous medicinal plants have been reported to be effective in treating diabetes. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic property of hydroalcoholic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) calyces in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg, b.w), in male Wistar rats. Diabetic rats were administered daily oral doses of HS (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) and Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) for 21 days. Then, blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance test and lipid profiles were determined. Treatment with HS resulted in a significant dose dependent reduction of blood glucose levels accompanied by a significant improvement in body weight. The extract also enhanced the glucose tolerance and significantly decreased cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins levels while the high-density lipoproteins level significantly increased. From the results obtained, it can therefore be concluded that Hibiscus sabdariffa has an antidiabetic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

D-Limonene and Vitamin E Combinatory Therapy Stimulate Erythropoiesis and Repair Of Β-Cells Atrophy in Alloxan–Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a significant public health problem worldwide. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetes as it is one of the inevitable outcomes of the cellular process. The present study aims to investigate the putative antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant efficacy of limonene and vitamin E compared with metformin, a standard drug for the therapy of diabetes. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg of alloxan. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight of rats treated with limonene, vitamin E, and combinatory therapy of limonene and vitamin E compared to the untreated diabetic group which showed a decrease in weight. Combinatory therapy treatment of limonene and vitamin E showed a significant difference (P<0.05) when compared with the groups treated with limonene, vitamin E, and metformin. The combinatory therapy also reduced blood glucose levels, significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the non-diabetic treated group treated with limonene and the group treated with vitamin E. Also, the combined treated group ameliorated the effect of diabetes on total cholesterol, triglyceride concentration, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein. Treatment with limonene and vitamin E, significantly (P< 0.05) ameliorated diabetic effect on MDA concentration and SOD activity. Pathological lesions observed in the pancreas treated with limonene, vitamin E, and combinatory therapy of limonene and vitamin E showed normal tissue architecture compared to the group treated with metformin. It was concluded that limonene and vitamin E exerted significant anti-diabetic and anti-hyperglycaemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Biological and Hypoglycemic Effects of a Polyherbal Extract on Alloxanized Diabetic Rats.

The current study investigates the antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective potentials of a polyherbal mixture containing the methanolic extracts of seeds from Nigella sativa, Cicer arietinum, Silybum marianum, and Citrullus colocynthis and the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. The polyherbal extract (PHE) showed significant total phenolic contents (187.17 GAE/g), ferric reducing power (28%), and radical-scavenging activity (86.16%). The PHE also showed a substantial hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats by reducing the blood glucose level of the PHE-treated rats (-48.64%) and increasing the insulin level (107.5%) as compared with the diabetic control group. Likewise, an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) contents (22.95%) with an associated decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (-43.93%) was also noted. A significant decrease in serum levels of liver marker enzymes, e.g., SGPT (-36%), SGOT (-31%), and serum ALP (-12%), was also observed as compared with the standard drug-treated group. Based on the findings of the study, it may be suggested that PHE helps ameliorate the severity of diabetes as a herbal remedy and might be employed in nutra-pharmaceuticals, replacing synthetic antidiabetic compounds.

Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Total Phenols from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Leaves Treated Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Aims: Ethyl acetate fraction of total phenols from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides leaves was evaluated for its effects in alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats.
 Methodology: Diabetes was induced in rats by administrating alloxan monohydrate at a dose of 130 mg/kg body weight. The ethyl acetate fraction was administered to rats at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. daily for 15 days. Blood glucose, lipid profile and pancreatic histopathology were monitored using standard methods.
 Results: Results indicated that two weeks after treatment with Z. zanthoxyloides, significant (p<0.05) reductions in hyperglycemic blood glucose, total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were recorded; with lowest values recorded in the group treated with the highest concentration of the extract. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissues supported the protective effect of Z. zanthoxyloides phenol extract against diabetic damage.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, total phenols of Z. zanthoxyloides exerted antidiabetic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and protected pancreatic tissues from diabetic damage.

Potential antioxidant and hypoglycaemic effect of the flower extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. (Nyctaginaceae)

The study evaluated the antioxidant and hypoglycaemic potentials of the ethanol flower extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis . Flower extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis were obtained by cold maceration method. The preliminary phytochemical screening and hypoglycaemic effect were carried out using standard methods. Antioxidant screening was carried out using DPPH antioxidant assay test. Five rats were used for each group; normal control, standard control, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. doses of the crude ethanol flower extract of B. spectabilis to test the hypoglycaemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Blood glucose levels were measured at different time intervals. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, strerols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and carbohydrates. The crude ethanol fraction demonstrated least antioxidant activity while the chloroform fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by the hexane fraction. The ethanol flower extract showed a significant dose dependent hypoglyceamic effect after 24 hours of administration. Of the doses tested, highest hypoglycaemic effect was observed by the ethanol flower extract of the dose 400 mg/kg at 24 hours. The findings revealed that non-polar fractions have more antioxidant activity than the polar fractions while the ethanol flower extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis possesses a delayed hypoglycaemic effect.

Isolation and biological activities of naturally occurring apocarotenoid bixin

The naturally occurring apo-carotenoid bixin is obtained from annatto (Bixa orellana). It is unique among the natural carotenoids through its water solubility and easily extractability from the seed coat of Bixa orellana. Bixin is (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16Z, 18E)-20- methoxy-4,8,13,17-tetramethyl-20-oxicosa 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonaenoic acid, an apo-carotenoid which is a terpenoid compound derived from the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids. Several biological activities of bixin has been reported earlier such as selective antimyeloma effects of cis-bixin, antinociceptive and anti-Inflammatory effects, antioxidant action against cis-platine induced chromosome in rats, hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, allodynia, anxious and depressive-like behaviors, targeting NRF2 for improved skin barrier function and photoprotection, antiatherogenic effect in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, triggering apoptosis of cancer cells, immunomodulatory role in dogs, sensitization of human melanoma cells to dacarbazine-induced apoptosis, sensitization of human lung cancer and cervical cancer cell to cisplatin in vitro, anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, antibacterial activity of cis-bixin conjugated silver nanoparticles, protective effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, bixin/crocetin nanoparticles on quality and shelf life improvement of cheddar cheese etc. In this review, the biological properties of bixin has been discussed. A practical method for the isolation of bixin 1 from the seed coat of Bixa orellana commonly known as “Sinduri” (in Bengali) and its characterization has also been reported.

NORMOGLYCAEMIC EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF Parkia biglobosa LEAVES IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a global health problem leading to an increase in the search for herbal normoglycaemic agents as alternative to the synthetic ones. Aqueous extract of Parkia biglobosa leaves was assessed for normoglycaemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The study aim at providing scientific evidence to authenticate the traditional use of Parkia biglobosa leaves in the treatment of diabetes.
 Methodology: The plant was extracted using aqueous to obtain Parkia biglobosa Leaf Extract (PbLE), qualitative phytochemical analysis was determined using standard methods. Diabetes was induced in albino rats by intraperitoneal injection of 5% solution of alloxan (150 mg/kg bw). The rats were grouped into 5 groups (A, B, C, D and E) of 5 animals each. Group A consisted of non-diabetic rats which served as the control, Group B consisted of diabetic rats that were left untreated and served as negative control, Group C were given glucophage (reference) at a dose level of 7 mg/kg bw, Groups D and E were administered PbLE at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg bw respectively.
 Results: The glucose levels in the blood of rats were checked with a glucometer using the blood from the tail of the rats. Serum (proteins, lipid profiles, urea and creatinine), ALT, AST and ALP were all determined using standard procedures. The extract and the glucophage reduced the blood glucose level significantly (p < 0.05) from day 3 till the termination of the experiment. 
 Conclusion: Aqueous extract of Parkia biglobosa leaves possess antidiabetic activity and also the extract is relatively safe. Hence the leaves of Parkia biglobosa can be explored in producing alternative antidiabetic drugs.

Modulation of the antioxidant defense system in liver, kidney, and pancreas tissues of alloxan-induced diabetic rats by camphor.

Excess production of reactive oxygen species and the loss of antioxidant efficiency systems play an important role in the development of diabetes. Thus, using antioxidant compounds is an important strategy to reduce these complications. This study aimed to investigate the possible effect of camphor on the serum biochemical parameters and oxidative parameters in the pancreas, liver, and kidney tissues of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In this study, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups, including normal group, diabetic group, the diabetic group treated with glibenclamide, the diabetic group treated with 30mg/kg camphor, and the diabetic group receiving the camphor solvent. Intragastric administration of camphor and glibenclamide, as the control drug, to diabetic rats for 21days lowered their blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol, while the blood high-density lipoprotein -cholesterol level was increased. In addition, our results indicated that treatment of diabetic rats with camphor increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes as well as reduced glutathione content in the liver, pancreas, and kidney tissues as compared to the diabetic rats. Based on our data, it can be concluded that camphor has a hypoglycemic activity, and this effect may be attributed, in part, to its antioxidant ability. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Camphor is a terpenoid natural compound derived from the wood present in the camphor laurel's stem and roots (Cinnamomum camphora L.) trees. The synthetic form of camphor is currently being produced for medical, health, and industrial applications. In addition, this compound is present in Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Salvia officinalis, Artemisia Annua, and Ocimum basilicum. Numerous researches have shown its beneficial effects on various diseases. In this study, it has been shown that camphor possesses antidiabetic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with camphor increased the antioxidant capacity and reduces the oxidative stress markers in the liver, pancreas, and kidney tissues as compared to the diabetic rats. Given the favorable effect of camphor on some oxidative parameters in diabetic rats in our study, its antihyperglycemic property is probably due to its antioxidant effects.

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic and Associated Effect of Methanol Root Extract of Strophanthushispidus DC (Apocynaceae) on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

The antidiabetic properties of the methanol root extract of Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae) was evaluated on normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats using alloxan (150mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally). Normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic rats were administered orally with single doses of (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) the root extract of Strophanthus hispidus, 5mg/kg of Glibenclamide (positive control) and distilled water (negative) control for 14 days. The blood sugar level was determined using Glucometer. The acute toxicity (LD50) test of methanol root extract was determined. The effect of the extract on some pathological parameters and the phytochemical constituents were also investigated. The root extract produced a dose reduction (P < 0.05) in blood sugar levels of both normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic rats. When doses of 200, 400 and 800mg/kg of the extract were administered orally to alloxan induced diabetic rats, significant reduction in blood sugar level occurred (64.72, 67.69 and 69.43 % respectively) while Glibenclamide caused a 67.74% reduction. In normal rats, the extract (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) exhibited a significant reduction of the blood sugar level of 27.59, 34.28 and 41.92% respectively, while Glibenclamide caused a 39.78% reduction. Phytochemical analysis on Strophanthus hispidus showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, terpenoids, reducing sugars, steroids, proteins, glycosides and saponins. Acute toxicity test carried out in mice using Lorke's method showed that the root extract was relatively safe, since no death was recorded at the dose 5000mg/kg. There was significant (p< 0.05) increase in the liver enzymes level in the diabetic rats on day 0 before the administration of the extract. At day 14 in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats, there was a significant (p< 0.05) decrease in the liver enzymes at studied doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) when compared to the normal. There was significant (p< 0.05) difference in the AST level at day 14 when compared to day 0 in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. At the doses extract, there was a significant decrease in the ALP level when compared to the normal at day 0. Also, the extract has the effect of decreasing the urea level at a dose of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg from 36.35, 40.95 and 41.00 mg/dl at day 0 to 17.60, 16.31 and 14.60 mg/dl at day 14. The level was similarly reduced for the positive group (Glibenclamide). At day 14 there was a decrease in the urea level in the diabetic rats when compared to day 0. The methanol root extract has no significant effect in the creatinine level. The study shows that the root extract of Strophanthus hispidus has a significant hypoglycaemic activity in normoglycaemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Similarly, the extract does possess hepatoprotective effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Linum usitatissimum seed mucilage-alginate mucoadhesive microspheres of metformin HCl: Fabrication, characterization and evaluation

This study investigates the fabrication, characterization and optimization of Linum usitatissimum mucilage (LSM) with sodium alginate mucoadhesive microspheres loaded metformin HCl, a sustained release dosage form prepared by ionic gelation technique. The effect of changing the polymer ratio with drug was studied for drug encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release for 12 h. Drug entrapment efficiency of all formulations was in the range of 77.93 ± 3.67 to 92.25 ± 4.08% with sustained release of 80 ± 0.12% to 88 ± 0.33% for 12 h. It followed Korsmeyers Peppas model (R2 = 0.9786–0.9964) with super case II transport mechanism. Average microsphere size of all formulations was within the range of 817–911 μm. SEM, FTIR were also characterized and swelling behavior of microspheres was affected by pH of buffer medium. These microspheres also showed good mucoadhesivity in wash off test. The optimized LSM-alginate mucoadhesive microspheres containing metformin HCl demonstrated significant hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats for prolonged period of time.

Accessing the Hypoglycemic Effects of Seed Extract from Celery (Apium graveolens) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Aims: The present study is aimed to evaluate the potential mechanism of antidiabetic action of seed extract celery (Apium graveolens) and its effects on some hematological and biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
 Study Design: Laboratory-experimental design was used in this study.
 Methodology: This study was conducted on fifty experimental animals. Adult albino rats (Sprague-Dawely strain) weighing about 220 g each were used throughout the study. Fifty rats were randomly assigned to five experimental groups of 10 rats each: Group 1 - received normal saline (0.5 ml/kg), and serves as control. Group II - gavaged daily for thirty days with 1ml of the extract at doses of 425 mg/kg body wt and served as control. Group III - Untreated diabetic rats that received two doses of alloxan 150 mg/kg. Group IV - Treated diabetic rats for thirty consecutive days with 1 ml of the extract at a dose of 425 mg/kg body wt. Group V: Treated diabetic rats for thirty consecutive days with 14.2 mg/kg of metformin. Several hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed.
 Results: It was found that the administration of ethanol extract of A. graveolens produced significant reduction in blood glucose level in diabetic rats after thirty days of treatment. However, there was a significant (P=.05) increase of insulin secretion. Also, the RBC and WBC count, PCV and neutrophil percentage decreased significantly (P=.05). This study indicated that the ethanol extract increased the RBC and WBC counts, PCV, ESR, and neutrophil percentage in diabetic rats. However, the WBC count of the extract - treated diabetic group was still lower than those of control values. Administration of the extract resulted in a significant reduction in the mean values of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, ESR, urea, uric acid, creatinine accompanied by an increase in the mean values of total protein, albumin, insulin, HDL-C, neutrophile count and PCV in diabetic rats. No significant changes in these parameters were found in the control group. Effects produced by this extract were closely similar to a standard antidiabetic drug, metformin. (p<0.05) hypoglycemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, protection against body weight loss of diabetic animals and might alleviate diabetes-induced disturbances of some biochemical and hematological parameters.
 Conclusion: our study was dedicated to monitoring changes in the lipid profile.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA ROOT EXTRACT IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of root extract of Terminalia arjuna on blood glucose level of normal and diabetic rats was evaluated in this study. Physicochemical investigations were performed on the acetone extract of Terminalia arjuna (roots). 15-day treatment of extracts associated with reduced the elevated levels of TC, TG as compared to negative control in diabetic animals. The data obtained from this study showed that the treatment of extracts and glibenclamide protects the diabetic rats from massive body weight loss, when given orally, daily for 15 days. Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of terminalia arjuna showed that the root extract of Terminalia arjuna have potent antidiabetic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
 Keywords: Terminalia arjuna, root extract, glibenclamide, alloxan

The Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Aqueous Extract of <i>Alkanna strigosa</i> in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

Many plants have been used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Jordanian system of medicine and in other ancient systems of the world. The present study is aimed to evaluate the potential mechanism of antidiabetic action of aqueous extract of Alkanna strigosa aerial part and its hypolipidemic effects in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This study was conducted on fifty experimental animals. Adult albino rats (Sprague- Dawely strain) weighing about 220 g each were used throughout the study. Fifty rats were randomly assigned to five experimental groups of 10 rats each: Group 1 - received normal saline (0.5 ml/kg), and serves as control. Group II - gavaged daily for thirty days with 1ml of the extract at doses of 400 mg/kg body wt and served as control. Group III - Untreated diabetic rats that received two doses of alloxan 150 mg/kg. Group IV – Treated diabetic rats for thirty consecutive days with 1 ml of the extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg body wt. Group V: Treated diabetic rats for thirty consecutive days with 14.2 mg/kg of metformin. Several hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed. It was found that the administration of aqueous extract of Alkanna strigosa produced significant reduction in blood glucose level in diabetic rats after thirty days of treatment. However, there was a significant (p < 0.05). Increase of insulin secretion. Also, the RBC and WBC count, PCV and neutrophil percentage decreased significantly (p < 0.05). This study indicated that the aqueous extract of Alkanna strigosa increased the RBC and WBC counts, PCV, ESR, and neutrophil percentage in diabetic rats. However, the WBC count of the extract - treated diabetic group was still lower than those of control values. Administration of the extract resulted in a significant reduction in the mean values of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, ESR, urea, uric acid, creatinine accompanied by an increase in the mean values of total protein, albumin, insulin, HDL-C, neutrophile count and PCV in diabetic rats. No significant changes in these parameters were found in the control group. Effects produced by this extract were closely similar to a standard antidiabetic drug, metformin. (p < 0.05) hypoglycemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, protection against body weight loss of diabetic animals and might alleviate diabetes-induced disturbances of some biochemical and hematological parameters. These results suggest that the oral administration of aqueous extract of the aerial part of Alkanna strigosa possesses antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Momordica charantia (Bitter melon) in Combination with Metformin Potentiates Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) in combination with a standard oral hypoglycemic agent metformin on alloxan induced diabetic rats (AIDRs). Both the plant extract and the drug, individually and in combination, were subjected in vivo for two weeks (short term) and four weeks (long term) treatment protocol to determine blood glucose level, lipid profile and liver glycogen level using Swiss Albino rats. In short term treatment protocol, bitter melon extract (BME) at a dose of 75, 150 and 300 mg/ kg body weight (bw) were administered in AIDRs by using oral gavages once daily and dose-dependent antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic effects were investigated. This short term study revealed that the most effective dose of BME was found as 300 mg/kg bw among the three doses. In long term treatment protocol, AIDRs in different groups received fixed dose monotherapy of BME (300 mg/kg bw) and metformin (15 mg/kg bw) and fixed dose BME (150 mg/kg bw) and metformin (7.5 mg/kg bw) combination therapy. The study showed that combination therapy significantly decreased the blood glucose level from 18.42 ± 0.95 to 6.80 ± 0.39 mmol/l in comparison to the control group after daily treatment for four weeks. In case of antidyslipidemic effect, combination therapy reduced total cholesterol (34.25%), triglycerides (11.92%) and LDL-cholesterol (57.73%) levels and increased HDL-cholesterol level (55.48%) in comparison with their respective control groups. Metformin, BME and their combination preserved the liver glycogen level by 35.21%, 22.54% and 49.01%, respectively in comparison to diabetic control group. These changes were significantly better than those of BME and metformin monotherapy. The results suggested that treatment with combination therapy was more effective than mono-therapy for preventing diabetes as bitter melon extract potentiates the effects of metformin on long term alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 21(2): 109-117, 2018

Hypoglycemic Effects in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats of the Phenolic Extract from Mongolian Oak Cups Enriched in Ellagic Acid, Kaempferol and Their Derivatives.

Our previous reports showed that crude extract prepared with 50% ethanol (ethanol crude extract, ECE) from Mongolian oak cups possessed excellent in vitro antioxidant capacities as well as inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and protein glycation caused by its enrichment in phenolics, including mainly ellagic acid, kaempferol and their derivatives. Nevertheless, few in vivo studies on antidiabetic activities of these phenolics were conducted. The present study investigated hypoglycemic effects with normal and diabetic rats being administrated orally without or with ECE at 200 and 800 mg/kg for 15 days. In normal rats, no significant differences were exhibited after ECE administration in body weight, fasting blood glucose level, levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and AST in serum, organ indexes, and levels of GSH and MDA in organs. In diabetic rats, the fasting blood glucose level, indexes of heart and liver, and levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in serum and MDA in heart tissue were significantly decreased. Moreover, HDL levels in serum and SOD activities in the four organs of diabetic rats were significantly improved after ECE administration at 800 mg/kg. Thus, in addition to inhibiting α-glucosidase, α-amylase and protein glycation reported previously, oak cups might contain novel dietary phytonutrients in preventing abnormal changes in blood glucose and lipid profile and attenuating oxidant stress in vivo. The results also implied that it is ellagic acid, kaempferol and their derivatives enriched in ECE that might play vital roles in managing type 1 as well as type 2 diabetes.

Attenuation of Diabetic Nephropathy by Carvacrol through Anti-oxidative Effects in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Background and Objectives: Diabetes, a common metabolic disorder, is prevalent in many countries. Nephropathy is a main debate’s side effect. Role of oxidative stress is well known in induction of diabetic nephropathy while carvacrol is a potent anti-oxidant that might attenuate oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of carvacrol in decreasing nephropathy-induced oxidative damage in diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty five Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided to 7 groups. The rats received alloxan (i.p., 200 mg/kg) for induction of diabetes. After one week, fasting blood sugar (FBS) was assessed and the rats with FBS>250 mg/dL were considered as diabetic. Three weeks after alloxan injection, the blood urea (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were determined for confirmation of inducing nephropathy. Then, the animals were treated with carvacrol for one week. Finally, they were anesthetized and blood was collected from animal’s heart for calculation of BUN and Cr. Furthermore, the kidneys were for oxidative stress markers such as glutathione capacity, protein carbonyl, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity. Results: Our results showed that glutathione level and catalase activity significantly increased after treatment with carvacrol. Same results were found in rats that received vitamin E. Also, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, BUN and Cr levels significantly decreased after treatment with carvacrol in comparison with diabetic rats. Conclusion: Our results showed that carvacrol improved nephropathy-induced oxidative damage similar to vitamin E. Therefore, it may be suggested that carvacrol can be suggested as a useful supplement in decreasing diabetic complaints along with anti-diabetic drugs.

Murraya paniculata (L.) (Orange Jasmine): Potential Nutraceuticals with Ameliorative Effect in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae), is a plant from India widely used in folk medicine as antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant. Although oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin are the mainstays of treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), there is a significant demand for new natural products to reduce the development of diabetic complications. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated for 60days with a hydroalcoholic extract of M. paniculata (MPE), at doses of 100, 200, and 400mg/kg. MPE decreased glycemia and also cholesterol and triglyceride levels, starting 1week after treatments, as compared with the same group before treatments. Glucose values were reduced toward normality after 1week of treatment. MPE hypoglycemic effects were potentiated by glibenclamide and metformin. MPE also decreased fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin values. MPE reduced diabetes-induced morphological alterations of the kidney, pancreas, and liver. MPE acts similarly to glibenclamide and metformin, and its glucose-lowering action is partly a consequence of ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibition. MPE may be a potential therapeutic alternative for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An aqueous extract from Moringa oleifera leaves ameliorates hepatotoxicity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

This study was carried out to evaluate the possible mechanisms through which an aqueous extract from MO leaves demonstrates hepatoprotective effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Eighty albino rats were assigned to 4 groups. The control group was orally administered sterile saline. The second group was injected with alloxan (150 mg/kg body mass (b.m.)) by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.). The third group was given MO (250 mg/kg b.m.) orally, daily. The fourth group was injected with alloxan, as for the second group, and administrated an aqueous extract of MO leaves, as for the third group. Alloxan induced degenerative changes in hepatic and pancreatic tissues, increased hepatic lipid peroxidation, and increased gene expression of PC and caspase 3. However, it decreased the activities of hepatic SOD and CAT, and gene expression of GS. In contrast, the MO extract prevented changes to the histoarchitecture of hepatic and pancreatic tissues and normalized the reduced hepatic levels of glutathione, as well as the activities of SOD and CAT, and the gene expression of GS, while reducing blood glucose levels, hepatic lipid peroxidation, and the gene expression of PC and caspase 3. This study indicated that an aqueous extract of MO leaves can be a potent antioxidant and used as an hepatoprotective agent.

Efficacy of Saponins From Helianthus annuus Roots on Antihyperglycemic, Antiperoxidative and Antihyperlipidemic Effects in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

The present study evaluates the antihyperglycemic, antiperoxidative and antihyperlipidemic activities of saponins from Helianthus annuus roots in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Thirty rat’s weights between 100-150 g was used for the study and divided into six groups of five rats each. Group A was non-diabetic rats; the remaining five groups was induced intraperitoneal with 150 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate. Group B was diabetic control, while group C, D, E and F was treated with saponin (100, 200, 300 and 500 mg/kg) for 21 days. Administration of saponins significantly reduced the elevated levels of glucose, decreased total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the serum towards normalcy compared to the diabetic control (p ˂ 0.05). In addition, saponins exhibited strong inhibition of lipid peroxidation and increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the liver, kidney and pancreas compared to the diabetic control (p ˂ 0.05). Results suggest that saponins from Helianthus annuus root can enhance the antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, and may have the potential to be used in the prevention or in the management of diabetes.