Effectiveness Of Treatment Options Research Articles

Autonomic Manifestations of Long-COVID Syndrome.

Long-COVID is a novel condition emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic. Long-COVID is characterized by symptoms commonly seen in autonomic disorders including fatigue, brain fog, light-headedness, and palpitations. This article will critically evaluate recent findings and studies on Long-COVID and its physiological autonomic manifestations. Studies have reported on the prevalence of different symptoms and autonomic disorders in Long-COVID cohorts. Autonomic nervous system function, including both the parasympathetic and sympathetic limbs, has been studied using different testing techniques in Long-COVID patients. While numerous mechanisms may contribute to Long-COVID autonomic pathophysiology, it is currently unclear which ones lead to a Long-COVID presentation. To date, studies have not tested treatment options for autonomic disorders in Long-COVID patients. Long-COVID is associated with autonomic abnormalities. There is a high prevalence of clinical autonomic disorders among Long-COVID patients, with limited knowledge of the underlying mechanisms and the effectiveness of treatment options.

150th Anniversary of global adenoid investigations: unanswered questions and unsolved problems.

Although the problem of adenoid hypertrophy (AH) has been diagnosed and treated by doctors and scientists from around the world for the last 150 years, there is still no consensus regarding appropriate diagnosis, conservative treatment options, and qualification for surgery. This manuscript presents current knowledge on these issues and compares diagnostic methods and the effectiveness of treatment options. Factors that may influence the obtained treatment results are also described, and a questionnaire is proposed to compare the results of treatment. The objective of drawing attention to this problem is to obtain better results from conservative treatment in the future and better-qualified patients for surgical treatment.

Comparison of Rare and Common Diseases in the Setting of Healthcare Priorities: Evidence of Social Preferences Based on a Systematic Review.

In light of the limited availability of healthcare resources, providing universal access to healthcare is a challenging task. As a result, prioritizing healthcare services has emerged as a crucial issue. This study aims to explore the preferences of the public regarding healthcare prioritization for rare and common diseases. By examining public attitudes, this study seeks to inform government decisions concerning resource allocation and distribution within healthcare. "Social preference" and "rare disease" were searched as MeSH terms in the electronic databases of Ovid Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Econlit for articles published since their establishment, and the information on the characteristics of the articles and the results of social preferences for rare diseases were analyzed and summarized. The public held predominantly neutral views on the setting of healthcare priorities for rare and common diseases. The results of the included studies showed that with all else being equal, no social preference for rarity was found, but when the public considered the proportional advantage of rare diseases or when the respondents were young, a social preference for rarity existed. In addition, the public weighed attributes such as the health benefits of treatments, the effectiveness of treatment options, the safety of treatment, equity, unmet needs, and disease severity in the process of setting of treatment priorities for rare diseases. Furthermore, in consideration of equity, the public showed a willingness to pay for rare diseases in spite of the high medical costs. International studies on social preferences provide some evidence for the setting of healthcare priorities for rare diseases, and health policymakers should consider social preferences in an integrated manner in order to set healthcare priorities appropriately.

Black and white proxy experiences and perceptions that influence advanced dementia care in nursing homes: The ADVANCE study.

Regional, facility, and racial variability in intensity of care provided to nursing home (NH) residents with advanced dementia is poorly understood. Assessment of Disparities and Variation for Alzheimer's disease NH Care at End of life (ADVANCE) is a multisite qualitative study of 14 NHs from four hospital referral regions providing varied intensity of advanced dementia care based on tube-feeding and hospital transfer rates. This report explored the perceptions and experiences of Black and White proxies (N=44) of residents with advanced dementia to elucidate factors driving these variations. Framework analyses revealed themes and subthemes within the following a priori domains: understanding of advanced dementia and care decisions, preferences related to end-of-life care, advance care planning, decision-making about managing feeding problems and acute illness, communication and trust in NH providers, support, and spirituality in decision-making. Matrix analyses explored similarities/differences by proxy race. Data were collected from June 1, 2018 to July 31, 2021. Among 44 proxies interviewed, 19 (43.1%) were Black, 36 (81.8%) were female, and 26 (59.0%) were adult children of residents. In facilities with the lowest intensity of care, Black and White proxies consistently reported having had previous conversations with residents about wishes for end-of-life care and generally better communication with providers. Black proxies held numerous misconceptions about the clinical course of advanced dementia and effectiveness of treatment options, notably tube-feeding and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Black and White proxies described mistrust of NH staff but did so towards different staffing roles. Religious and spiritual beliefs commonly thought to underlie preferences for more intense care among Black residents, were rarely, but equally mentioned by race. This report refuted commonly held assumptions about religiosity and spirituality as drivers of racial variations in advanced dementia care and revealed several actionable facility-level factors, which may help reduce these variations.

Mechanisms of Metastasis: Analysis on Abdominal Organs and the Effect of Treatment Options

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer related deaths and commonly associated with Stage IV cancer. This paper will answer the question of: “How do the different circumstances of metastatic origin, growth, and spread affect the function of abdominal organs and life expectancy in cancer patients as well as how varied treatment options affect tumor spread?” in the style of an empirical review. It details numerous studies on metastasis formation, growth, and its effects in the three abdominal organs of the colon/ rectum, pancreas, and the stomach. Additionally, it delves into the treatment options for metastasis and how they help or worsen the situation. Overall, the key factors in tumor spread is the tumor microenvironment which highlights the interactions between healthy and malignant cells. Tumors secrete various growth factors, the most important being VEGF which is helpful in the processes of acquiring nutrients and oxygen for it to grow and develop. Prior niches are formed which guide the tumors on where to spread depending on the cancer type. In abdominal organs specifically, the most common sites of metastasis are the liver, lung, and peritoneum, which indicates proximal metastasis of cancers which originate in that region. Lastly, treatment methods aimed at eliminating the chance of cancer metastasis can lead to a stimulation of metastasis, having the opposite of its intended effect. Ultimately, cancer research is a field which is actively being experienced and studied to make developments and further existing knowledge.

Real-world utilization and comparative effectiveness of treatment options in cancer-associated thrombosis: A propensity score weighed analysis.

6589 Background: Real-world utilization and comparative effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and warfarin for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) treatment remains largely unexplored. Methods: De-identified administrative claims data (OptumLabs - Data Warehouse) for adult active cancer patients with acute VTE (1/1/2012-9/30/2019) were assessed for utilization patterns, recurrent VTE, and major bleeding differences between DOACs, LMWH, and warfarin. Patients were followed up till the end of treatment. Patients who crossed over to other anti-coagulants within the follow up period were excluded. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess predictors of anticoagulant administration. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to evaluate the differences in time to medication discontinuation among the three groups. Propensity score (PS) and inverse probability of treatment weighting were used to balance baseline differences between groups. Standardized difference (SD) was used to assess the balance of covariates after weighting and SD < 10% was considered acceptable. Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression with a robust variance estimator was then used to assess outcomes in PS weighted groups. Results: A total of 5100 patients met the inclusion criteria; 49.3% filled DOACs (n = 2512), 29.2% LMWH (n = 1488), and 28.6% warfarin (n = 1460). Median treatment duration was around 3.2 months for DOACs and warfarin, and 1.8 months for LWMH ( P-value < 0.01). Multinomial regression analysis showed that younger patients were more likely to be prescribed LMWH (OR 0.97 95% CI: 0.97-0.98) as compared to DOACs. Patients with lung (OR 2.07 95% CI: 1.12-3.65; OR 1.87 95% CI: 1.04-3.37), urological (OR: 1.94 95% CI:1.08-3.49; OR: 2.04 95% CI: 1.12-3.73), gynecological (OR 4.25, 95% CI: 2.31-7.82; OR 2.31 95% CI: 1.22-4.39) and colorectal cancer (OR 2.26 95% CI: 1.20-4.32; OR 2.51; 95% CI: 1.32-4.79) were more likely to be prescribed LMWH or warfarin respectively, compared to DOACs. VTE recurrences were more frequent for patients receiving LMWH (HR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.14-1.90) or warfarin (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.13-1.87) compared to DOACs. LMWH, but not warfarin, was associated with greater major bleeding rates compared to DOACs (HR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.62-3.20). All-cause mortality rates were also significantly higher for patients receiving LMWH, but not warfarin compared to DOACs (HR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.15-2.25). Conclusions: Patients with cancer associated VTE remain on anti-coagulation for a remarkably short duration in real-world clinical practice. DOACs and warfarin may offer better compliance than LMWH. Patients receiving DOACs have a lower risk of VTE recurrence, less major bleeding, and improved mortality. Warfarin may still be considered for patients with contraindications to DOACs and non-compliant to LMWH.

Prurigo Pigmentosa Following a Keto Diet and Bariatric Surgery

Prurigo pigmentosa (PP) is a rare pruritic condition with idiopathic etiology that affects mostly females. It most commonly presents as a rash on the neck and trunk. We report the occurrence of PP in a young woman on two separate occasions; her first episode was following a ketogenic diet and second after undergoing a laparoscopic gastric sleeve surgery. This presents as a unique case because, to our knowledge, PP has only been reported in a small number of cases in the Western world. This presentation could be suggestive of a stronger relationship between PP and the metabolic state of the body. It also outlines the effectiveness of treatment options currently in use for treating PP.

Advances in the Treatment of Chronic Insomnia: A Narrative Review of New Nonpharmacologic and Pharmacologic Therapies.

Chronic insomnia disorder, which affects 6–10% of the population, is diagnostically characterized by ongoing difficulties with initiating or maintaining sleep occurring at least three times per week, persisting for at least 3 months, and associated with daytime impairment. While chronic insomnia is often considered a condition primarily related to impaired sleep, the disorder can also adversely affect domains of physical and mental health, quality of life, and daytime function, which highlights the importance of treating the multidimensional sleep disorder. Owing to misperceptions about the safety and effectiveness of treatment options, many individuals with insomnia may not seek professional treatment, and alternatively use ineffective home remedies or over-the-counter medications to improve sleep. Some physicians may even believe that insomnia is remediated by simply having the patient “get more sleep”. Unfortunately, treatment of insomnia is not always that simple. The disorder’s complex underlying pathophysiology warrants consideration of different nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment options. Indeed, recent insights gained from research into the pathophysiology of insomnia have facilitated development of newer treatment approaches with more efficacious outcomes. This narrative review provides a summary of the diagnostic criteria and pathophysiology of insomnia and its subtypes. Further, this review emphasizes new and emerging nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for chronic insomnia, including recent enhancements in approaches to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and the new dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) pharmacologics. These advances in treatment have expanded the treatment options and are likely to result in improved outcomes in patients with chronic insomnia.

Medicolegal Aspects of Disclosure of Side Effects of Biologic Drugs in Rheumatology: A Pilot Study

Background: Management of rheumatoid arthritis is complicated due to different disease presentations and the multiplicity of drugs. Although most patients are informed about the risks of treatment, there remain possible side-effects, which patients are not informed about to avoid the 'information dump.’ Rheumatologists have to balance what they believe is essential to tell patients versus what reasonable patients believe they need to know to make an informed consent. Objectives: To determine differences in information that the physicians give, regarding the possible side effects of treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis, and what the patients actually want to know. Methods: To conduct this pilot study, a questionnaire was devised to assess what patients and prescribing rheumatologists, from the Gulf Cooperative Council, consider important for being informed about, including the possible adverse events with biologic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Results: A total of 20 patients and 13 physicians completed the questionnaire. Physicians routinely discussed the increased risk of infections (100%), skin rashes at injection sites (92%),falling white blood cell counts, and alterations in liver enzymes (84%). Patients were less interested in learning about infections (72%) and more interested in learning about rare complications, such as an increased risk of heart failure and cancer (81%), which doctors were less likely to discuss. Conclusions: There is a discordance between what doctors inform patients about and what patients want to know regarding the risks of biologic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. This information gap can have a significant legal implications in routine practice if a patient develops a rare side effect of which they have not been informed. We propose a solution of both verbal and signed informed consent to bridge the gap.

Abstract TP125: Stent as a Treatment for Cranio-Cervical Artery Dissection: Improved Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events-Free Survival

Introduction: Cranio-Cervical Artery Dissection (CeAD) is a relatively common cause of cerebrovascular event in young subjects for which no clear treatment strategy is established. We evaluated the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in CeAD patients treated with and without stent placement. Methods: COMParative effectiveness of treatment options in cervical Artery diSSection (COMPASS) is a single high-volume center prospective longitudinal registry that enrolled consecutive CeAD patients over a 2-year period. Patients were ≥18 years of age with confirmed extra- or intracranial CeAD on imaging. Enrolled participants were followed for 1-year evaluating MACE as the primary end-point. Results: One-hundred eleven patients were enrolled (age 53 ± 15.9, 56% Caucasian, 50% male, BMI 28.9 ± 9.2). Grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 blunt vascular injury noted in 16%, 33%, 19%, and 32%, respectively. Forty-percent of dissections were due to known trauma. A predisposing factor was noted in the majority (78%), including violent sneezing, carrying heavy load, sports/recreation activity, chiropractic manipulation, and abrupt/prolonged head rotation. Stent was placed in 11 (10%) subjects (extracranial carotid n=8; intracranial carotid n=2; extracranial vertebral n=2) at the physician’s discretion. Similar to the CADISS trial, there was no significant difference between antiplatelet/anticoagulant groups in terms of MACE. Stented patients experienced fewer MACE than non-stented patients (log rank p=0.1), as depicted in the Kaplan-Meier curve (Figure 1). The CeAD patients with stents did not experience any MACE events in the 1-year follow-up. Conclusion: In this single high-volume center cohort of CeAD patients, we report a promising strategy of MACE prevention using stent placement. This data will help sample size estimation for a future randomized trial.

Radiation Therapy Pain Management: Prevalence of Symptoms and Effectiveness of Treatment Options.

The prevalence of pain among patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT) is not well described. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and management of pain in patients undergoing RT. 94 patients undergoing RT were surveyed at two time points during the course of their treatment. Patients reported on pain, fatigue, nausea, headache, and depressive symptoms, as well as on the use of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic or alternative methods for symptom management. The mean severity of pain did not change significantly between the first week of RT and the final week. Severity of pain was associated with worse fatigue, nausea, headaches, and depressive symptoms, providing opportunities for providers to address multiple co-occurring symptoms. Rates of opioid and marijuana use remained similar between the two time points. More than half of the patients reported use of at least one nonpharmacologic method for pain management, with use increasing during the course of RT.

Computational wrist analysis of functional restoration after scapholunate dissociation repair.

The scapholunate ligament stabilizes the scaphoid and lunate of the proximal row in the wrist which allows for proper force transmission with the radius and ulna. Damage to this structure degenerates into arthritis and disability. Controversy exists over the best technique to restore function and reduce pain. A three-dimensional computational model of the wrist and hand was used to investigate the biomechanical effects of scapholunate ligament dissociation and its repair. The model replicated 3D bony anatomy, soft tissue structures, and muscle loading. The model predicted the increased instability caused by the injury, consistent with experimental and clinical evidence, and a return of more healthy kinematics with the repair. Changes to load transmission across the radiocarpal joints were noted with the injury, only some of which were mitigated by the repair. As better understanding of the biomechanics of the wrist joint is achieved, this model could prove to be an important tool to further investigate wrist mechanics and inform the effects of treatment options. Graphical abstract 3D computational model of all bones in the wrist/hand permitted simulation of five major motions-wrist flexion/extension, radial/ulnar deviation, and clenched fist. Shown are the array of tensile elements representing ligaments and capsule, as well as muscle force vectors for the desired motions. SL (scapholunate) separation (interval) predicted by the model for one motion compared well to an experimental study showing the instability induced by an injured (cut) SL ligament and returned stability by a clinical repair procedure, MBT (Modified Brunelli technique).

Front- and rear-facing horizontal sound localization results in adults with unilateral hearing loss and normal hearing

Binaural hearing allows listeners to take advantage of auditory cues that are necessary for sound localization. Patients with asymmetric or unilateral hearing loss receive degraded or absent binaural cues and often demonstrate decreased sound localization in the horizontal plane. Given the importance of sound localization for everyday function, there is a need for clinically feasible methods to evaluate localization, particularly as validation of intervention for patients with unilateral hearing loss. The present study compared sound localization results obtained for front-facing and rear-facing soundfield systems and for a rear-facing head related transfer function (HRTF) system in two hearing groups, listeners with normal hearing and those with unilateral hearing loss. Results between the three systems were highly correlated and repeatable. Neither age nor a pure-tone average of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz correlated with localization performance among normal hearing participants. Among the UHL group, age and onset of severe to profound hearing loss were positively correlated with localization results; length of deafness was negatively correlated. Behavioral chance performance was established for localization with rear-facing HRTF and rear-facing soundfield test systems; group mean results for unilateral hearing loss participants were significantly better than chance. Continued work is needed in developing clinically feasible evaluation methods for patients with asymmetric or unilateral hearing loss, particularly as the effects of treatment options are assessed.

Клинико-иммунологическая эффективность использования полимурамила в комплексном лечении больных с параректальными свищами

The influence of traditional therapy supplemented with polymuramil on the cellular immunity of patients with perianal fistulas was investigated. It was found that the development of pararectal fistulas is accompanied by forming a pronounced imbalance in lymphocyte subpopulations. Summarizing the effectiveness of treatment options in patients with chronic paraproctitis according to the indicators different from the normal level revealed that the additional appointment of polymuramil to the standard treatment plan allowed normalizing 70.0% and correcting 10.0% of the indicators changed. Thus, the additional appointment of polymuramil to the standard therapeutic plan leads to a pronounced correction of impaired immunological parameters, which affects the clinical effectiveness of the treatment in this category of patients.

Diagnosis of a Chiari Malformation After a Concussion in a Junior College Football Player With a History of Chronic Headaches: A Case Report

The purpose of this report is to present the case of a National Junior Collegiate Athletic Association football player diagnosed with Chiari malformation postconcussion. A Chiari malformation is characterized by the cerebellum presenting below the level of the foramen. The uniqueness of this case stems from the patient’s health history, length of symptoms, and diagnosis. The effectiveness of treatment options, and the primary means to reduce the risk of catastrophic head injury in those with Chiari malformations are debatable. Clinicians should be familiar with the potential for the presence of a Chiari malformation with persistent symptoms postconcussion.

Treating childhood intermittent distance exotropia: a qualitative study of decision making.

BackgroundEngaging patients (parents/families) in treatment decisions is increasingly recognised as important and beneficial. Yet where the evidence base for treatment options is limited, as with intermittent distance exotropia (X(T)), this presents a challenge for families and clinicians. The purpose of this study was to explore how decisions are made in the management and treatment of X(T) and what can be done to support decision-making for clinicians, parents and children.MethodsThis was a qualitative study using face to face interviews with consultant ophthalmologists and orthoptists, and parents of children with X(T). Interview data were analysed using the constant comparative method.ResultsThe drivers for clinicians in treatment decision-making for X(T) were the proportion of time the strabismus is manifest and parents’ views. For parents, decisions were influenced by: fear of bullying and, to a lesser degree, concerns around the impact of the strabismus on their child’s vision. Uncertainty around the effectiveness of treatment options caused difficulties for some clinicians when communicating with parents. Parental understanding of the nature of X(T) and rationale for treatment often differed from that of the clinicians, and this affected their involvement in decision-making. Though there were good examples of shared decision-making and parent and child engagement some parents said the process felt rushed and they felt excluded. Parents reported that clinicians provided sufficient information in consultations but they had difficulties in retaining verbal information to convey to other family members.ConclusionsOverall parents were happy with the care their child received but there is scope for better parent and (where appropriate) child engagement in decision-making. There was an expressed need for written information about X(T) to reinforce what was given verbally in consultations and to share with other family members. Access could be via the hospital website, along with videos or blogs from parents and children who have undergone the various management options. A method of assisting clinicians to explain the treatment options, together with the uncertainties, in a clear and concise way could be of particular benefit to orthoptists who have the most regular contact with parents and children, and are more likely to suggest conservative treatments such as occlusion and minus lenses.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12886-015-0087-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Precision medicine in colorectal cancer: the molecular profile alters treatment strategies.

When considering treatment options for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), molecular profiling has become a pivotal component in guiding clinical decisions. FOLFOX and FOLFIRI (fluorouracuil, leucovorin plus oxaliplatin or ininotecan, respectively) are the standard base regimens used for the treatment of mCRC. Biologic agents, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted therapies, cetuximab and panitumumab and the vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody, bevacizumab, are safe and effective in the first-line setting. The most efficacious use of these agents in terms of timing and selection of the right patient population continues to be debated. Here we review multiple investigations into the effectiveness of treatment options as a function of the mutations present in colon cancers. Early studies have reported that KRAS mutations at exon 2 predict resistance to EGFR targeted therapies. More recently the data have expanded to include KRAS mutations at exons 3 and 4 and NRAS mutations at exons 2, 3 and 4 as well as other biomarkers including BRAF and PIK3CA, leading to the evolution of the treatment of mCRC to a more precision-based approach. As our understanding of relevant biomarkers increases, and data from both molecular profiling and treatment response become more readily available, treatment options will become more precise and their outcomes more effective.

Recurrent Vertebral Compression Fracture while on Bisphosphonate Therapy – What is the Next Best Step in Management?

Bisphosphonates are widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis. They are highly effective in both increasing bone mass and preventing fractures in patients with osteoporosis. However, while osteoporosis treatment lowers the risk of fracture, almost half of the elderly suffer new fractures in their lifetime and many experience recurrent fractures during bisphosphonate therapy. Assessing the effectiveness of bisphosphonate therapy is problematic. Bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover are often used, but the true measure of effectiveness is prevention of new fractures. In this case report, we describe a severely osteoporotic patient who suffered a recurrent vertebral compression fracture during bisphosphonate therapy. In this case, bone turnover markers were markedly suppressed most likely as a result of bisphosphonate therapy or a combination of steroid and bisphosphonate therapy. As a result of the fracture, oral alendronate (a bisphosphonate) therapy was discontinued. We discuss the importance of understanding why some patients incur fractures while on bisphosphonate therapy and creating individualized treatment plans in these cases based on each patient’s physiology. Bisphosphonate therapy may suppress bone turnover, promote micro-fracture accumulation and facilitate development of recurrent fractures, particularly in patients taking glucocorticoids. Therefore, physicians should investigate the bone turnover rate for patients suffering a fracture while taking bisphosphonates, especially after a patient experiences recurrent fracture or is taking other medications known to adversely affect bone turnover. Furthermore, investigation of bone turnover prior to initiation of osteoporosis therapy, specifically after a recurrent fracture during bisphosphonate therapy, may provide additional, important information concerning the effectiveness of treatment options.

Beliefs about depression—Do affliction and treatment experience matter? Results of a population survey from Germany

BackgroundThere is not much known about the associations of beliefs about depression (depression literacy) with a history of depression and treatment experience. MethodsAnalyses were based on a telephone survey in two large German cities (Hamburg and Munich). Written vignettes with typical signs and symptoms suggestive of a depression were presented to 1293 respondents. Respondents were then asked about beliefs about causes, symptoms, prevalence, and treatment using a standardized questionnaire. For the analysis respondents were divided into three groups: (1) people who never had a depression, (2) people who had a depression but were not treated and (3) people with treatment experience. ResultsRespondents with experience in treatment for depression were more likely to correctly recognize the disorder, to positively evaluate treatability and to favor external factors (adverse conditions in childhood and psychosocial stress) as potential causes of depression compared to those who never were afflicted. There were no significant differences between these two groups regarding beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment options. There were only few significant differences in depression literacy between respondents who have a history of depression but have not sought help and those who never were afflicted. LimitationsThe three groups were constituted on the basis of respondents׳ self-reports, not medical diagnoses. ConclusionsOur findings only partly support the general assumption that being afflicted and having sought help is associated with beliefs closer to those of professionals.

PSY40 - Expenditure and effectiveness of treatment options in chronic myeloid leukemia patients who failed in the first-line imatinib treatment

PSY40 - Expenditure and effectiveness of treatment options in chronic myeloid leukemia patients who failed in the first-line imatinib treatment